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Background report: Policies on drugs in Bulgarian prisons

Author(s): Dimitar Markov,Maria Doichinova,Lyubomira Derelieva / Language(s): English

This report provides a snapshot of the situation of drug users in Bulgaria. As it is aimed to serve as a basis for comparative study on policies and practice towards drug users, particularly in prisons, in Bulgaria and Norway, it presents the country’s context – general information on the country and its criminal justice system, policy and legislation on drugs explaining what are the perimeters of drug restriction and what are the national policies towards drug use. This information is illustrated with statistics on crime rates and drug crime in particular. The report also investigates how court looks upon the fact that the accused are using or addicted to narcotic substances within the criminal proceedings and specifically on the type and the term of the sentence. Finally, it looks upon the sanctions available for drug users and their situation once sentenced to imprisonment – what treatment, rehabilitation and harm reduction programmes are available in different prisons.

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Drug Use in Bulgaria. National representative survey, December, 2002 – January, 2003

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

On March 14, 2003 the Center for the Study of Democracy hosted a round table on Public-Private Partnerships in Preventing Drug Abuse and Trafficking. Experts from government agencies and non-governmental organizations were invited to the discussion. Experts from the Working Group on the Abuse and Trafficking of Drugs at the Center for the Study of Democracy presented the results of the first national representative survey on drugs consumption in Bulgaria. Experts from the Sofia Directorate of Internal Affairs, the National Service for Combating Organized Crime, Customs Agency, National Council on Narcotics, Bulgarian Youth Red Cross and Free and Democratic Bulgaria Foundation took part in the discussion.

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Политически брифинг № 61 на CSD: Употребяващите наркотици в затвора: опитът на Норвегия и предизвикателствата пред България

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

For all criminal offences related to drugs, even for possession of small quantities intended for personal use, the main sanction according to Bulgarian criminal law is imprisonment. Unlike in Norway, non-custodial penalties in Bulgaria such as probation have extremely limited scope of application for drug-related offences. At the same time, other alternatives to imprisonment are virtually non-existent.

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ИЗВЪРШВАНЕ НА СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ И СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРАНИ ПРОУЧВАНИЯ И ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯ ЗА ОЦЕНКА НА РЕЗУЛТАТИТЕ ОТ ИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕТО НА НАЦИОНАЛНАТА СТРАТЕГИЯ ЗА ДЕТЕТО. Окончателен доклад

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The objective of surveys commissioned by State Agency for Child Protection was to register changes in the first three years of implementation of the National Child Strategy to summarize assessments of target groups and the general public on the key priorities of the National Strategy, to establish whether they meet the support and understanding by the general public and of specific groups associated with its implementation, to recognize the knowledge and progress in achieving the main objectives of the overall policy on child protection.

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Употребата на наркотиците в България. Национално представително изследване, декември 2002 г. - януари 2003 г.

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

On March 14, 2003 the Center for the Study of Democracy hosted a round table on Public-Private Partnerships in Preventing Drug Abuse and Trafficking. Experts from government agencies and non-governmental organizations were invited to the discussion. Experts from the Working Group on the Abuse and Trafficking of Drugs at the Center for the Study of Democracy presented the results of the first national representative survey on drugs consumption in Bulgaria. Experts from the Sofia Directorate of Internal Affairs, the National Service for Combating Organized Crime, Customs Agency, National Council on Narcotics, Bulgarian Youth Red Cross and Free and Democratic Bulgaria Foundation took part in the discussion.

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WRITTEN COMMENTS BY THE EUROPEAN ROMA RIGHTS CENTRE (ERRC submission to the European Commission on the enlargement component of the EU Roma Framework May 2017)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The report commissioned by DG NEAR The Thematic Evaluation on IPA Support to Roma Communities, clearly identified why EU funding did not have a discernible impact on Roma inclusion in the first round of IPA assistance. The findings from the first round of IPA funding raised a number of concerns: - Credible assessment of project effectiveness proved to be difficult “because of poor design of indicators and means of verification, together with scarce project level evaluation”; - Even in the sphere of education where most progress has been made the report concluded that “Evidence for improved educational attainment is piecemeal and anecdotal – but points strongly in the right direction”; - Displacement projects were not designed specifically for Roma, but for all displaced persons so there were no Roma-specific activities, objectives or indicators. Specifically for the Roma population, sustainability is highly questionable and there are concerns that housing projects creating (or re-creating) segregated communities. - Housing projects are expensive and relatively insignificant interventions compared to the scale of the needs. - Employment projects have not achieved any notable successes; - Monitoring at country, programme and project level remains very poor. At country level, there are some efforts to provide indicators and data on the situation of Roma communities, but there is an almost complete lack of comparable information over time to show changes. The recommendations concerning political will, financial allocations, robust monitoring, gender equity, and the “need for a strong, independent and sustainable civil society”, mirror the challenges facing the EU Framework. What is clear from ERRC’s various submissions, advocacy, research and litigation in the enlargement countries of the western Balkans over the past years is that for Roma inclusion to be effective, national and local authorities must prioritise combating all forms of discrimination; ending residential and school segregation; challenging ethnic profiling and police brutality; addressing statelessness and ending forced evictions; and ensuring access to justice. The need to step up the fight against all forms of discrimination against Roma including institutional racism, which is evident in the enlargement countries, is something that is common to all of the Member States of the European Union. The Commission in its 2016 Communication on the EU Roma Framework, explicitly called on Member States to demonstrate greater political will to combat discrimination, described rising anti-Gypsyism as “a specific form of racism”, and urged public authorities to distance themselves from racist and xenophobic discourse that targets Roma. When it comes to anti-Roma hate speech and hate crime, the Commission bluntly stated that authorities’ failure to take action effectively amounts to complicity: “it is important to realise that a reluctance to act also contributes to the acceptance of intolerance in societies.” The ERRC fully agrees with the Commission’s observations, and it is clear from this ERRC submission and the previous one, that Roma in enlargement countries face similar or even more serious problems than in many EU Member States. As mentioned earlier, the ERRC welcomes the Commission’s statement that enlargement policy remains focused on the “fundamentals first” principle, which includes the rule of law and fundamental rights, with specific mention of the “need to better protect minorities, in particular Roma.” Therefore, the ERRC recommends that the Commission work with the governments of enlargement countries to put in place “robust monitoring mechanisms” on Roma inclusion that align with the EU Framework, and to establish an annual reporting schedule that coincides with that of the Member States. This would allow for greater transparency and meaningful comparability between Member States and aspirant countries. It is important from the outset to send a signal to these countries that combating discrimination and racism is a priority for the Commission in its “fundamentals first” policy approach to further enlargement. Based on our common experience of the EU Framework, ERRC fully endorses the Commission’s assertion that “stepping up the fight against racism and discrimination” remains essential to making any advances in “reducing the socio-economic gap between the Roma and non-Roma population in the Western Balkans and Turkey” up to 2020 and beyond.

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Prison System in Serbia in 2011

Author(s): Ivan Kuzminović,Ljiljana Palibrk / Language(s): English

Over the past ten years, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia (HCHRS) has conducted dozens of visits to prisons in Serbia, with the aim of making an assessment of the human rights conditions for imprisoned and detained citizens. Since 2001, the HCHRS has visited all 28 institutions for the execution of criminal sanctions, many of which several times. In a vast number of reports, the HCHRS has conducted analyses and noted non-compliance with solutions prescribed by national legislature and international law on the one hand, and with common practices in the system of execution of criminal sanctions on the other. During the first visits to prisons in 2001, it was determined that human rights conditions were extremely poor. At that time, there were around 6,500 convicted and imprisoned persons in Serbia. Ten years later, resulting from vast efforts by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations (OSCE, UN, CoE), but that of the state as well, the human rights conditions in prisons have been significantly improved, primarily when the decreasing practice of torture and introduction of new (contemporary) legal solutions in the field of criminal sanctions are concerned. The implementation of the institute of alternative execution of criminal sanctions has finally begun in 2011. It includes the possibility of serving a sentence in home confinement (with or without electronic monitoring) for persons serving prison sentences of up to one year, or the conversion of the prison sentence to community work. However, the number of sentenced and detained persons in prison has nearly doubled over the same period of time.

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Intervjui (2004-2005)

Author(s): Vladimir Goati,Drinka Gojković,Bogoljub Milosavljević,Nataša Mrvić-Petrović,Vehid Šehić,Nemanja Nenadić,Ivan Ahel,Vera Ranković,Dragica Vujadinović,Desimir Tošić,Latinka Perović,Goran Cetinić,Nikola Samardžić,Miroslav Hadžić,Zagorka Golubović,Jelica Minić,Dubravka Stojanović,Jovica Trkulja,Norbert Mappes-Niediek,Andrej Mitrović,Radmila Radić,Aleksandar Stevanović,Srećko Mihailović,Todor Kuljić,Alexandra Milenov,Milica Delević-Đilas,Janja Beč-Neumann,Marko Kovačević,Ljubinka Trgovčević,Nenad Prokić,Sonja Biserko,Srđa Popović,Stojan Stamenković,Nataša Kandić ,Mirjana Miočinović,Zoran Stojiljković,Miroslav Prokopijević,Srđan Bogosavljević,Tünde Kovacs-Cerović,Snježana Milivojević,Vladimir V. Vodinelić,Saša Đogović,Čedomir Čupić,Milan Podunavac,Svetlana Lukić,Aleksandar Vučo,Pavle Rak,Olga Popović-Obradović,Andrej Nosov,Desanka Radunović,Mladen Lazić,Ranko Bugarski,Nada Korać,Biserka Rajčić,Dragana Nikolić-Solomon,Biljana Kovačević-Vučo,Milan Vukomanović,Nebojša Bugarinović,Stevan Lilić,Tamara Lukšić-Orlandić,Milorad Timotić,Lazar Stojanović,Aleksandar Baucal,Jelena Milić,Nenad Havelka,Božidar Jakšić,James Lyon,Bogdan Ivanišević ,Sonja Liht,Vuk Stambolović,Ljubiša Rajić,Vesna Rakić-Vodinelić,Richard Daničić,Vesna Petrović,Saša Gajin,Siniša Šikman,Ivan Jovanović,Dragoljub Todorović,Teofil Pančić,Vesna Nikolić-Ristanović,Branislav Čanak,Petar Jevremović,Verica Barać,Mirko Ilić,Gordana Matković,Goran Miletić,Srbijanka Turajlić,Milena Jauković,Ana Miljanić,Ivan Vejvoda,Zorica Trifunović,Dušanka Gačić-Bradić,Dragan Popadić,Dušan Ilija Bjelić,Svetlana Logar,Tanja Mandić-Rigonat,Obrad Savić,Marijana Toma,Miroslav Jovanović,Goran Svilanović,Želimir Bojović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Interviews by Želimir Bojević, with: 1. Goati, Vladimir 2. Gojković, Drinka 3. Milosavljević, Bogoljub 4. Mrvić-Petrović, Nataša 5. Šehić, Vehid 6. Nenadić, Nemanja 7. Ahel, Ivan 8. Ranković, Vera 9. Vujadinović, Dragica 10. Tošić, Desimir 11. Perović, Latinka 12. Cetinić, Goran 13. Samardžić, Nikola 14. Hadžić, Miroslav 15. Golubović, Zagorka 16. Minić, Jelica 17. Stojanović, Dubravka 18. Trkulja, Jovica 19. Mappes-Niediek, Norbert 20. Mitrović, Andrej 21. Radić, Radmila 22. Stevanović, Aleksandar 23. Mihailović, Srećko 24. Kuljić, Todor 25. Milenov, Alexandra 26. Delević-Đilas, Milica 27. Beč-Neumann, Janja 28. Kovačević, Marko 29. Trgovčević, Ljubinka 30. Prokić, Nenad 31. Biserko, Sonja 32. Popović, Srđa 33. Stamenković, Stojan 34. Kandić , Nataša 35. Miočinović, Mirjana 36. Stojiljković, Zoran 37. Prokopijević, Miroslav 38. Bogosavljević, Srđan 39. Kovacs-Cerović, Tünde 40. Milivojević, Snježana 41. Vodinelić, Vladimir V. 42. Đogović, Saša 43. Čupić, Čedomir 44. Podunavac, Milan 45. Lukić, Svetlana 46. Vučo, Aleksandar 47. Rak, Pavle 48. Popović-Obradović, Olga 49. Nosov, Andrej 50. Radunović, Desanka 51. Lazić, Mladen 52. Bugarski, Ranko 53. Korać, Nada 54. Rajčić, Biserka 55. Nikolić-Solomon, Dragana 56. Kovačević-Vučo, Biljana 57. Vukomanović, Milan 58. Bugarinović, Nebojša 59. Lilić, Stevan 60. Lukšić-Orlandić, Tamara 61. Timotić, Milorad 62. Stojanović, Lazar 63. Baucal, Aleksandar 64. Milić, Jelena 65. Havelka, Nenad 66. Jakšić, Božidar 67. Lyon, James 68. Ivanišević , Bogdan 69. Licht, Sonja 70. Stambolović, Vuk 71. Rajić, Ljubiša 72. Rakić-Vodinelić, Vesna 73. Daničić, Richard 74. Petrović, Vesna 75. Gajin, Saša 76. Šikman, Siniša 77. Jovanović, Ivan 78. Todorović, Dragoljub 79. Pančić, Teofil 80. Nikolić-Ristanović, Vesna 81. Čanak, Branislav 82. Jevremović, Petar 83. Barać, Verica 84. Ilić, Mirko 85. Matković, Gordana 86. Miletić, Goran 87. Turajlić, Srbijanka 88. Jauković, Milena 89. Miljanić, Ana 90. Vejvoda, Ivan 91. Trifunović, Zorica 92. Gačić-Bradić, Dušanka 93. Popadić, Dragan 94. Bjelić, Dušan Ilija 95. Logar, Svetlana 96. Mandić-Rigonat, Tanja 97. Savić, Obrad 98. Toma, Marijana 99. Jovanović, Miroslav 100. Svilanović, Goran

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HELSINŠKE SVESKE №36: Prevencija nasilnog ekstremizma među srednjoškolcima - Primena i potencijali instrumenta za formiranje alternativnog narativa

Author(s): Izabela Kisić,Jarmila Bujak Stanko,Zlatko Paković,Jelena Višnjić,Srđan Barišić,Pavel Domonji / Language(s): Serbian

Socijlano okruženje i obrazovni sistem u kome odrastaju mladi u Srbiji karakteriše snažan uticaj etnonacionalizma, balast ratne prošlosti, nedovoljno pristupačni edukativni programi koji promovišu kritičko mišljenje i ljudska prava i neadekvatni udžbenici građanskog obrazovanja. U takvom socijalnom, porodičnom, obrazovnom i neprofesionalnom medijskom okruženju, mladi teško dolaze do argumenata koji identitet ne svode samo na verski i nacionalni. Nametanje etnonacionalističkog koncepta odozgo (elite) i klerikalizacija društva, što su procesi koji traju od devedesetih, ne odnose se samo na mlade u većinskoj srpskoj populaciji, već su odavno zahvatili i manjinske zajednice. Uvođenje verskog obrazovanja kao alternative građanskom 2001. godine, ostavilo je posledice na nekoliko generacija mladih, uključujući i one koji su sada predavači i roditelji. Učvršćivanje etnonacionalističkog koncepta podstaknuto je i globalnim promenama tokom poslednje dve decenije. U te globalne faktore spadaju pre svega, uspon konzervativnih političkih stranaka i organizacija, pretnja terorizmom, ratovi, nesigurnost u socijalno-ekonomskom i bezbednosnom smislu, kao i konfuzija i strepnje zbog eskalacije lažnih vesti i krize u medijima. Nasilni ekstremizam u Srbiji se obično prelama kroz prizmu stranih ratnika koji se pridružuju ISIL, ili Al-Nusri u Siriji i Iraku. Tako je, prema zvaničnim podacima, 49 državljana Srbije otišlo da se bori u Siriji i Iraku. Srbija je, međutim, i zemlja Zapadnog Balkana sa najvećim brojem ratnika u Istočnoj Ukrajini na proruskoj strani. Prema podacima MUP Srbije, iz Ukrajine se do kraja 2017, vratilo 48 boraca. U izveštaju koga je objavio Regionalni savet za saradnju sa sedištem u Sarajevu, navodi se da bi Srbija uspešno primenila nacionalnu strategiju za prevenciju i borbu protiv terorizma, neophodno je da standardizuje pristup ekstremizmima, zasnovan na različitim ideološkim osnovama. Alternativni narativ morao bi da se odnosi na sve elemente ekstremizma i različiti sektori bi morali da budu uključeni u njegovo stvaranje, navedeno je u pomenutom izveštaju. Osim za strane borce, nasilni ekstremizam u Srbiji vezuje se za zločine iz mržnje i huliganizam u najvećim nacionalnim i verskim zajednicama. Iako se te grupacije međusobno sukobljavaju, postoje bitne sličnosti među njima. Elemente ideološkog diskursa nasilnih ekstemističkih grupacija koji dolaze iz različitih etnokonfensionalnih zajednica u Srbiji su: ekstremni nacionalizam koji uključuje tendenciju za menjanje granica (širenje teritorije ili pripajanje drugoj državi), snažna vezanost za verske lidere, odbacivanje evropskih integracija i vezivanje za druge međunarodne faktore, istorijski revizionizam – pre svega Drugog svetskog rata i istorije Jugoslavije, proganjanje tradicionalnih neprijatelja nacionalnih, verskih i seksualnih manjina, napadi na organizacije za ljudska prava i degradacija žena. Neke od radikalno konzervativnih grupacija su posebno popularne među studentskom omladinom. Izgradnja alternativnog narativa u odnosu na propagandu ekstremističkih organizacija postao je jedan od najvećih izazova za međuvladine međunarodne organizacije, kao i za lokalne aktere u prevenciji i borbi protiv nasilnog ekstremizma i terorizma. Često svođenje alternativnog narativa na instant rešenja, “gotove” odgovore i “kontra činjenice” solidno vizuelno upakovane, pokazuju se kao neefikasno i sve više kontraproduktivne, pa teško mogu da privuku razočarane mlade ljude koji se osećaju izolovanim i bez perspektive. Zapravo, takav pristup, svodi alternativni narativ, na kontra-propagandu bez dubljeg efekta i željene promene.

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ВЛИЯНИЕ ПАНДЕМИИ НА ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПЕДАГОГОВ

Author(s): Elena Andreeva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article deals with the questions of emotional burnout of teachers generated by the global pandemia. In this work is pointed out that the pedagogical activity nowadays acutely is susceptible caused by the syndrome of emotional burnout and the reason is that on teachers are imposed a huge amount of information, assignments, responsibilities and mental strain. According to the research of this article were drawn the conclusions and were given the recommendations and the preventive care of the emotional burnout of teachers.

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Dreptul în vremuri de pandemie și război

Author(s): Radu Stancu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The study aims to analyze the reaction of legal systems to the convulsions in European society caused by the Covid-19 health crisis, the war in Ukraine and the revocation of abortion rights in the U.S. With a cross-cutting approach, the article seeks to leave in the reader's mind a non-exhaustive overview of the limits of his rights through the sometimes-disproportionate reactions of the state. Extraordinary events, however, they are not a novelty for humanity. The question therefore arises as to whether the "violence" of restrictive measures on fundamental human rights could be prevented. Then, by approaching a state of emergency as normal, have human rights undergone a transformation in their substance? From a subjective point of view, the study takes stock of the legal war waged by the international community against the armed war since the end of World War II. War sometimes waged in the name of human rights, through the belligerent events of Eastern Europe, proves to us that it is not over yet and new appropriate legal measures are required. What will be the legal consequences of these is another issue discussed in the article.

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Съвременни предизвикателства пред финансовия мениджмънт в здравеопазването и националната сигурност от приложението на изкуствен интелект

Author(s): Tatiana Ivanova Evtimova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Modern challenges to financial management in the field of health care are related to the organization of the health insurance system. Financial management in health care based on artificial intelligence technologies also brings advantages that arise from the accumulation of a more complete set of knowledge, from the streamlining of the process and the elimination of emotional instability in decision-making, from the reorientation from the routine of activities and dissatisfaction from certain repetitive work tasks to another type of creative activities, from expanding the scope and scale of action, from solving more complex problems in a shorter time, etc.

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Изкуствен интелект, финансиране и управление в здравеопазването – предимства за сигурността

Author(s): Tatyana Ivanova Evtimova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Undoubtedly, AI technologies can be applied in various areas of the economy. Regarding the state of health care in the EU countries, Bulgaria is characterized by catch-up development, which requires the creation of appropriate conditions for the functioning of our health system, development and implementation of an adequate health policy. All these questions prompt various researchers to seek and propose new directions for improving the system of financing and management in the field of health care.

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Meat alternatives—market and cunsumption

Author(s): Iga Rybicka,Karolina Bohdan,Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Elimination of animal-based products, often related to a vegetarian or vegan diet, is one of the most popular nutritional trends observed around the world. This chapter provides an overview of the assortment, market and consumption of various meat alternatives. Products replacing meat are made of various types of (mostly) plant-based raw materials including pulses/legumes, cereal proteins (mainly gluten), oilseeds, fungi (edible mushrooms) and algae; however, cultured meat and edible insects are also described. The market of meat alternatives was estimated at USD 10,11 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of minimum 15% by 2030. Europe has the largest share (52%) of the global market followed by North America (27%), Asia Pacific (12%), Latin America (6%) and Middle East and Africa (4%). The top producers are Beyond Meat, Boulder Brands, Hain Celestia, Nestlé, Garden Protein International, Vivera, Lightlife Foods, Woolworths, Naturli’ Foods and Sainsbury’s. Despite the fact that vegetarians and vegans constitute 6.4% and 6% of global consumers, respectively, more and more people are willing to either reduce the consumption of meat (62%) or animal-origin (42%) products. This is due to the fact that the consumption of meat-free products plays a role in sustainable development considering multiple health, economic and environmental issues.

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Germany in the Czech Foreign Policy

Author(s): Vladimír Handl / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Czech policy vis-a-vis Germany experienced mostly positive dynamics but also a lack of coherence. Existential interests were not at stake – on the contrary, they constituted a positive background for the relations: Czechs and Germans as allies guarantee each other’s security, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

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Problem konsumpcji i produkcji mięsa w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju

Author(s): Eryk Cudnik-Cegielski,Karolina Kaczorek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of industrial meat production on key aspects related to sustainability. Issues such as the ability to feed the expanding population with continued growth in meat consumption, considering the industry’s impact on the environment, with massive greenhouse gas emissions, extensive water use, and widespread deforestation or public health, including health risks related to diets high in meat consumption and the rise of antibiotic resistance caused by excessive antibiotic use in livestock farming, were reviewed. Based on the literature analysis it was concluded that changes in dietary customs leading to the adoption of more sustainable food sources are necessary to secure the future for next generations.

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На децата – с обич и омерзение. Корени на обществените резерви срещу политиките за безплатни лекарства за децата в България

Author(s): Venelin L. Stoychev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report presents an analysis of data on child healthcare from the National Institute of Statistics, the National Health Insurance Fund, the National Institute of Health Insurance, Eurostat and an empirical study by the LARGO association, focused on the topic of free medicines for children. The analysis reveals that children are (no longer) a consensus value in Bulgarian society. Last year, the National Health Insurance Fund paid out 16 million leva on the main clinical pathways for children‘s hospitalizations, and parents made private investments of over 1 billion leva for medicines for Bulgaria‘s children. On average, a parent in our country pays 562.32 leva just for medicines per child per year, according to the study data. Every second parent finds it difficult to cover the costs of their child‘s medicines. However, public opinion in our country is strongly divided on the topic of free medicines for children due to the levels of distrust in our society, doubts about corruption and lobbying, anti-vaccination attitudes, and the normalization of public speaking from the standpoint of racism and xenophobia.

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СЗО – новото световно правителство

Author(s): Georgi Kyuchukov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The idea for creation of an organization, coordinating the efforts to protect global public health appeared at the end of XIX century. The creation of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 helped for the effective control of many disease. The COVID-19 crisis showed the necessity but also the weaknesses of the organization. After the end of the crisis WHO activated its efforts for preparation of a global Pandemic agreement, providing the organization exclusive rights, that sometimes affect the sovereign rights of states. Some dubious questions in the proposed Pandemic agreement are discussed in the article.

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