Психологическа същност и възрастови граници на старостта: критичен анализ

Author(s): George A. Madzharov,Velislava Chavdarova,Maria N. Hristova,Ivan S. Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

Medical care today prevail mortality in childhood, granting thus each born person a chance to survive until old age, and creating additional period in human life. This period is not presented in animal world so evolution has not embedded adaptive mind and body abilities. On the contrary, evolution embedded a degradation of existing abilities. Old age begins between 60 and 65, and then passes several phases. Intellectual processes slow down memory, thinking, savvy, responsiveness tend to reduce. Significant changes of social position (relations with others) take place. After 40 deliberate memory gradually, in old age faster and faster decay. Adding new content to memory become harder, unlike the available content which is easily lost. Memories become less detailed, though the main points of events are still presented. As a result a sense of a time accelerating appears. The amount of communication, reading, language usage of the old people tends to decrease. Emotionality tends to equalization (leveling). Strong positive emotions occur rarer and shorter; emotions ‘fade’. This tranquility however is not analog of happiness, but more like a growing indifference (apathy) to the outside. Dependence on others increases (self-dependence decrease), elements of social isolation have place.

Психологическа помощ на терминално болни: болестта като неочаквана кризисна ситуация

Author(s): Teodora Stoycheva Stoeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with an extremely serious personal and socially significant problem related to the difficulties and psychological experiences of terminally ill individuals and their treatment. The psychological features of terminally ill individuals who are expecting death, thinking about it, are considered, which is undoubtedly a painful period of life change and personal transformation. Psychological support tools and therapy and counseling approaches are discussed to make the experiences of these individuals for themselves and those who will leave more bearable.

Alkol/Madde Kullanım Bozukluklarında Şiddet ve İntiharın Nörobiyolojik Temelleri

Author(s): Bahadır Geniş,Ferit Şahin,Nermin Gürhan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

Both the risk of suicidal and violent behaviours increases in alcohol and substance use disorders. Besides, it’s proposed that alcohol and substance use disorders significantly contribute to the increasing prevalence of suicide and violence worldwide. For these reasons, it is thought that the spiral of problems consisting of the concepts of suicide, violence, and addiction awaits a solution on a global scale. The discovery of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms is required to deal with these problems. Previous research has revealed the importance of neurobiological mechanisms in understanding suicidal, violent, and addictive behaviours. Especially recent studies have shown some evidence that these three conditions have some related genetic, epigenetic, and neurobiological bases. Therefore, besides the current neurobiological research on alcohol and substance use disorders, scientific literature related to suicidal and violent behaviours will be presented in this review altogether.

Cognitive, Emotional, Behavioral and Physiological Evaluation of the Relationship Between Brain and Gut Microbiota

Author(s): Selim Günüç,Aylin Şendemir / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of gut microbiota on brain functions, mood and psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and behavioral addictions, neurotransmitter levels, cognitive processes such as self-control, decision making and delayed gratification. In this context, the relevant literature was reviewed and the findings were evaluated. The relationships of the bidirectional communication between the brain-gut axis with cognitive, emotional, behavioral and physiological processes were explained with a diagram. As a result, although more research is needed on this subject, it has been observed that the brain-gut axis is bidirectionally established through neural, stress, endocrine and immune systems. In this bidirectional communication process, there are interactions in the context of cognitive, emotional, behavioral and other physiological factors. These factors both individually enter into bidirectional relationships with the brain and gut microbiota and are affected by the bidirectional communication between the brain and gut.

Moral Grandstanding as a Narcissistic Intrinsic Satisfaction

Author(s): Gamze Şen,Elif Manuoğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The aim of this study is to define the concept of moral grandstanding and discuss its antecedents, motivations behind it, and implications. Moral grandstanding is described as contributing to moral discourse to persuade others that one is morally respectable. Individuals who value their moral standing are more concerned about their own self than the topics that they claim to discuss. Therefore, it is likely that individuals who perform moral grandstanding may be high on the narcissistic personality trait. Although moral grandstanding can bring about reputation and fame to individuals, it can be associated with society contribution in some cases. While advertising their prosocial behavior, individuals’ true motivation may not be obvious. Thus, it is essential to understand their actual motivation for the behavior in question as well as their level of narcissism in order to understand whether the behavior is considered as an example of moral grandstanding. Pathological narcissism and the intrinsic-extrinsic motivation concept of self-determination theory were used to extend the current understanding of the moral grandstanding concept in the present study. Lastly, the real-life implications of moral grandstanding were discussed with reference to current issues like the ongoing pandemic.

Imagery: A Review

Author(s): Güneş Öztürk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Modern neuroscience has shown that relaxing images cause the brain to release high levels of serotonin, dopamine and oxytocin, which reduce anxiety, block cortisol and increase neuroplasticity. Modern medicine positions the human being as passive, helpless, in need of external help and in need of repair. However, far beyond this passive role, human beings should be seen as a being with the physical and spiritual power to repair themselves. The common point that all the studies examined in this study converge on is that imagery, which is an intrinsic ability, can be used as a low-cost, effective mental treatment tool. In some studies, imagery was defined as a more effective method than pharmacological interventions. Imagery is used in a wide range of diseases from psychotic disorders to mental disorders such as cancer, asthma, migraine, hypertension, immune system diseases, anxiety and depression. From a psychoanalytic perspective, the imagery technique, which is thought to function as impulse satisfaction and a defense mechanism, is also widely used in schools such as mindfulness-oriented therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and dialectical therapy. This review first discusses imagery and its use in history, and then describes current research on imagery applications on different diseases. In addition, it is written to emphasize the lack of research on the mechanisms through which this personal and inner power, which is thought to affect the efficiency of treatment in whichever field of physical or psychological help is sought, operates in the mind and to encourage new research.

Transdiagnostic Approach and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Author(s): Emre Özdemir,Bikem Hacıömeroğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The categorical approach of traditional psychiatric nosology has been a forceful approach for a very long time for explaining psychological disorders which are defined by symptom based diagnostic categories. However, in recent years, the importance of the "transdiagnostic" approach which is a new classification system is increasing. The transdiagnostic approach aims to examine dimensionally the common cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal and biological processes underlying many psychopathologies away from the categorical approach that classifies psychopathologies according to observable symptoms. This approach intends to treat the disorders through the common underlying processes and risk factors, thus heterogeneous and comorbid symptoms are better addressed and diagnostic categories that may change during treatment are avoided. In this review study, the current problems in diagnosing based on classification and gaps in the field were examined, and the approach itself was proposed as a solution. RDoC (Research Domain Criteria) which is a new classification system for psychiatric disorders within the scope of the approach, has created a new structure using modern research approaches in genetics, neuroscience and behavioral sciences. In the present study, the definition and emergence of the transdiagnostic approach, obsessive compulsive disorder and RDoC in the context of transdiagnostic approach and transdiagnostic treatment are explained. This review is intended to be a resource for both basic psychopathology research and the development of treatment methods within the framework of a transdiagnostic approach.

Effect of Sociodemographic Variables on Health Anxiety and Death Anxiety Levels in COVID-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Aysun Alioğulları,Arzu Önal Sönmez,Ayten Erdoğan / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 1/2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate health anxiety and death anxiety levels in adult cases during the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate the effect of sociodemographic variables. In this online study, 334 patients over the age of 18 were included. Health Anxiety Scale, Death Anxiety Scale and Sociodemographic Data Form were used in the research. The subscales of health anxiety showed a meaningful correlation between hypersensitivity to bodily findings and negative consequences of the disease and death anxiety. Death anxiety and health anxiety were found to be higher in women. It is statistically significant that health anxiety is more common in individuals aged 20-30 years and women with primary education degrees. Death anxiety was found to be associated with low socioeconomic status and health anxiety was associated with average socioeconomic status. Death anxiety was found to be associated with two of the health anxiety subscales. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, educational status and socioeconomic status are thought to be effective in both death anxiety and health anxiety.

Examination of the Role of Defense Mechanisms and Attachment Styles in Personality Disorder Beliefs among Nonclinical and Clinical Samples

Author(s): Yıldız Bilge,Nesrin Karamustafalıoğlu,Nihal Kanlısu,Aylin Özdemir / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 1/2022

Attachment styles, defense mechanisms, and the underlying personality disorders’ personality beliefs are considered to be closely related to psychopathology. The aim of this study is to compare the scores of attachment styles, defense mechanisms, and personality beliefs variables in a non-clinical group and a clinical group diagnosed with depression, obsessive-compulsive, and anxiety disorder and to examine the relationships between these variables. A total of 178 participated in the study, 59 of which were in the clinical group and 119 in the nonclinical group. The Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-SF), The Defense Style Questionnaire-40 (DSQ-40), and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) were applied to the participants. Avoidant, dependent, passive-aggressive, obsessive-compulsive (OC), antisocial, schizoid, paranoid, and borderline personality belief scores were found to be higher in the clinical group, while mature defense scores were significantly higher in the nonclinical group. On the other hand, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of attachment styles. According to multiple linear regression analysis results, attachment styles and defense mechanisms predicted personality disorder beliefs in the range of 19.5% to 33.5% for the clinical group and 22.7% to 46.9% for the nonclinical group. In conclusion, the findings suggest that attachment styles and defense mechanisms may contribute to the understanding of the etiological causes of personality disorders and may be helpful in the treatment of personality disorders.

Relationship Between Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder and Suicide in Patients with Bipolar Disorder

Author(s): Mahmut Onur Karaytuğ,Lut Tamam,Mehmet Emin Demirkol,Zeynep Namlı / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl. 1/2022

The present study aimed to investigate the comorbidity of adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD) and the relationship between this comorbidity and suicide in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). A total of 138 outpatients with BD at remission between the ages of 18-65 years and 63 healthy controls were included in our study. All participants were administered a sociodemographic data form, Hamilton Depression Scale (HMDS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire, and Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms (ASAD-SCI). The age and gender of the participants did not differ significantly between the control group, the BD and BD+ASAD groups. The mean age of the participants was 42.3±11.9 years. When categorized according to gender, 42.3% of the participants were male and 57.7% were female. ASAD was detected in 46.3% of the participants. The suicide attempt rate was significantly higher in the BD and BD+ASAD groups than in the control group. The rate of suicide attempt was significantly higher in the BD+ASAD group than in the BD group. We demonstrated that the comorbidity of ASAD was associated with previous suicide attempts in patients with BD. Recognizing and treating ASAD in patients with BD may reduce suicide attempts in these patients.

Majör Depresyon Bozukluğunun Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Yaklaşımı ile Tedavisi: Olgu Sunumu

Author(s): Aksanur Bayırkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2023

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of structured, goal-directed psychotherapy. CBT is a form of psychological treatment that has proven to be effective for diseases such as depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use disorders, and eating disorders. Many studies show that CBT improves an individual's functionality and quality of life. In this respect, CBT differs from many types of therapy. Many studies have shown that CBT is very effective in the treatment of depression. In this case, the CBT process of E.K., who is 35 years old and has symptoms of major depression disorder, is described. After the last violent argument she had with her husband, she settled in the Women's Shelter. When the client applied for psychological support, psychoeducation and CBT techniques was done in fisrt place.

Afet Sonrası Travmalarda Psikolojik Yaklaşım

Author(s): Eylem MENTEŞOĞULLARI,Şevket ŞAFAKOĞULLARI,Melih YILDIZ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2023

Natural disasters are one of the biggest problems of humanity in recent years. Although earthquakes are the most common events in these disasters, they are also responsible for the majority of casualties. Disasters also affect socioeconomic, health and psychological areas by affecting societies in different dimensions. Due to the psychological traumas experienced by individuals after disasters, their lives are greatly affected. If the necessary psychological support is not provided, individuals may face more severe mental health conditions. The inadequacy of social awareness on this issue and the need arising from the unavoidable psychological consequences of the disaster reveal the necessity of specialization in this field and social support. In this article, disaster psychology will be discussed in general terms and what can be done about it will be emphasized.

Depresif Bozuklukta Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi Yaklaşımı ile Tedavi: Olgu Sunumu

Author(s): Melda Kimyonşan,Meryem Karaaziz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2023

Depression is the most common psychological illness in primary care. The frequency and severity of depression; It varies according to socioeconomic status, presence of social support, gender and age. In the treatment of depression; Strengthening coping mechanisms is important in social support along with psychodynamic and psychosocial activities. Cognitive behavioral therapies include psychoeducation and activities and cognitive interventions for the treatment of depression.

Rolul terapiei asistate de animale în dezvoltarea socio-emoţională a copiilor diagnosticaţi cu ADHD

Author(s): Costinela Valentina Gălbinașu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2022

Life with a child with ADHD can be challenging, it can mean a change of direction and meaning. Beyond the problems, however, his needs are no different from those of any other child, whether we are talking about affection, attention, acceptance or integration into the community. All this cannot be replaced by any medicine. Traditional methods of therapy and education are not always effective, therefore alternatives must be found. One of these is complementary therapy, which is as new as old, because although it has been in practice for more than 50 years in the United States and Europe, animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is not yet considered an integral part of psychotherapeutic practice. We can motivate this either by the fact that TAA involves more variables compared to any other traditional therapy (dog, handler etc.) or by the fact that we do not face a lack of sufficient studies in the field.

The presence of alcohol use disorders over a three months period in a general psychiatric ward of “Alexandru Obregia” Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry”

Author(s): Maria Puiu,Gabriela Elena Chele,Sorin Riga,Mihnea Manea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are associated with many co-morbidities, generating increased costs for healthcare systems worldwide. Part of these costs are due to hospital admissions necessary for treatment. Objectives: Our research aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of cases with AUDs as a primary or secondary diagnosis over a three-month period in a general psychiatric ward of the Clinical Psychiatric Hospital "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia". Methods: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. Only admissions of adult male patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis at discharge of AUDs were included. Data collected from the hospital's database included: age, gender, primary and secondary diagnoses at discharge, length of stay, type admission (voluntary/non-voluntary) and character of admissions (emergency or non-emergency), health insurance and employment status. Results: 99 admissions of male patients, with a primary or secondary diagnosis related to alcohol use were identified from a total of 252 admissions. The mean age ± SD of the patients was 48.04 (±11,93). AUDs were present in 8 (8.08%) cases as a primary diagnosis and in 91 (91.92%) as a secondary diagnosis. For the admissions in which AUDs were present as a secondary diagnosis, the most frequent primary diagnosis was represented by different types of ‘depressive disorders’ 44 (48.35%) and ‘personality disorders’ 19 (20.88%). Other important findings show a high percent of involuntary admission 45 (45.45%) and a low percent of patients with health insurance 44 (44.44%).Conclusions: Findings in our study show a high number of AUDs as a secondary diagnosis suggesting a need for further, more extensive research to provide a more accurate picture of the real prevalence and consequences of AUDs in Romanian psychiatric hospitals.

A pszichiátria válsága. Pszichoanalízis, biomedikális és kritikai pszichiátria francia nézőpontból

Author(s): Anna Konrád / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 31/2022

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and mTOR in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author(s): Ezgi Selamet,Miraç Barış Usta / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental diseases that manifest themselves at early ages as insufficient social and communicative skills, repetitive sensory-motor behaviors and restricted interests, and peculiar combinations of these traits. Autism prevalence in wealthy nations is currently rising. Due to increasing numbers of diagnosis, studies on the genetic background of autism have gained momentum recently. Especially the research on mitochondrial dysfunction and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is important in that it might provide a great contribution to the ASD field for new treatment resources. .

SIGMUND FREUD ȘI ESEUL DINCOLO DE PRINCIPIUL PLĂCERII

Author(s): Camelia Ioana Ienciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

This article, based on the detailed analysis of Freud’s essay, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, explores philosophical questions about life and death, pleasure and pain. Moreover, his essay can be considered a rediscovery of significant themes and concepts whose primary aim is to influence a contemporary understanding of Psychoanalysis. The reason why I have chosen this topic is due to the fact that Sigmund Freud, one of the greatest theorists in history, is generally known as the father of psychoanalysis. He wrote Beyond the Pleasure Principle at the age of sixty – four, during a time when psychoanalysis had already gained meaningful popularity.

VIZITA APARȚINĂTORILOR ȘI IMPORTANȚA PSIHOLOGICĂ ASUPRA PACIENTULUI SPITALIZAT

Author(s): Dorina Maria Pasca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 25/2021

Background: The mental state of the infirmary patient has the same value as the physical state. It is important to realize that they have a positive or negative influence on each other. Everybody knows that a strong mental state presses the recuperation. The presence of family during a patient recovery has a major importance in having a strong mental state, because family is the pillar of support, trust, protection and especially love. Materials and methods: To realize this study I applied as psychological investigation a questionnaire which contains 13 items. This questionnaire was completed by 70 infirmary patients between the ages of 21 and 86 years from surgery, internal medicine and gynecology department. The questionnaire had been applied between November 2019 and January 2020. Results: A high percentage of infirmary patients 88,57% report that the time given to the visit is enough to change the mood, and 87.14% confirm the change of mental state after the visit received. Most of the subjects want the presence of children at the visit, 67.12%. 55,71% of the hospitalized patients wish to receive home food and 20% of them would be pleased to receive flowers. Conclusion: For most patients, the family has a considerable impact on their mental state. Therefore, the visit made by them is necessary in the healing process. It has been observed that most patients want to receive home-made food, fruits / vegetables or flowers from their garden because they feel connected to their home environment.

CHILDREN CONDUCT DISORDERS: DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING TECHNIQUES

Author(s): Raisa Cerlat / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 29/2022

The article presents the characteristic and diagnostic criteria of the conduct disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The determinant factors and long-term risks of conduct disorders are exposed. Regarding counseling for children with conduct disorders, there are recommended the aspects necessary to be known at the beginning of counseling, the stages and the algorithm of the psychological intervention. Also, the article explains some useful psychological techniques in counseling children with conduct disorders.