Atsparumo psichologinei traumai vidinių veiksnių teorinė analizė

Author(s): Ruth Reches,Jolanta Sondaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2014

Scientific Problem. The study of the phenomenon of resilience to trauma within the framework of positive psychology has been started relatively recently and has received quite controversial evaluations. Some scientists recognize the resilience to trauma as a feature, whilst the others – as a process or even as a result. All researchers agree that there are internal and external resilience factors which help in coping with trauma. Scientists distinguish different internal resilience factors. A more thorough analysis of the concept of the psychological trauma resilience and the empirical research could help to transform the theoretical knowledge into practical methods more effectively, such as creation of interventional and preventive programmes for psychological resilience to trauma. Research Subject. The research subject is the internal factors of resilience to trauma. Goals of the Research. Goals of the research include to carry out a critical review of the concept of the internal factors of resilience to psychological trauma, integrate the ideas arising from the empirical research results related to the internal factors of resilience. Research Method. The method of theoretical analysis, i.e. comparison and summarizing of scientific literature and interpretation of data, has been applied by the author. Results and Conclusions. The analysis of the empirical research based upon different theoretical paradigms and related to the internal psychological factors of resilience to trauma allowed distinguishing the following internal factors of resilience to trauma: hardiness, ego-resilience, self-esteem, self-image, control, hope, attachment. Also, it allowed determining that the factors distinguished may be of three different types: 1) factors that help to overcome the trauma; 2) factors protecting from the adverse effects of the trauma; 3) factors helping to accept a traumatic event as a challenge and an opportunity to grow.

Attachment and Posttraumatic Symptomatology Following Physical Injury Accidents

Author(s): Florian Juen,Verena Rattensberger,Anna Buchheim / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

This study investigates the association between attachment and posttraumatic symptoms in adults immediately after a physical injury accident (assessed after 1 week and 3 months). We expect to find higher percentage of attachment dysregulation and higher symptomatic response (BSI and PDS) of disorganized individuals. We introduce Personal Experience as a representational marker for high attachment anxiety and preoccupation with one’s own distress that blurs and potentially dissolves the capacity to maintain self-other boundaries under stress. 65 patients were administered the Adult attachment Projective Picture System. Results show that attachment disorganization appears more frequent than in healthy individuals and is related to stronger symptomatology. Personal Experience showed good prediction for symptoms after 3 months. This could be important to identify individuals in need for crisis intervention support.

Attachment disorganization in different clinical groups: what underpins unresolved attachment?

Author(s): Florian Juen,Lisa Arnold,Dominik Meissner,Tobias Nolte,Anna Buchheim / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

This paper summarizes findings and clinical implications of research on attachment disorganization in diverse clinical groups. Disorganized/unresolved attachment is overrepresented in these groups compared to healthy control participants, but disorder-specific characteristics of this attachment pattern are still poorly understood. The focus of this study was to explore defensive processes in participants whose narratives were classified as disorganized/unresolved using the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP). Besides the predominance of disorganized attachment, clinical participants demonstrated more “segregated system material” especially in stories representing aloneness and more “Personal Experience material” compared to healthy individuals. Within the disorganized/ unresolved clinical individuals, BPD and PTSD patients showed the highest proportion of attachment disorganization and were less able to use other attachment-related defenses to maintain organized. Furthermore, PTSD patients were emotionally overwhelmed by the projective attachment scenes compared to the other clinical groups as indexed by an incapacity to complete sections of the AAP. BPD and addicted patients were characterized by a high degree of self-other boundary confusion. Depressive and schizophrenic patients showed a high overall defensive intensity to remain organized.

Attitudes towards euthanasia in the context of fear of death among physiotherapists and caregivers of patients with paresis

Author(s): Alicja Głębocka / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2017

Background: The permissibility of euthanasia raises many moral dilemmas, dividing the general public on thismatter. Attitudes towards euthanasia depend on socio-cultural (age, beliefs) and individual factors (personalitytraits or working in medical professions).Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to establish attitudes towards euthanasia and the level of anxietybefore death among people in close contact with persons suffering from paresis. The hypotheses assumed thatcontact with disabled patients, who require constant care, and the type of such contact, modify the perceivedfear of death and attitudes towards euthanasia.Material and methods: Two clinical groups were involved in the study: physiotherapists dealing with strokerehabilitation, family caregivers permanently taking care of close relatives of cerebral stroke survivors. Theresults of the two groups were compared to those of the control group, who were individuals with no personalexperience in the care of patients with paresis. Attitudes towards euthanasia were measured in three dimensions:information support, liberal attitudes and conservative attitudes.Results: The results showed no intergroup differences in two dimensions: liberal attitude and the fear of death.Physiotherapists were the least conservative in their attitudes in comparison to other participants and theyappreciated the information support more than participants from the control group. Conclusions: The results indicated that everyday contact with the patients suffering from paresis can increase conservative attitudes toward euthanasia but only among caregivers

Autismus jako společenskovědní téma

Author(s): Michael Geisler / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2016

Knowledge on autism has undergone a rapid development over the past few decades, as well as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis rates increasing dramatically. These changes emphasize the need for increased services and wider specialised support for people with ASD and their families. Autism is not only a medical, psychological or special pedagogical topic it is also a social issue. There have been several sociological studies on the topic conducted abroad, however the Czech case is specific in several aspects due to the political-cultural context of the country. Apart from a few exceptions, the topic has not been reflected in Czech social science. The present paper will introduce five approaches to autism based on research which has been conducted abroad and will also discuss to which extent they are applicable in the Czech Republic. The ideas presented are a multidisciplinary combination of sociology of knowledge, historical sociology, sociology of health and illness, cultural anthropology and disability studies. The subtopics discussed include: the social construction of autism, the development of knowledge on autism, social movements related to autism, autism across cultures and lastly, causes of the increasing prevalence of autism.

Badanie procesu terapii uzależnień: rola niespecyficznych czynników terapii

Author(s): T. Cameron Wild,Judy Wolfe / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

A review of modern methods of treating addictions, the effectiveness of which had been confirmed in rigorous scientific studies. The publication is aimed at people providing treatment for addicted individuals and also for those preparing to obtain appropriate certifications (specialists in addiction psychotherapy and addiction therapy instructors, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, family doctors and clinicians whose patients can be people with addictions), scientists studying the mechanisms and efficiency of addiction therapy, as well as addicted individuals and their loved ones.

Barriers to Female Sex Addiction Treatment in the UK

Author(s): Manpreet K. Dhuffar,Mark D. Griffiths / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

Over the last 20 years, behavioral addictions (e.g., addictions to gambling, playing video games, work, etc.) have become more accepted among both public and scientific communities. Addiction to sex is arguably a more controversial issue, but this does not take away from the fact that some individuals seek professional help for problematic excessive sex, irrespective of how the behavior is conceptualized. Empirical evidence suggests that among treatment seekers, men are more likely than women to seek help for sex addiction (SA). Methods: Using the behavioral addiction literature and the authors’ own expertise in researching female SA, this paper examines potential barriers to the treatment for female sex addicts. Results: Four main types of barriers for female sex addicts not seeking treatment were identified. These comprised (a) individual barriers, (b) social barriers, (c) research barriers, and (d) treatment barriers. Conclusions: Further research is needed to either confirm or disconfirm the identified barriers that female sex addicts face when seeking treatment, and if conformation is found, interested stakeholders should provide better awareness and/or see ways in which such barriers can be overcome to aid better uptake of SA services.

Basic Determinant of the Success of Interpersonal Relationship: Rejection Sensitivity

Author(s): Dilek Şirvanlı Özen,Fulya Kübra Güneri / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

The rejection sensitivity, which is defined as waiting to be rejected, being ready to perceive, and being overreacted to rejection, is seen as an important fact affecting the social and psychological adjustment of the individual, the interpersonal relationship. The relevant literature, which states that the rejection sensitivity has a cognitive-affective processing dynamic, sees it as an advocacy motivational system intended to protect the possible rejection of the self from possible other people. On the other hand, the most important source of rejection sensitivity is parents, and in this context, they are closely related to attachment and parenting styles; at the same time it is stated that the rejection sensitivity is related to some psychopathologies and that most people affect romantic relations. Moving from these points, the purpose of the study is guiding the possible empirical work to be done in the future for the rejection sensitivity which is in the focus of the interpersonal relationship success.

Bayesian inference, predictive coding and delusions

Author(s): Rick A. Adams,Harriet R. Brown,Karl John Friston / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2014

This paper considers psychotic symptoms in terms of false inferences or beliefs. It is based on the notion that the brain is an organ of inference that actively constructs hypotheses to explain or predict its sensations. This perspective provides a normative (Bayes optimal) account of action and perception that emphasises probabilistic representations; in particular, the confidence or precision of beliefs about the world. We consider sensory attenuation deficits, catatonia and delusions as various expressions of the same core pathology: namely, an aberrant encoding of precision in a predictive coding hierarchy. In predictive coding, precision is thought to be encoded by the postsynaptic gain of neurons reporting prediction error. This suggests that both pervasive trait abnormalities and florid failures of inference in the psychotic state can be linked to factors controlling postsynaptic gain—such as NMDA receptor function and (dopaminergic) neuromodulation. We illustrate these points using a biologically plausible simulation of attribution of agency—showing how a reduction in the precision of prior beliefs, relative to sensory evidence, can lead to false inference.

Becoming a Mother after Infertility: A Theoretical Analysis

Author(s): İlkay Boz,Elif Özçetin,Gamze Teskereci / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

In order to have a baby due to infertility, couples often resort to assisted reproduction therapy. In cases of pregnancy, even if the meaning of pregnancy is a happy and enjoyable process for these couples, the burden of infertility diagnosis and treatments can turn into a challenging process. Especially women can experience emotions such as not accepting pregnancy, fear of losing their baby, worrying about their health, uncertainty. It is known that pregnant women after infertility treatment can be ignored among spontaneous pregnancies. In qualitative studies at international literature, pregnant women with assisted reproductive treatments do not easily adjust to gestation and postpartum period. With this review, the experiences of the mother who became pregnant after infertility treatment were reviewed and analyzed theoretically.

Being her own biographer – Su Meck’s memoir I Forgot to Remember and the fallibility of memory from the perspective of neuroscience and cognitive psychology

Author(s): Anita Jarczok / Language(s): English / Issue: 28/2017

Su Meck’s memoir relates her loss of memory as a result of the brain injury that she suffered when a kitchen fan fell on her head. Meck never recovered her memories from before the incident, and for some time after it she was also unable to form any new memories. In this dramatic account of the loss of memory, Meck tries to understand her experiences and to rebuild her sense of self. I describe the dire consequences of such a total memory failure, especially to our sense of self. However, I also argue that this memoir is about the fallibility of memory in general, not only in such an extreme case as the brain injury. Trying to reconstruct her story, Meck discovers that others have either incomplete or conflicting stories to tell her. I Forgot to Remember brings the transient and biased nature of our own memories into sharp focus. However, Meck’s narrative not only exposes the limitation of our memory and highlights its importance to our sense of self but also brings to light the fluid boundaries of various life writing genres and reveals the pitfalls of placing too much emphasis on memory in relation to self.

Beliren yetişkinlik ve kayıp yaşantıları: Bağlanma temelli zihinsel temsiller ve psikolojik belirtilerin incelenmesi: Beliren Yetişkinlik ve Kayıp Yaşantıları

Author(s): Gizem Cesur,Sezin Başbuğ / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2017

The aim of this study is to examine the psychological symptoms and Attachment-Based Mental Representations of university students who experienced the death of first and second-degree relatives or the break-up of their romantic relationships. The sample consisted of 122 female and 102 male students. The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 29 with a mean of 21.31 years (SD = 1.90). Demo- graphic Information Form, Brief Symptom Inventory and Attachment-Based Mental Representation Scale were used to collect data. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results showed that there was no significant difference on Attachment-Based Mental Representations among the groups. There- fore, all groups are assumed to be homogeneous in terms of attachment-based mental representations. To compare psychological symptom levels of the groups, ANOVA was also conducted. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the groups who lost their second-degree relatives and who break-up their romantic relationship. However, there was no significant differences between the groups who lost their first-degree relatives and who break-up their romantic relationships. Regression analysis revealed that negative self-representation and negative father-representation significantly predicted psychological symptoms of the group who experienced the break-up. Consequently, break-up of the romantic relationship is quite important for emerging adulthood. In addition, current study revealed that negative self-representation and negative father-representation of adolescents who experienced the break-up led to the risk factors for psychological symptoms.

Belirsizliğin Psikolojik Etkileri

Author(s): Sanem Küçükkömürler / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 10/2017

Uncertainty is defined in relation with concepts of incompatibility, unpredictability, misidentification, and dubiousness from different researchers in the literature. Also, need to reduce uncertainty is defined as a tendency to decrease uncertainties in order to gain certainty. The need to reduce uncertainty, which was proposed as a basic motivation from different researchers, is encountering frequently in daily life. In some cases, collective uncertainties follow daily uncertainties, which can be faced under normal conditions. Collective uncertainties include both cultural tendencies related with uncertainty and collectively experienced uncertainties. Turkey’s cultural tendency to avoid uncertainty and collective events including uncertainties experienced recently such as terrorist attacks and coup attempt increase impact of the topic for Turkey. In this paper, aim is to introduce psychology of uncertainty and examine uncertain events experienced in Turkey. It was emphasized that strategies to reduce uncertainty become unfunctional in some cases in our country. For this reason, new strategies which can be useful to reduce uncertainty in Turkey were suggested as (a) introducing uncertainty as manageable with respect to positive uncertainty experiences, (b) giving exact information under uncertain conditions, and (c) presenting peaceful speeches considering possible intergroup conflicts result from uncertainty management.

Bezbronni - Lucyna Kicińska w rozmowie z Katarzyną Jabłońską

Author(s): Katarzyna Jabłońska,Lucyna Kicińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 675/2019

Współczesne dzieci i nastolatki nie zostały wyposażone w wiedzę, że trudności i niepowodzenia są naturalną częścią życia. Nie nauczono ich, jak sobie z nimi radzić, nie pokazano, że bardzo często wpisane są one w drogę do sukcesu.

Biologická psychiatrie v kritickém svìtle

Author(s): David Skorunka / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2014

The review of: John Read, Jacqui Dillon (Eds.) Models of Madness; Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Psychosis, 2nd Edition.

Bipolar Spectrum Disorders in a Clinical Sample of Patients With Internet Addiction: Hidden Comorbidity or Differential Diagnosis?

Author(s): Klaus Wölfling,Manfred E. Beutel,Michael Dreier,Kai W. Müller / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

Behavioral addictions and bipolar disorders have a certain probability of co-occurrence. While the presence of a manic episode has been defined as an exclusion criterion for gambling disorder, no such exclusion has been formulated for Internet addiction. Methods: A clinical sample of 368 treatment seekers presenting with excessive to addictive Internet use was screened for bipolar spectrum disorders using the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Psychopathology was assessed by the Symptom Checklist 90R and a clinical interview was administered to screen for comorbid disorders. Results: Comorbid bipolar disorders were more frequent in patients meeting criteria for Internet addiction (30.9%) than among the excessive users (5.6%). This subgroup showed heightened psychopathological symptoms, including substance use disorders, affective disorders and personality disorders. Further differences were found regarding frequency of Internet use regarding social networking sites and online-pornography. Discussion: Patients with Internet addiction have a heightened probability for meeting criteria of bipolar disorders. It is not possible to draw conclusions regarding the direction of this association but it is recommended to implement screening for bipolar disorders in patients presenting with Internet addiction. Conclusion: Similar to gambling disorder, it might prove necessary to subsume bipolar disorders as an exclusion criterion for the future criteria of Internet addiction.

Body esteem in adolescent hair pullers

Author(s): Erin M. Altenburger,Esther S. Tung,Nancy J. Keuthen / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2014

Trichotillomania (TTM) often first presents in adolescence, a developmental period marked by vulnerability in body image. To date, no one has studied the relationship between this disorder and body esteem. Methods: 49 adolescents with DSM-IV TTM or chronic hair pulling (HP) and 23 control adolescents were administered diagnostic assessments and self-report measures of hair pulling and body esteem. Results: HP youth vs. controls reported lower levels of body esteem on all Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA) subscales (appearance, attribution and weight satisfaction). HP contributed to lowered body esteem, independent of comorbid anxiety or depression. As expected, HP youth with vs. without comorbid anxiety or depression reported lowered levels of body esteem. Further, greater HP severity and distress were significantly associated with lower levels of body esteem. HP severity alone but not distress/impairment predicted lower levels of body esteem, independent of comorbid anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Both hair pulling and comorbid anxiety and depression can independently impact body esteem in adolescent hair pullers.

Body mass index, personality traits, and body image in Italian pre-adolescents: An opportunity for overweight prevention

Author(s): Veronica Rosa,Manuela Tomai,Marco Lauriola,Gabriela Martino,Michela Di Trani / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

We investigated the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and personality traits, socioeconomic status (SES), and body image (BI) at the beginning of preadolescence. Data were collected from 238 Italian children aged 10–11 years using self-report scales. Information about SES was derived from parental education and professional status. BI was the variable the most strongly associated with BMI. Controlling for BI, SES, and gender, Agreeableness was inversely associated with BMI, whilst Extroversion was related to BMI in girls only. Gender did not moderate the associations between BI and BMI at this age. The relationship of certain personality traits with BMI is likely to emerge during preadolescence. Early interventions to reduce overweight and obesity could consider the interplay of Agreeableness and Extroversion with gender, BI, and SES.

BOLESTI DUŠE I TIJELA – IZAZOV SVJESNOSTI

Author(s): Branka Jakelić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 4/2015

Book Reviews

Author(s): Virág Márta,Tamás Kollár / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The review of: -„Cognitive Neuroscience: The biology of the mind (International student edition) (4th ed.)“ by Michael S. Gazzaniga, Richard B. Ivry and George R. Mangun; New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013, 752 pp. ISBN: 978-0-3939-2228-8 -„The Neurobiology of Addiction“ by Trevor W. Robbins, Barry J. Everitt and David J. Nutt; Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010, 318 pp. ISBN: 978-0-1995-6215-2