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In the article, on the basis of the analysis of theoretical approaches concerning the content of the concept "person of the offender", the author's variant is formulated and the criminological characteristic of the system-forming features that make up his content is made, and his theoretical and practical significance is proved.
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The article is dedicated to the comparative interpretation of ontological becoming of Lesya Ukrainka’s and Olga Kobylianska’s persons. The article focuses on cultural, psychological and gender aspects of historical period in the Ukraine at the break of the XIX and XX centuries. Typology of personality has been developed on time of the childhood and youth of the both girls. Special attention is paid to social norms as the most ancient ways to keep humble of a woman. There was analyzed traumatized experience, the such social representation and ways of talking about it in literary and autobiographical works. The author concludes that the biographical material opens the opportunity to take a fresh look at the life and creative ways of the famous Ukrainian writers.
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The main objective of the study was to check for the existence of the effect of short-term exposure to fiction in the area of mentalization abilities (Kidd, Castano, 2013), taking into account the spontaneous versus explicit aspect of these abilities. An additional aim was to verify the hypothesis that at the root of this phenomenon lies the process of imaginary simulation. In the first part of the study, participants (N = 103, aged 18 to 25) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) reading literary fiction, (2) listening to the same story as the first group, and at the same time imagining the events presented in it, (3) reading popular fiction, and (4) not reading any story. In the second part of the study, all participants completed mentalization tests, a test checking familiarity with fiction, and the questionnaire on practices of reading books, magazines and watching television. The study showed no significant differences between the groups in the results of mentalization tests, even under conditions conducive to imaginary simulation. Familiarity with fiction proved to be a positive predictor of spontaneous mentalization, and exposure to television was a negative predictor of explicit mentalization. The findings lead to the conclusion that short-term exposure to fi ction does not lead to a significant increase in spontaneous or explicit mentalization. However, both aspects of mentalization are connected with more long-term factors that are expressed in familiarity with fiction and exposure to television
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The presented research analyses the relationship between resilience, the mother–child bond, and the life satisfaction of young mothers. The assumption regarding the importance of resilience in taking on parental responsibilities was drawn from studies indicating the protective effect of individual resilience in difficult situations. It was assumed that resilience could work as a buffer between the mother–child bond and maternal life satisfaction. For measuring resilience the Lifespan Individual Resilience Scale in the adaptation of Malina, Pooley, Harms (2016) was used. The Mother–Child Bond Tool in the Bielawska-Batorowicz adaptation (2006) was used to assess the quality of relationship with the child. Satisfaction with life was evaluated using the Satisfaction with Life Scale in the adaptation of Juczyński (2009). The study participants were 340 women in early adulthood who have at least one child under the age of 2. Research indicates that resilience as well as particular aspects of the mother–child bond are important for maternal life satisfaction. It was also established that resilience plays a mediative role between the mother –child bond and the life satisfaction of the mother.
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In the first part of the text entitled Linguistic methods of expressing emotions. Tomasz Raczek about journalist, the author presents Tomasz Raczek’s writing, in particular his feature articles, where the columnist refers to the contemporary social life from the perspective of film and television criticism. In the subsequent parts of the text, the author describes selected components of the history of feature articles and presents some definitions of a feature article, and then focuses on the linguistic aspects of a subjective way of expressing the emotions and feelings accompanying the description of mass media personalities. The author pays a special attention to the techniques used by Raczek, for example putting things very close together in order to show a contrast, using metaphors and anglicisms to describe media personalities. In the last part of the text, the author juxtaposes the previously described techniques of the columnist, sums up the discussions on the linguistic methods of expressing emotions and feelings in Tomasz Raczek’s feature articles.
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This paper explores the effects of gender and affective and cognitive empathy on cyberviolence in youth. Data were available from 396 adolescents (202 [51%] females), aged 12to 19 years, who completed questionnaires for empathy and cyber-violence. Analyses (2x2x2;committing and experiencing cyber-violence as dependent variables) showed that participants with a low level of empathy (either affective or cognitive) commit more, while those with a low level of cognitive empathy experience more cyber-violence. Males with a low level of empathy committed more cyber-violence than the other three groups (male with high level of empathy and female participants with both high and low level of empathy). The results indicate that both types of empathy may be protective factors from committing cyber-violence, with a higher level of cognitive empathy being connected with a lower level of experiencing cyber-violence. This paper explores the effects of gender and affective and cognitive empathy on cyberviolence in youth. Data were available from 396 adolescents (202 [51%] females), aged 12to 19 years, who completed questionnaires for empathy and cyber-violence. Analyses (2x2x2; committing and experiencing cyber-violence as dependent variables) showed that participants with a low level of empathy (either affective or cognitive) commit more, while those with a low level of cognitive empathy experience more cyber-violence. Males with a low level of empathy committed more cyber-violence than the other three groups (male with high level of empathy and female participants with both high and low level of empathy). The results indicate that both types of empathy may be protective factors from committing cyber-violence, with a higher level of cognitive empathy being connected with a lower level of experiencing cyber-violence.
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The hypothesis was verified in the present research: professional burning can be determined by certain cognitive-emotional predispositions of personality, the positive subjective attitude towards life, self and the socio-professional environment, characteristic of the psychological state of well being, presenting a securing factor. The burnout syndrome, caused by tension and emotional exhaustion, affects, mostly, the person's health. The burning process affects the feeling of happiness and decreases the level of autonomy, while, at the same time, the general satisfaction of life remains constant and the purpose and meaning of life are preserved. Thus, the creation of conditions favorable to work, the possibilities for the ones development, as well as his involvement in the deceiving process can serve as a tool for reducing the level of professional bournout. At the same time, satisfying professional needs and increasing the level of professional satisfaction influences considerably the state of well-being. Harmony between all aspects of a person's life leads to job satisfaction and increased psychological well-being, thus reducing the risk of unbearable factors in the workplace leading to burnout, but the risk is not ruled out that the person, however, might go through some stages of burnout, such as tension, emotional exhaustion. We can conclude that the fixed organization of the subordination criteria, the stable division of service obligations, the establishment of the level of responsibility according to the professional hierarchy, reduces the employee's tension and at the same time decreases the risk of professional burnout. While the liberal administration regime, when the employee is charged with the need to adapt decisions, and to take responsibility without feeling support and supervision from the superior, leads to a high level of professional burnout and exhaustion, it is also in these conditions that the material motivation factors of the employee become less important, the level of tension exceeding the limits
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This research was conducted in order to determine the difference between the parental rearing styles of youths who play games of chance and those who do not play games of chance. Experience of playing the games of chance was observed through the frequency of playing sports betting, raffles and slot machines. The research involved 296 high school students with an average age of 16.71 years, with 60.5% of them being females. An EMBU questionnaire was used to examine the parenting styles perceive, separately of the mother, and separately of the father. Estimation of the playing frequency was used to determine experience at playing the games of chance. The results of the research indicate that, from a rare to almost on daily basis, 14.8% of youths play sports betting, 39.9% play slot machines, and classical raffle play 24.3% of youths. Rejection by the mother and father, i.e. emotional coldness towards children, as well as parental inconsistency differentiate youths with regard to their experience in playing games of chance, while emotional warmth and overprotection showed no significant differences. The youth’s tendency to play certain games of chance may be related to the perceive of parents' as being emotionally cold and inconsistent in their attitude towards children. The results obtained have been discussed in accordance with social-psychological theories and earlier relevant empirical evidence.
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Introduction. The article considers the problem of the development of students' abilities in the system of continuing teacher education. The aim of the article is to compare psychological characteristics and development of initial teacher education students’ reflective abilities at non-degree granting and degree granting institutions. Materials and Methods. The study was carried out using empirical methods of psychological research (testing, self-observation). Empirical research results were processed using methods of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The total sample consisted of 155 people, including 69 teacher training college students (non-degree programme in Primary school education) and 86 university students pursuing an undergraduate degree in Primary Education. Results. The findings of the study suggest that reflective abilities of initial teacher education students at non-degree granting and degree granting institutions contain quantitative and qualitative differences. Partial nature of developing certain aspects of professional reflection and extended periods of school placement determine the specifics of professional identity of initial teacher education students at non-degree granting and degree granting institutions. The empirical research found that understanding and reflecting on the motives and goals of teaching profession play a special role in the growth and decrease in students' professional self-esteem. Conclusions. Significant factors of effective initial teacher education (increase in graduate employment, attractiveness of the teaching profession, etc.) include enhancing students' professional self-esteem, promoting professional self-reflection, development of the ability to identify the motives and goals of teaching.
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Psychotherapy, a branch of psychology, has its cultural origins in the empirical practices of the mystico-magical nature of shamanism. It is based on the mechanism of suggestive induction, transfer and catharsis. Later the therapy of spiritual suffering/soul torment, labelled as demoniac possession, is taken over by the Church under the form of exorcism. The third stage of the psychotherapy history is given by its “medicalization” through the methods of hypnosis, suggestion therapy and, finally, of psychotherapy. In this process, one can observe a historic continuity –in various forms –of the ideas about man and suffering, as well as a continutyof the psychotherapy methods/ techniques.
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Zavođenje je vještina pomoću koje zavodnik osobu odvraća od stvarnosti i navodi je da se rukovodi prividima. Zavođenje nije snaga, ono više pripada kategoriji vještina i njihove zlokobne upotrebe. Utjecaji, koje posjeduju zavodnici, sastoje se u tome da se osoba bez obrazloženja navede da misli, odlučuje ili ponaša se drugačije od onoga što čini spontano. Osoba koja je meta zavođenja ne može pristati a priori slobodno. Zavodnik utječe na osjećajnost i ranjivost osobe, a to postiže manipulacijom. Kao u svakoj manipulaciji, prva se faza temelji na uvjeravanju žrtve u njenu slobodu, iako je riječ o podmuklom djelovanju koje lišava slobode onoga koji je potčinjen. Ne radi se o dokazivanju ravnopravnosti, nego o nametanju, o sprječavanju druge osobe da bude svjesna tog razvoja i njenu sprječavanju da se opire. Žrtvi se oduzimaju njene odbrambene sposobnosti, oduzima joj se kritička moć i na takav način onemogućava joj se bilo kakva mogućnost pobune. To su situacije u kojoj zavodnik pretjerano i nekorektno utječe na žrtvu i to bez njena znanja, a to se zove moralna prevara.
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The article presents the analysis of psychological peculiarities of youth intransitional society: values sphere, attitude to the future and the influence of socio-cultural context.The empirical data regarding the socio-cultural values of Moldovan youth emphasize the value offamily, personal development, the youth tendency to be subject of socio-economic changes, andrepresent one of the foundations of society consolidation.
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This article presents the results of researching strategies of coping stressfulsituations among graduate students who are at the stage of completing their studies and further jobsearch. In the ascertaining experiment, took part students of graduate courses of the full-time learningform of education: 190 students, of which 100 girls (52.6%) and 90 boys (47.4%) of variousspecialties. The general average indicators of the coping level for the majority of respondents arehigh and medium. Most of the respondents prefer such constructive ways of coping with difficult lifesituations as positive reappraisal and self-control. When faced with difficult life situations, girls showefforts to seek informational, effective and emotional support; recognize their own role in the problemwith accompanying attempts to solve it and show problem-focused efforts to change the situation,which include an analytical approach to the problem. It is typical for young men to plan a solutionto a problem in stressful situations, purposefully analyzing the situation and possible behavioral options,as well asto develop a plan for their actions, taking into account objective conditions, past experienceand available resources. The average indicators clearly demonstrate the differences amongrespondents in pedagogical and socio-behavioral / legal specialties and their absence amongrespondents in pedagogical and economic specialties. To cope with difficult life situations,respondents choose ineffective coping strategies such as: escape-avoidance and distancing
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The article presents a study of the general satisfaction with marriage of a largesocial group of respondents and the correlation of this indicator with such aspects of interpersonalinteraction in the family as understanding, emotional attraction and respect. The study was carriedout on a sample of 157 married couples aged 18 and over with different numbers of years of familyexperience. The results of the study demonstrate a high level of satisfaction with marital relationsand the relationship of this indicator with emotional attraction and understanding in the family. Thelow level of the indicator of "authority" or respect for the marriage partner is alarming, which makesthe family system vulnerable and prone to destruction
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From their psychological and philosophical aspects in this paper, the authors aim to mark the 80th anniversary of the death of the prominent thinker and researcher Sigmund Freud (Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939, London), a Viennese and global psychoanalysts, neuropsychiatrist, along with modifications by his associates and students. The discussion of this paper provides insight into the concepts of unconscious motivation, conflict and symbolism, which represent a subject of analysis of numerous theses and hypotheses Freud had during the treatment of patients, primarily neurotics. Furthermore, this paper studies Freud's analyses which indicate that nothing in a psychical life is accidental, and particularly such occurrence and phenomena which cannot be explained other than by facts inherent in the clear and sensible consciousness that go beyond the knowledge of the unconscious psyche. In this context, the authors came to the conclusion that the conscious activity in Freud's opinion occupies a smaller part of the psychic apparatus, and on the other hand, the greater part consists of unconscious impulses, tendencies that essentially control the awareness and behavioral impulses of human beings. Consequently, Freud's psychoanalysis, as a theory, represents a work of a prominent genius, a radical milestone in psychology. In that regard, Freud's research in the field of psychoanalysis is a contribution to futurology, i.e. a discipline that deals with scientific research of treating complex mental illness in the future.
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Psychology, as one of the leading helping professions, has a constant obligation to explore and study a mental health, as well as everything that disturbs and endangers it, but also everything that has a protective function. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become one of the central health crises of a generation. The pandemic has affected people of all nations, continents, races, and socioeconomic groups. The responses required, such as quarantining of entire communities, closing of schools, social isolation, and shelterin-place orders, have abruptly changed daily life. Such specific circumstances are interesting and attractive for research especially because of the lack of earlier empirical findings with which it is possible to compare the current state in which mankind is. Are there personality traits that will lead us to reduced social self-awareness and individuals who will not follow the rules of behavior in a specific social situation, the global pandemic? Are depressive, anxiety or stress symptoms above the usual parameters? Can a conformist orientation, a value that is characteristic of a collectivistic societies and has given a negative appearance in individualistic ones, help leaders towards long-term useful patterns of behavior? The aim of this study was to test these variables as a possible predictors of positive conformity and examine does a positive conformity might be a reason of quite a stable health situation in a undeveloped, to these challenges unprepared, country such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. Also, psychological reactions to exposure to an unknown, potentially threatening situation are determined, with an attention to finding are there some individual differences that can be viewed as predictors of responsible or irresponsible behavior in terms of compliance with measures issued by the Crisis Staff and other authorities. Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses. Studies have suggested that public health emergencies can have many psychological effects on college students, which can be expressed as anxiety, fear, and worry (Mei et al., 2011). Since, there are a limited number of studies regarding the psychological impacts of COVID-19 on mental health (Mamun and Griffiths 2020; Pakpour and Griffiths 2020; Schimmenti et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020).
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The aim of the paper was to present five models explaining the structure of child temperament, to point to the determinants of child temperament as well as the methods and the importance of determining characteristics of child temperament types. The paper describes five models or theoretical approaches explaining the structure of child temperament, namely the models devised by Thomas and Chess (1950), Buss and Plomin (1984, 1986), Rothbart (1981), Campos et al. (1983), and by Kagan (1994). The characteristics of child temperament types are determined based on the assessment done by parents, educators or teachers by the means of a questionnaire or a structured interview, or by observation and physiological assessment in the natural environment (home or kindergarten) and in a laboratory. Questionnaires adapted to the aforementioned models and the age of children are most frequently used nowadays.
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Academic education has been recognized by more young people as a logical step in the path of professional career development. During this educational process, commitment and work of each individual result in some success. The purpose of this survey is to examine the influence of some socioeconomic and demographic variables on students’ success during the study. Achievement during the education is usually followed by an average grade which is primarly the assessment of student’s knowledge and secondly the assessment of student’s continuous work and effort. The data analysis will be done on primary data basis, collected by interviewing students of the School of Economics and Business at the University of Sarajevo. The survey was distributed online and collected data for 210 students, of which 63 were male and 147 were female students. Students’ success is defined as the average grade in the previous study and is a dependent variable in our model. The independent variables in the model are: the percentage of student’s attendance at lectures and tutorials, physical activity, years of study, department, the way of learning, level of education, level of parents’ education, way of financing the study, the place of stay during the studies, the high school grade and the entity where the students came from. Since the goal of the research is to examine the dependence between variables and that one dependent variable and a set of independent variables have been identified, the method of dependence or multiple regression analysis has been used for the analysis. In this paper we tried to find out how regularly attendance, study methods, department, gender, years of study, level of parents’ education, way of financing the study, and other factors selected on the basis of theory affect the success of the studies. In particular, for this research, in addition to theoretical expectations, the values of the parameters are also interpreted from the point of view of the everyday situation. The results of the survey confirmed some of the hypothesis. We have obtained a model where the estimated values are the actual picture of the population, because the model is the best efficient impartial estimator. More precisely, our model proves that variables such as attendance, department, method of study, physical activity, level of parents’ education, way of financing the study, the place of stay during study, way of learning scheduling affect the average grade during study. A variable such as gender was not significant in estimated model, however, using a non-parametric test, we have shown that there is a significant difference in the average grade between female and male students.
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The article discusses the specificity of coexistence and mutual relations between several meaningful categories: parenthood, self-creation and biography. These reflections take place in several planes oriented at capturing the essence: a) parenthood recognized as a process of realization of the dynamic value of accompanying a child, b) self-creation included in the lifelong plan of personal development of an adult in the context of his aspiration to be and become a parent, c) the integral nature of the relationship between individual and collective (community) biography and adult self-creation taking place in the space of married and family community, d) the biographical dimension of self-creation to biological and adoptive parenthood.The aim of the article is to present the arguments justifying the thesis that these categories not only coexist, but in practice coexist in specific relationships. The biographical work of spouses and other family members considered on an individual level maintains a symbolic link with marital and family biographies. The self-creation of spouses takes place on the basis of their self-reflexive reference to their own biography oriented prospectively. Finally, parenthood, considered as the process of reaching maturity as a parent in the multi-faceted companionship of a child, can be realized on the basis of their personal self-creation to parenthood.
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The aim of this qualitative research was to gain insight into the motives of experts for enrolment in psychotherapy training and the benefits gained during training. Ten experts from different disciplines participated in the research. Semistructured interviews were the main data collection approach. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results show that the most common motives for enrolment in the training are: professional development, application of useful knowledge, practising psychotherapy as a profession. Recognized benefits are: strengthening of personal and professional relationships, personal development and skills application. The research provides additional understanding of the multidimensional effects of psychotherapeutic training especially for psycho-social help professions, which makes a scientific contribution of this paper due to the existing lack of research on this topic in the region.
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