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Belief in a Just World and Coping with Injustice in Intimate Relationships

Author(s): Denisa Rovenská,Lenka Daduláková / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2018

Aim: According to the just world hypothesis, people want to and have to believe they live in a just world so that they can go about their daily lives with a sense of trust, hope, and confidence in their future (Lerner,1980). Justice can be seen as a key issue in intimate relationships. People want to be treated justly and consider justice to be one of the most important attributes of a good intimate relationship. Social justice research has shown that people respond with negative attitudes and behaviors when they perceive unjust treatment or situations. However, belief in a just world is associated with a positive coping style (Dalbert & Filke, 2007). The aim of this contribution is to examine the level of the belief in a just world (personal and general), find out which strategy is most used when people cope with injustice in intimate relationships, and analyze the relation between the belief in a just world and particular coping strategies. Method: 117 respondents (66 women and 51 men) with an average age of 21.60 years (SD = 1.54) answered the questions measuring coping strategies in the Coping with Injustice in Intimate Relationships Questionnaire (Dotazník zvládania nespravodlivosti v partnerskom vzťahu, Rovenská & Lovaš, 2017) and belief in a just world in the General Belief in a Just World Scale and Personal Belief in a Just World Scale (Dalbert, Montada, & Schmitt, 1987). The sample included heterosexual, childfree relationships. The average length of relationship was 28.00 months (SD = 19.88). Participation was voluntary, and all participants were treated in accordance with the ethical guidelines. Results: The results showed significant differences in belief in a just world (t(116) = 4.07; p < .001). Respondents had a stronger personal belief in a just world than general belief in a just world (M(GBJW) = 3.96; SD = .85), M(PBJW) = 3.08; SD = .84). Furthermore, cooperation was the most common strategy used to cope with injustice in romantic relationships (M = 4.61; SD = .85). There was no significant relationship between belief in a just world and coping with injustice. Conclusion: The paper dealt with the concept of belief in a just world and coping with injustice in intimate relationships. The paper defined the character of the belief in a just world and clarified that personal BJW is more significant for individuals than general BJW. The present paper also showed that cooperation was the most used coping strategy through dealing with injustice in intimate relationships.

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BENLİK SAYGISINA FARKLI BİR BAKIŞ: ÖRTÜK BENLİK SAYGISI

Author(s): Selahattin AVSAROGLU / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 40/2018

The concept of self develops along with all stages of development of an individual. The attitude of the father and all the relatives, who are caring for the mother, is seen as the main factor in the development of the self. The aim of this study is to analyze the concept of self-development, self-image, self-esteem, self-esteem and self-esteem. For this purpose, studies conducted with self-esteem in the literature were examined; different aspects and dimensions of implicit self-esteem are known from the known self-esteem. According to the research findings, it was emphasized that self-esteem and implicit self-esteem are related to the situations encountered in other stages of life starting from childhood. It was emphasized that these factors should be considered when measuring implicit self-esteem through the subconscious dimension and observing its reflection and its implicit self-esteem. According to the obtained information, positive personality image development can be done in school personality services and school guidance and psychological counseling services. Family participation is ensured by cooperating with the school and family and contributing to the healthier development of children.

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BEŞ FAKTÖR KİŞİLİK KURAMI BAĞLAMINDA KİŞİLİK KAVRAMINA GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

Author(s): Kasim Tatlilioglu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 6/2013

In psychology, personality is one of the most extensive concepts. Personality has been defıned by many theorists. Therefore, personality hasn ’t an exact defınition by which theorists agree on. Each theory and theorist has tried to identify different perspectives of personality. The reason for this matter results from its being a versatile and complex issue and also it ’s reminiscent of a number of features regarding human behaviors. Psychologists regard and define personality as a unique and a set of behaviors of the individual. In this context, psychology is concerned with human unique behaviors, emotions and way of thinking. Although there are many personality traits observed in individuals, Five Factor Model of personality (Big Five), coming out after researches, has been a very useful classification and has brought a new perspective to the concept of personality. The core of entity takes shape in the very fırst years of life. After the age of 6, the main lines of age appear, but its final shape rises by the end of the youth era. In the formation of personality, the most important environmental factor is family. Love, warmth and intimacy shown to the baby and satisfying his physical and psychological needs in the first years of life have a significant impact in winning his sense of basic trust.

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Bipolar Spectrum Disorders in a Clinical Sample of Patients With Internet Addiction: Hidden Comorbidity or Differential Diagnosis?

Author(s): Klaus Wölfling,Manfred E. Beutel,Michael Dreier,Kai W. Müller / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

Behavioral addictions and bipolar disorders have a certain probability of co-occurrence. While the presence of a manic episode has been defined as an exclusion criterion for gambling disorder, no such exclusion has been formulated for Internet addiction. Methods: A clinical sample of 368 treatment seekers presenting with excessive to addictive Internet use was screened for bipolar spectrum disorders using the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Psychopathology was assessed by the Symptom Checklist 90R and a clinical interview was administered to screen for comorbid disorders. Results: Comorbid bipolar disorders were more frequent in patients meeting criteria for Internet addiction (30.9%) than among the excessive users (5.6%). This subgroup showed heightened psychopathological symptoms, including substance use disorders, affective disorders and personality disorders. Further differences were found regarding frequency of Internet use regarding social networking sites and online-pornography. Discussion: Patients with Internet addiction have a heightened probability for meeting criteria of bipolar disorders. It is not possible to draw conclusions regarding the direction of this association but it is recommended to implement screening for bipolar disorders in patients presenting with Internet addiction. Conclusion: Similar to gambling disorder, it might prove necessary to subsume bipolar disorders as an exclusion criterion for the future criteria of Internet addiction.

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Bliske partnerske veze

Author(s): Tatjana Stefanovic-Stanojevic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1-2/2002

According to the theory of emotional attachment, specific emotional relationships are being established at an early age between a child and its parents. On the basis of the quality of these relationships the child creates the so-called internal working model ie the image of itself as well as others. The working model persists throughout one's lifetime, shaping in part the quality of adult relationships. Thus, a dominant adult relationship is a close, partner or love one. Within the indicated theoretical context, we were interested in finding out whether there is a statistically significant link between the emotional ties of parents and their children formed in early childhood. The investigation included 180 grown-ups of the same sex and age. The results show there is a statistically significant link between the observed variables.

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Book Reviews

Author(s): Kata Mónok,Borbála Hende / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The reviews of: -„Data analysis with Mplus“ by Christian Geiser; The Guilford Press, 2013, 305 pp. Paperback ISBN 9781462502455, Hardcover ISBN 9781462507825 -„Trichotillomania, skin picking, and other body-focused repetitive behaviours“ by J. E. Grant, D. J. Stein, D. W. Woods and N. J. Keuthen; American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, 2011, 268 pp. ISBN: 1585623989

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Book Reviews

Author(s): Gyöngyi Kökönyei,Renáta Cserjési / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

The reviews of: -“Handbook of emotion regulation (second edition)” by James J. Gross (Editor); The Guilford Press, New York, London, 2014, 669 pp. ISBN 978-1-4625-0350-6 -“The behavioral addictions” by Michael S. Ascher (Author, Editor) and Petros Levounis (Editor); American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, 2014, 235 pp. ISBN: 1585624853

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Borderline Knowing: (Re)Valuing Borderline Personality Disorder as (Counter) Knowledge

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Borderline Knowing: (Re)Valuing Borderline Personality Disorder as (Counter) Knowledge

Author(s): Sarah Redikopp / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2018

This article explores Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) as an epistemic standpoint defiant of dominant Western knowledge frameworks, which are (supposedly) rational, objective and linear. I engage with feminist, critical psychiatry and Mad critiques of BPD as a medicalization of trauma and ameliorate these critiques by engaging BPD as both a psychiatric diagnosis and as a (non-pathological) response to traumatic experiences. I conceptualize the ‘borderline standpoint’ as a subversive epistemology and examine the capacity of queer-crip temporalities to meaningfully engage with the borderline standpoint, arguing that a framework of queer time is useful insofar as trauma (and borderline knowing) are necessarily nonlinear. Ultimately, I employ concepts of queer-crip time, including the works of Alison Kafer and Elizabeth Freeman, to open new avenues of engagement with the ‘ugly’ affect of borderline and to embark on a maddening epistemological project.

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CALITĂŢI PSIHOLOGICE NECESARE LUPTĂTORULUI CARE ACŢIONEAZĂ ÎNTR-UN TEATRU DE OPERAŢII

Author(s): Ramona Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 5/2011

La psychologie du combattant est généralement compliquée. Les nouveaux théâtres des opérations ne sont pas simples et linéaires, comme autrefois, pendant les guerres classiques. Les nouveaux théâtres des opérations sont non linéaires et complexes, avec des évolutions imprévisibles, voir chaotique. Les défis sont nombreux et les qualités du combattant deviennent flexibles este même variables. La sphère du comportement dépasse ce qu’on a nommé courage ou maitrise de soi. Un combattant doit résoudre des problèmes. Il faut savoir. Pour ca, il a besoin de connaissance, de culture et de capacité de découvrir et de comprendre l’essentiel. Il a besoin de caractère aussi, c'est-à-dire, de personnalité et de culture de théâtre. Pa psychologie du combattant devienne de plus en plus une construction dynamique et complexe qui implique équilibre émotionnel, ressources, disponibilités et réalisme.

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Can there be an immoral morality? Dark personality traits as predictors of Moral foundations

Author(s): Janko Mededovic,Boban Petrovic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

Previous researches have shown that some aspects of Moral foundations do not correlate with indicators of immoral behavior, or even have positive correlations with them. The aim of this study was to explore the relations of Moral foundations with general (HEXACO personality model) and “dark” personality traits (psychopathy, Machiavellianism, narcissism and sadism). Data was gathered via on-line survey (N=402; 70% females). The results have shown that Openness is the best predictor from the set of basic personality traits: It has positive relations with Harm/Care and Fairness/Reciprocity and negative with the other three moral foundations. Psychopathy was negatively associated with Harm/Care and positively with Ingroup/Loyalty foundation. Machiavellianism was a positive predictor of Ingroup/Loyalty and Authority/ Respect. Results confirmed the existence of fundamental differences between moral foundations. Ingroup/Loyalty and Authority/Respect are partly based on immoral personal dispositions, which bring into question their conceptual status as human moral foundations.

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Characteristics and Associated Factors of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Italian Young People: A Survey Through a Thematic Website

Author(s): Giuseppe Martorana / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The aim of this study is to examine the characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a group of young Italians who self-injure. In examining the characteristics, specific attention was given to the feelings and personal experiences associated with episodes of NSSI. Methods: The research involved 362 young people (332 females and 30 males) who completed an online survey hosted on a website specifically geared to supporting young people who self-injure. This methodology enabled involving a diverse population of young people who self-injure, thus going beyond specific groups or clinical samples. Results: Results show that the majority of respondents start injuring themselves between the ages of 12 and 16 years (72.38%, n = 262). Cutting was the most common self-injuring method (81.77%, n = 297). The 79.83% (n = 289) of respondents had not sought professional help for their wounds, preferring to care for their wounds on their own. More than half of the respondents (56.91%, n = 206) claimed to have experienced anxiety-spectrum disorders and almost half of the respondents (41.71%, n = 151) claimed to have experienced some type of eating disorder. Discussion and Conclusions: Many similarities have been found between this study and the literature, thus strengthening the hypothesis that NSSI is becoming a universal issue with similar characteristics across countries.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF COGNITIVE DISORDERS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND THEIR RELATION TO THE SOCIAL, FAMILIAL AND PROFESSIONAL ADAPTATION LEVEL

Author(s): Mihai Mutica,ILEANA MARINESCU,Mihail Cristian PIRLOG,Dragos Marinescu,Ilinca UNTU,Anamaria CIUBARA / Language(s): English / Issue: 51/2015

Schizophrenia has a prevalence of about 1% of the people over 45 years old, more than 75% of the cases having a chronic evolution with major impact on the patients’ global functioning level and implicitly on their social-familial and professional integration. A focal point in the evolution of schizophrenia is the cognitive deficit. This research aims at recording in a non-interventional manner the link between the socialdemographic characteristics, the severity degree of the disorder, the nature of the cerebral abnormalities, the global functioning level and the degree of the cognitive deterioration in schizophrenic patients. The study batch includes 80 patients with equal gender representation, between 45 and 65 years old, who underwent craniocerebral CT (computed tomography) and were applied GAF, CGI-S and MMSE scales in order to evaluate the aforementioned variables. The results show an obvious interconnection between the cognitive impairment, a weak social-familial insertion and a low global functionality. At the same time, the intensity of the cognitive deficit is correlated with the presence of cortical abnormalities, with a negative evolution of the disorder and a weak social support and low autonomy of the individual. The current paper is intended to set the ground for future research with the ultimate goal of designing adjusted means of integration and management of patients with schizophrenia and with cognitive deficit.

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Ciało i piętno. Defloracja jako wytwarzanie kobiecości

Author(s): Anna Zawadzka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2013

The paper offers an analysis of the cultural meanings of the bodily attributes and practices related to virginity and defloration; the most important are “bloodstains” (a sign of the loss of virginity) and “penetration” (regarded as the only “true” form of sexual intercourse). The obligation to present the defloration and the shame that accompanies it are the vantage point to the analysis of the forms of stigmatizing femininity. A deconstruction of the meanings acquired by penetration led me to a conclusion that the cause-effect relation between gender and culturally defined sexual practices (including sexual orientation) is not only inseparable, but also different than it has usually been thought. It is not the gender that determines an individual’s sexuality, but the culturally imposed sexual practices build the gender.

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Ciljevi postignuća i perfekcionizam gimnazijalaca

Author(s): Milica Milojevic,Snežana Stojiljkovic,Jelisaveta Todorovic,Kristina Kašic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 4/2009

This research has been investigating one of the most contemporary approaches of achievement motivation - Achievement Goal Theory, which uses the construct of achievement goals. The construct of achievement goals involves three types of achievement goals: mastery goals, performance approach goals and performance avoidance goals. The main goal of the research was to examine correlation between perfectionism and its aspects with particular types of achievement goals. Also, the goal was to investigate the difference concerning gender regarding the achievement goals. The sample consisted of 200 senior year high school participants. The following instruments were used: Multi-dimensional scale of perfectionism (MSP) and Test of achievement goals (TCP). The research results indicate that there is significant positive correlation between: perfectionism with performance approach goals and performance avoidance goals, concern over mistakes and parental expectations with performance approach goals and performance avoidance goals, personal standards and organization with mastery goals and performance approach goals, parental criticism and doubts about action with performance avoidance goals. Significant negative correlation was found between parental criticism and mastery goals. The results concerning the second goal indicates the female subjects have higher average scores in mastery goals.

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Cognitive and affective reactions to success and failure – the quality of feedback as the determinant of self-verifying and self-enhancing motivation

Author(s): Bojana Bodroža / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2011

A study was conducted to ascertain what the dominant self motivation is like – self-verifying or self-enhancing? – in a situation when a person is faced with a negative evaluation of a central personality characteristic. Previous research suggested that affective reactions should follow the pattern predicted by self-enhancement theory by which all individuals would react with positive affect to positive evaluation and with negative affect to negative evaluation. On the other side, cognitive reactions are expected to follow the pattern predicted by self-verification theory which suggests that information consistent with the self-concept should be the most convincing (i.e. cognitive reactions should be influenced by interaction of feedback and self-esteem). Ninety female respondents were given a false favorable or extremely unfavorable feedback about their achievement on an intelligence test, after which their cognitive and affective reactions were measured. The results revealed that the respondents demonstrated a self-enhancing motivation both in the affective and the cognitive domain, i.e., regardless of their level of self-esteem, those who had failed experienced more negative affect, rated test more unfavorably, assessed it as less accurate, and claimed they had invested less effort to solve the test, than those who were successful. The research imposes conclusion that cognitive reactions to failure are not conditioned only by the degree of negativity or positivity of global self-views, but also by the quality/intensity of unfavorable feedback. This conclusion provides important methodological implications for future research in this area.

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COLOURS IN THE FUNCTION OF MONITORING THE EMOTIONAL STABILITY WITH FOURTH GRADE STUDENTS

Author(s): Matjaž Duh,Rebeka Kolar / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

The article describes the field of colours, which can have a strong effect on human body and our emotions. Even as children we use colours at home and at school. According to experts, the use of different colours reveals the child's emotional life. It is important to emphasize that the children's use and attitude towards colours changes through their development. In our study we studied the emotional stability of students, in terms of self-esteem and expectations for the future, expressed by colours. We were interested in the existence of differences in the relationship between the expression of emotions with colours and emotional stability, expressed in colours. We have found out that most students have conflicting tendencies in both areas, which means that thinking about it is slightly stressful to them.

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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. On the slippery slopes: The case of gambling addiction

Author(s): Luke Clark / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

Billieux et al. (2015) propose that the recent proliferation of behavioral addictions has been driven by deficiencies in the underlying research strategy. This commentary considers how pathological gambling (now termed gambling disorder) traversed these challenges to become the first recognized behavioral addiction in the DSM-5. Ironically, many similar issues continue to exist in research on gambling disorder, including question-marks over the validity of tolerance, heterogeneity in gambling motives, and the under-specification of neuroimaging biomarkers. Nevertheless, I contend that the case for gambling disorder as a behavioral addiction has been bolstered by the existence of clear and consistent functional impairment (primarily in the form of debt), coupled with the development of a public health approach that has given emphasis to product features (i.e. the structural characteristics of gambling forms) as much as individual dispositions (the ‘addictive personality’).

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COMPARISON OF THREE SHORT SIX-FACTOR PERSONALITY INSTRUMENTS

Author(s): Bojana Dinic / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The aim of this research was to validate Serbian adaptations of three short six-factor model measures: 24 Questionnaire Big Six (24QB6), Mini-IPIP6, and Brief HEXACO Inventory (BHI). Be-sides these measures, HEXACO-100 was applied on a sample of 310 participants (41% of male) from the general population. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed marginal fit indices for 24QB6, and satisfactory fit indices for Mini-IPIP6, but not for BHI. BHI also had the smallest Cronbach’s alphas for the scales, but the highest correlations with matching HEXACO-100 scales, confirming its convergent and discriminant validity. Regarding 24QB6, it was noticeable that all scales were valid, except for Honesty/Propriety, which showed substantial relations with both Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness. Scales from Mini-IPIP6 had the highest alphas, but also the highest mean inter-item cor-relation, indicating that they measured a narrower scope of the traits. Also, validity of the Agreeableness scale was limited. Taken together, all the measures had advantages and disadvantages, and authors should choose a short measure in line with the im-portance of either validity or reliability.

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CONCEPTUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL OF MAKING STRATEGIC LIFE DECISIONS BY STUDENTS

Author(s): Lubov POMYTKINA / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2016

The article presents theoretical and methodological approaches to the construction of the conceptual psychological model of making strategic life decisions by students in three areas: professional self-determination, choice of a marriage partner and determination of life position of the individual; determines the basic stages, indications, criteria and psychological mechanisms of this process.

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Conceptualizing gambling disorder with the process model of emotion regulation

Author(s): Guyonne Rogier,Patrizia Velotti / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

Introduction: Nowadays, gambling disorder (GD) is a worldwide health issue and there is a growing need to both improve our understanding of this disorder and to tailor specific interventions for its treatment. Moreover, theoretical models and preliminary empirical results suggest that difficulty in regulating emotional states might be involved in GD. However, literature describing clinical and theoretical aspects of emotional dysregulation among pathological gamblers (PGs) shows a lack of systematic description. Objectives: We aimed to provide, within an exhaustive theoretical framework of emotion regulation (ER) processing, empirical evidence supporting a conceptual model of GD as an ER affliction. Methods: We commented on empirical evidence on the relationship between ER and GD in the light of two main conceptual models of emotion (dys)regulation. Results: The results suggest there are actual deficits of ER processing among PGs, manifesting themselves through different ways and in different steps of the ER timeline. In addition, dysregulation of positive emotions may play a central role in GD. From a clinical point of view, we pointed out that deficits in ER might be multiple in nature and an assessment for GD should be accurate to identify the specific components accounting for the development and maintenance of the disorder. It should also orientate the clinician in selecting therapeutic objectives. Conclusions: The nature of emotional states that are difficult to regulate might account for the GD severity and indicate the subtype of PGs the patient belongs to. Treatment programs should be tailored on the specificity of PGs.

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