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EGZEKUTIVNE FUNKCIJE KOD INSTITUCIONALIZOVANE DECE BEZ RODITELJSKOG STARANJA

Author(s): Milica G. Gligorović,Nataša Buha / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 4/2022

Institutional life of children without parental care is a significant risk factor for socio-emotional and cognitive development. Given that previous studies have focused mainly on behavioral characteristics, attachment, attention, speech and language skills, and intellectual functioning, the aim of this pilot study is to determine the level of executive functions (EF) development in institutionalized children with typical intellectual abilities. The sample included twenty-four children, of both sexes (58.3% of boys; N = 14), aged between 8 and 15 years (AS = 13.5; M = 1.64). The BRIEF scale (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive function) was used to assess EF, and the results were analyzed in relation to the norms given in the manual. The obtained results indicate that children living in the institution show significant deviations in the level of development of almost all assessed aspects of EF (between 25% and 83% of children depending on the subscale). Clinically significant values are manifested both in the field of behavior regulation and in the area of metacognition, which, judging by the results, is an area that is particularly sensitive to the institutional environment (about 70% of children deviate at least 1.5 SD from the average). In the field of metacognitive abilities, the most pronounced difficulties are detected on the subscale which assesses planning and organization (83.3%). As far as behavioral regulation is concerned, most pronounced difficulties are observed in the domain of behavioral flexibility (70.8%). Children living in institution for up to a year have tendency to achieve worse results than children who have longer institutional experience, and this difference is statistically significant regarding behavioral flexibility (p = 0.033). No gender differences in EF development were found in these children. Having in mind the importance of EF for socio-emotional functioning, adaptive behavior and academic achievement, it is necessary to systemically include various stimulation programs that would be focused on developing metacognitive and regulatory abilities of children living in the institution.

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Imagery: A Review

Author(s): Güneş Öztürk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Modern neuroscience has shown that relaxing images cause the brain to release high levels of serotonin, dopamine and oxytocin, which reduce anxiety, block cortisol and increase neuroplasticity. Modern medicine positions the human being as passive, helpless, in need of external help and in need of repair. However, far beyond this passive role, human beings should be seen as a being with the physical and spiritual power to repair themselves. The common point that all the studies examined in this study converge on is that imagery, which is an intrinsic ability, can be used as a low-cost, effective mental treatment tool. In some studies, imagery was defined as a more effective method than pharmacological interventions. Imagery is used in a wide range of diseases from psychotic disorders to mental disorders such as cancer, asthma, migraine, hypertension, immune system diseases, anxiety and depression. From a psychoanalytic perspective, the imagery technique, which is thought to function as impulse satisfaction and a defense mechanism, is also widely used in schools such as mindfulness-oriented therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and dialectical therapy. This review first discusses imagery and its use in history, and then describes current research on imagery applications on different diseases. In addition, it is written to emphasize the lack of research on the mechanisms through which this personal and inner power, which is thought to affect the efficiency of treatment in whichever field of physical or psychological help is sought, operates in the mind and to encourage new research.

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Transdiagnostic Approach and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Author(s): Emre Özdemir,Bikem Hacıömeroğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The categorical approach of traditional psychiatric nosology has been a forceful approach for a very long time for explaining psychological disorders which are defined by symptom based diagnostic categories. However, in recent years, the importance of the "transdiagnostic" approach which is a new classification system is increasing. The transdiagnostic approach aims to examine dimensionally the common cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal and biological processes underlying many psychopathologies away from the categorical approach that classifies psychopathologies according to observable symptoms. This approach intends to treat the disorders through the common underlying processes and risk factors, thus heterogeneous and comorbid symptoms are better addressed and diagnostic categories that may change during treatment are avoided. In this review study, the current problems in diagnosing based on classification and gaps in the field were examined, and the approach itself was proposed as a solution. RDoC (Research Domain Criteria) which is a new classification system for psychiatric disorders within the scope of the approach, has created a new structure using modern research approaches in genetics, neuroscience and behavioral sciences. In the present study, the definition and emergence of the transdiagnostic approach, obsessive compulsive disorder and RDoC in the context of transdiagnostic approach and transdiagnostic treatment are explained. This review is intended to be a resource for both basic psychopathology research and the development of treatment methods within the framework of a transdiagnostic approach.

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Sleep Disorders during Adolescence

Author(s): Serkan YAZICI,Bedriye ÖNCÜ ÇETİNKAYA / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Sleep disorders during adolescence period increase each year and adversely affect the physical and mental health of adolescents. After-school social activities and various work outside the school may cause delays in bedtime. In addition, there can be shifts in the circadian rhythm due to a number of biological changes seen in the transition to adolescence, which can result in a wide range of sleep problems, such as not being able to fall asleep at night, difficulty waking up in the morning, daytime sleepiness, sleep deprivation and deterioration in sleep quality. It is important to know the causes of sleep disorders, possible effects on physical health and mental health, and protective and risk-forming factors seen in adolescent period; to intervene in these disorders and to develop preventive measures. Preventive measures, such as increasing awareness about sleep disorders in adolescents, informing families and adolescents about the issue, and organizing school start-up times for this age group, may contribute significantly to solving this important issue, which has increased year-to-year.

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Impact of professional reorientation of people with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) in the photo & video production industry

Author(s): Daniela Mitici,Viorel Agheana / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This qualitative research explores the therapeutic effects of photography and video making on the mental health of disabled people, mainly paraplegics and tetraplegics. We will see to what extent the artistic creative process and the professional reconversion might concur to the rehabilitation and integration of people with limited physical capabilities. Furthermore, we will determine how they perceive the experience and whether it generated positive or negative thoughts about the acquired disability. Last but not least, we will try to find out if the artistic process has improved the self-esteem of the subjects, as well as their perceived quality of life. Although we found that all study participants have low self-esteem, it does not influence their self-image, with the identified traits generally being positive and adaptive. The study also showed that references to manifested disability are very weak, which indicates that disability is not considered to be a defining characteristic for the analyzed group, but just another aspect of personality.

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МЪДРОСТТА НА ЛЮБОВНАТА БОЛКА

Author(s): Roumen Bostandjiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

In attempt to understand one of the main reasons for conflicts in couple we try to integrate concept of stress and distress, trauma and insecure attachments. On this basis we use construct of emotional shema reactions and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as guidelines for improvement of couple interactions.

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MEDICAL CONDITIONS IN THE PRISONER-DOCTOR’S CAMP

Author(s): Ionela Gușatu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 16/2019

This article aims to illustrate the way in which a physician describes his experiences as a prisoner in the Auschwitz and Dachau camps. It is about the psychiatrist Viktor Frankl, who in his book "Man’s Search for Meaning" presents the events from two perspectives: a scientific and a humanistic one. It is remarkable to notice the way in which the physician and at the same time the writer, by using simple medical terminology, succeeds in sensitizing so much the reader without abusing his empathy, but succeeding in imparting an optimistic note to his experiences in the camp. Therefore, this paper seeks to highlight the medical terminology used in describing the main conditions that prisoners had to endure from the physical point of view.

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Perspektiven auf die Geisteskrankheit in Heinar Kipphardts psychiatriekritischem Roman "März"

Author(s): Beate Petra Kory / Language(s): German Issue: 23/2023

Enttäuscht von seinem vergeblichen Bemühen durch seine Theaterstücke Einfluss auf die Gesellschaft zu nehmen, kehrte Kipphardt in seiner letzten Schaffensphase zu seiner Faszination von der Psychiatrie zurück, die ihn in seiner Jugend dazu bewogen hatte, Medizin zu studieren.1966 zeigt sich Kipphardt tief beeindruckt von Gedichten des schizophrenen Patienten Ernst Herbeck, die der österreichische Psychiater Leo Navratil in seinem Buch Schizophrenie und Sprache veröffentlicht hat. Ausgehend davon beginnt sich Kipphardt der März-Thematik zu widmen, die er in der Form des Films und auch in den drei literarischen Gattungen: Epik, Lyrik und Drama erkundet. Die erste Bearbeitung des Stoffes ist 1975 der Film Leben des schizophrenen Dichters Alexander März für das Zweite Deutsche Fernsehen (ZDF), ein Jahr später erscheint der Roman März, 1977 veröffentlicht Kipphardt weitere März-Gedichte in dem Lyrikband Angelsbrucker Notizen, die er aus der Perspektive des Schizophrenen heraus schreibt und 1980 wird das Schauspiel März, ein Künstlerleben uraufgeführt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die verschiedenen, sich widersprechenden Perspektiven auf die Geisteskrankheit analysiert, die Kipphardt in seinem Roman März vorstellt. Die Perspektive des Patienten auf seine Krankheit, die Schizophrenie, wird ergänzt durch jene des Direktors der Anstalt, einem Verfechter der biologisch orientierten Psychiatrie und jener Dr. Koflers, der die Psychose als Folge einer gestörten Beziehung des Patienten zur gesellschaftlichen Umwelt betrachtet, aber auch durch die Sichtweise der Menschen außerhalb der Anstalt.

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Lexikalische Paradigmen des Wahnsinns

Author(s): Kinga Gáll / Language(s): German Issue: 23/2023

Psychische Krankheiten sind wohl so alt wie die Menschheit selbst und stellen seit jeher ein menschliches Problem dar. Die Einstellung zu dieser Art Krankheiten hat sich im Laufe der Zeit geändert, doch sie werden heute noch als Abweichung von bestimmten gesellschaftlich etablierten Normen betrachtet. Folglich wurde dieses Anderssein schon immer auch sprachlich zum Ausdruck gebracht, und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der psychiatrischen Diagnosen, sondern vor allem in Laienkreisen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die lexikalischen Paradigmen, d.h. die Benennungen für psychische Erkrankungen untersucht, wobei nicht die Krankheitsbilder im Vordergrund der Untersuchung stehen, sondern die Lexeme, die generell psychische Krankheiten bezeichnen.

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Diagnoza dymensjonalna zespołu Aspergera

Author(s): Marta Korendo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Asperger syndrome has been included in the common category of autistic disorders in current medical classifications. In spite of that, there are still some researches allowing us to see the differences in the structure and functioning of the brains of people with autism and Asperger syndrome. Differentiation at the level of diagnosis is important because of the different educational and therapeutic needs of children with autism and AS. This paper presents the concept of dimensional case assessment of children with Asperger syndrome. The dimensional approach allows for viewing the disorder multidimensionally, taking into account the severity of the phenomenon and in connection with other factors, not only other disorders, which significantly reduces the omission of non-prototypical cases in diagnoses and accelerates the use of therapeutic measures. It is necessary because of the low effectiveness of the diagnostic categorical approach

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The presence of alcohol use disorders over a three months period in a general psychiatric ward of “Alexandru Obregia” Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry”

Author(s): Maria Puiu,Gabriela Elena Chele,Sorin Riga,Mihnea Manea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are associated with many co-morbidities, generating increased costs for healthcare systems worldwide. Part of these costs are due to hospital admissions necessary for treatment. Objectives: Our research aimed to assess the prevalence and characteristics of cases with AUDs as a primary or secondary diagnosis over a three-month period in a general psychiatric ward of the Clinical Psychiatric Hospital "Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia". Methods: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. Only admissions of adult male patients with a primary or secondary diagnosis at discharge of AUDs were included. Data collected from the hospital's database included: age, gender, primary and secondary diagnoses at discharge, length of stay, type admission (voluntary/non-voluntary) and character of admissions (emergency or non-emergency), health insurance and employment status. Results: 99 admissions of male patients, with a primary or secondary diagnosis related to alcohol use were identified from a total of 252 admissions. The mean age ± SD of the patients was 48.04 (±11,93). AUDs were present in 8 (8.08%) cases as a primary diagnosis and in 91 (91.92%) as a secondary diagnosis. For the admissions in which AUDs were present as a secondary diagnosis, the most frequent primary diagnosis was represented by different types of ‘depressive disorders’ 44 (48.35%) and ‘personality disorders’ 19 (20.88%). Other important findings show a high percent of involuntary admission 45 (45.45%) and a low percent of patients with health insurance 44 (44.44%).Conclusions: Findings in our study show a high number of AUDs as a secondary diagnosis suggesting a need for further, more extensive research to provide a more accurate picture of the real prevalence and consequences of AUDs in Romanian psychiatric hospitals.

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Психофизиологические механизмы коррекции поведения человека для обеспечения его биосоциальной безопасности

Author(s): Tatiana V. Popova,Irina A. Voloshina,Olga G. Kourova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2022

Introduction. The article examines biosocial correction of the psycho-emotional status and behavior of individuals with high levels of neuropsychological stress. The purpose of the article is to reveal the psychophysiological criteria of human functional states, to summarize the data from scholarly literature and experimental research, and to propose and substantiate the psychophysiological correction method to ensure biosocial safety. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the psychophysiological approach and its basic principles. Psychophysiological examinations included electroencephalography, computer testing of psychomotor reactions of varying complexity (D. A. Morocco), self-assessment of activity, well-being and mood indicators (Doskin’s inventory), Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, as well as indicators of heart rate structure variability (R. M. Bayevsky). The research sample consisted of undergraduates and postgraduates aged between 18 and 28 years (n = 37, 24 ± 3 years). The participants were distributed into two groups. The first group comprised individuals regularly engaged in psychophysical self–regulation; the second group consisted of people who were not engaged in psychophysical self–regulation . Statistical processing of the obtained results was conducted using a computer package of application programs Statistica 10.0 and SPSS. Results. The article provides a theoretical overview and experimental data on the problem of biosocial causes of inadequate reactions of individuals with a high level of neuropsychological stress. The possibilities of biosocial correction of psycho-emotional status and human behavior are shown. The study has revealed the improvements in functional state of optimal adaptation after regular classes on the theory and practice of self-regulation techniques, including relaxation. The authors summarized current indicators of psychophysiological status and demonstrated the effectiveness of remedial training in restoring the optimal neuropsychological status required for an individual's biosocial safety. Conclusions. The article concludes that in order to ensure the biosocial security of an individual, it is necessary to teach methods of psychophysical self-regulation in order to normalize the psychophysical state, reduce the level of neuropsychological stress, and, consequently, the risks of non-adaptive behavior, which is particularly important for young adults.

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Relationship between Mental Health Problems and Resilience Among Students. The Moderating Role of Motivation for Mathematics Learning

Author(s): Aurora Adina Colomeischi,Tudor Colomeischi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The paper presents the results of a study testing the moderating role of the motivation for mathematics learning between mental health problem and resilience in children. The sample consisted in 707 Romanian children, (average age 13 years old). The students filled in the questionaries for strengths and difficulties (SDQ), the CYRM for Resilience (Ungar& Theron, 2019) and a questionnaire for mathematics attitudes. The results indicate a significant moderating effect of the mathematic motivation for the relationship between mental health problems (difficulties such as emotional problem, behavioral problems, hyperactivity and peer relations problem) and resilience. So, the mathematic motivation learning reduces the negative effect of mental health problems on resilience, contributing as a protective factor in front of difficulties. There are implications for learning design in educational settings, so the teachers could pay more attention to enhance the student’s motivation for learning mathematics as a possible intervention to enhance resilience.

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Role of Glia Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author(s): Melis Elif Elçi,Miraç Barış Usta,Koray Karabekiroğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an increasing frequency, manifested by functional disorders in social communication and social interaction, limited interests, and repetitive behaviors. The etiology of autism spectrum disorder has not yet been fully elucidated and there are many areas that need further study. Increasing studies have shown that disruptions in synaptic functions are critical in the onset of ASD. Glial cells have a role in the regulation of synaptic functions. In ASD, changes are seen in the number of neurons and glia cells in the affected cerebral cortex, and these changes cause dysregulation in synaptic functions and affect behaviors. Studies provide information about the role of glia cells in the pathophysiology of ASD, but more data is needed on the relationship between ASD and glia cells. In this review, the importance of glial cells in the etiopathogenesis of ASD and studies will be discussed.

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and mTOR in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author(s): Ezgi Selamet,Miraç Barış Usta / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental diseases that manifest themselves at early ages as insufficient social and communicative skills, repetitive sensory-motor behaviors and restricted interests, and peculiar combinations of these traits. Autism prevalence in wealthy nations is currently rising. Due to increasing numbers of diagnosis, studies on the genetic background of autism have gained momentum recently. Especially the research on mitochondrial dysfunction and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is important in that it might provide a great contribution to the ASD field for new treatment resources. .

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Czy(m) mierzyć sztukę?

Author(s): Grzegorz Pochwatko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2022

Nauka i sztuka to dwa światy, które trudno połączyć. Ci, którzy próbowali, wiedzą, że mają one sobie nawzajem wiele do zaoferowania. Psychologia i psychofizjologia kojarzą się zwykle z prostymi, powtarzalnymi procedurami i bodźcami, tymczasem w świecie sztuki VR „wiele się dzieje”. Niniejszy tekst zawiera opisy prób zastosowania metod badawczych używanych przez psychologów do całościowej i fragmentarycznej oceny filmów VR oraz generowanych komputerowo środowisk interaktywnych. Przedstawiam w nim przykładowe analizy sygnałów psychofizjologicznych, ruchu gałek ocznych, ruchliwości uczestników oraz ich ruchu w przestrzeni. Pozwalają one wnioskować o reakcjach autonomicznego układu nerwowego, pobudzeniu, emocjach oraz uwadze w reakcji na utwory VR. Mogą posłużyć twórcom do świadomego kierowania doznaniami i reakcjami uczestników doświadczeń VR.

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Dysleksja a zaburzenia przedsionkowe, proprioceptywne oraz niedojrzałość neuromotoryczna

Author(s): Izabella Kucharczyk,Urszula Gosk-Sobańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty manifested by an inability to fluently master reading and writing. There are many theories explaining the causes of dyslexia. Among the most recent views is the belief that there is a close connection between the occurrence of specific learning difficulties and sensory integration disorders. The close relationship between reading and writing, and auditory and visual perception, balance skills, postural control, proprioception should be emphasized. Dyslexia can also result from neuromotor immaturity and unrestrained infantile reflexes, such as asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, or tonic vagus reflex. Unrestrained infantile reflexes contribute to, among other things, the inability to cross the midline of the body, difficulties in integrating the right and left and upper and lower sides of the body, and negatively affect visual perception, auditory perception, balance skills, and postural control. The preschool teacher plays an important role in the education process. Based on the child’s symptoms, he or she can select appropriate exercises and therapeutic programs to minimize the effects of neuromotor immaturity, sensory integration disorders, improve psychomotor functions necessary for learning to read and write. The earlier the therapeutic process starts, the more efficiently symptoms of dyslexia can be minimized.

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Импулси за иманентно-музикални представи в музикалнотворческото съзнание, основани върху разнообразни типове сетивност и отворена асоциативност

Author(s): Dimitar Damyanov D. / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The musically creative consciousness is always inspired by a variety of stimuli. They provoke the writing of the musical work, influence perceptions and thinking, and generally shape the musical artistic worldview. By studying these phenomena and the interrelationships between them, a comprehensive improvement of artistic musical activities is reached. All practical methods are based on these studies, which aim at faster and deeper development in the field of music pedagogy, psychology and generally enriching musical theoretical knowledge.

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A Test of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory Among Young Adults

Author(s): Cem Soylu / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2023

The primary assertion of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST) is that with increasing age, individuals become more selective in their social networks and consciously reduce their social network size. Although SST has received considerable support from studies conducted in mostly individualistic countries, such as the United States and Germany, there are very few studies in which it has been tested in collectivistic countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to test the SST argument in Turkey. There were 219 Turkish young adult participants, aged 18–28 (Mage = 20.07 years, SD = 1.76). Participants completed a Social Convoy Questionnaire, Future Time Perspective (FTP) scale and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Via the structural equation model, it was found that (a) open-ended FTP directly and positively related to positive affect, higher level of social satisfaction, and smaller social network sizes; and (b) social satisfaction mediated the relationship between FTP and young adults’ positive affect. The results confirm the SST’s arguments and highlight the importance of social satisfaction in helping shape young adults’ positive affect.

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Büyük Veri, Duygular, Dil ve Etik Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Şeyma Kuru,Fırat Başbuğ,Sezin Andic / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2023

As a result of human-machine interaction, big data of gigantic size, high speed and variety contributes to the development of many new disciplines for social science research due to its potential to collect, organise and analyse information. This discipline, called psycho-informatics, uses computer science to predict human emotions, thoughts and behaviours. In the current century, where technology touches every aspect of life, the use of the internet enables people to access unlimited information very quickly, as well as creating unlimited information by leaving traces in the digital world. Today, when we look at the studies in this field, it is seen that in the international literature, there are mostly studies on predicting individuals' personality traits; smartphone, social media and internet usage behaviours; psychological health and problematic behaviours. While the present study aims to draw attention to psycho-informatics, a brief overview of psycho-informatics is presented and ethical problems that may arise are discussed. It seems to be a priority for researchers working in fields such as psychology, linguistics and computer sciences to be informed about the basic ethical standards in order to carry out joint studies and to carry out healthy studies.

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