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Agresivnost i upotreba antidepresiva u adolescenciji

Author(s): Zihnet Selimbašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 86/2015

Fenomen ljudske agresivnosti predstavlja interakciju bioloških, psiholoških i socijalnih varijabli koji obuhvaća multiformne osobenosti - od negativne emocionalnosti, depresije do antisocijalnih ponašanja. Utvrđena je veza između agresivnog ponašanja i pojedinih regija mozga. Limbički sistem, hipotalamus, regije moždanog stabla, moduliraju agresivno ponašanje. Agresivno ponašanje je modulirano od više neuroanatomskih pozicija i pomoću mnogih neurotransmiterskih sistema uključujući: serotoninski, noradrenalinski, dopaminski, acetilholinski, GABA i opoidni sistem. Uprkos složenosti neurohemije agresivnog ponašanja, animalna proučavanja jasno pokazuju da se agresivno ponašanje značajno može mijenjati modifikacijom specifičnih transmiterskih sistema. U moždanom stablu, najprimitivnijem dijelu mozga, serotonin je odgovoran za kontolu fundamentalnih fizioloških aspekata u tijelu. Serotonin je involviran u mnoge ponašajne aspekte, emocionalna i psihička stanja, prehranu, agresivnost, raspoloženje i na taj način serotoninska aktivnost u širokom spektru „serotoniskih poremećaja“ kao što su depresija, shizofrenija, Parkinsonova bolest (Jacobs, 1994). Amfetaminski preparati dovode do pojačane aktivnosti noradrenalina, dopamina i serotonina i da pojačana transmisija u dopaminergičnom i noradrenergičnom sistemu dovodi do izražavanja agresivnog ponašanja (Man, 2000). Konzumiranje alkohola izaziva pojačanu aktivnost serotonina, prolazno ekscesivno povećanje serotonina i noradrenalina dovode do agresivnosti koju porast serotonina ne može modulirati.

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Algorithms

Author(s): Ajitesh Ghose / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2012

Is it ‘nature’ or ‘nurture’ that influences human behaviour? Nowadays, most psychologists would probably acknowledge the impact of both nature and nurture when it comes to behavioural outcomes. However, there is still widespread belief in the idea of the environment (nurture) and genes (nature) influencing behaviour via mutually exclusive pathways. Researchers now know that these influences are highly interdependent, and that experience and environment (nurture) can modify genes (nature) in ways, which, in some cases, can also be passed on to subsequent generations.

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Alkol/Madde Kullanım Bozukluklarında Şiddet ve İntiharın Nörobiyolojik Temelleri

Author(s): Bahadır Geniş,Ferit Şahin,Nermin Gürhan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

Both the risk of suicidal and violent behaviours increases in alcohol and substance use disorders. Besides, it’s proposed that alcohol and substance use disorders significantly contribute to the increasing prevalence of suicide and violence worldwide. For these reasons, it is thought that the spiral of problems consisting of the concepts of suicide, violence, and addiction awaits a solution on a global scale. The discovery of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms is required to deal with these problems. Previous research has revealed the importance of neurobiological mechanisms in understanding suicidal, violent, and addictive behaviours. Especially recent studies have shown some evidence that these three conditions have some related genetic, epigenetic, and neurobiological bases. Therefore, besides the current neurobiological research on alcohol and substance use disorders, scientific literature related to suicidal and violent behaviours will be presented in this review altogether.

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ALLOSTATIC NEUROPLASTICITY AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Oprea Valentin Bușu,Elena Cristina Andrei,Mihai-Narcis POPESCU / Language(s): English Issue: -/2020

Genetics is part of the life of every individual having a great influence not only in terms of the transmission of physical characteristics, but also in terms of the development of the human being. Genetics makes its mark on the character and lifestyle and relationship of an individual with the social environment. Epigenetics is a relatively new field of genetics that aims to elucidate the causes of the presence or absence of a pathology caused by the activation of genes. Epigenetics does not end its activity in intrauterine life, but is in a permanent dynamic. This dynamic is influenced by the individual’s lifestyle and environmental factors. Thus, by adopting sanogenic practices to maintain good systemic and mental health, as well as ensuring an environment free from pollution, an optimal state of health of the human body can be obtained. An individual’s adequate state of health encompasses three major factors: physical, mental, and social health. Alteration of one factor leads to the cancellation of the other two. Therefore, in order to maintain a balance, a good functionality of the bio-psycho-social complex is necessary. The novelty element brought by epigenetics compared to classical genetics is represented by the way in which certain factors act on human DNA and produce changes throughout life.

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Alpha activity in the insula accompanies the urge to neutralize in sub-clinical obsessive–compulsive participants

Author(s): Rhiannon Jones,Joydeep Bhattacharya / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

The behavioural addiction model of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) proposes that as compulsions successfully reduce obsession-provoked anxiety in the early stages of the disorder, their performance is rewarding and therefore potentially addictive. According to this theory, the urge to perform a compulsion or neutralization resembles craving in addiction, and ventral fronto-striatal reward circuitry is activated during compulsive or neutralizing behaviour, resembling substance addiction disorders. The current study used EEG source localisation to test this hypothesis by examining brain activity accompanying the urge to neutralize and covert neutralization. Methods: Two groups of non-clinical participants (15 Low-OC, 15 High-OC) performed a task in which the urge to neutralize was induced by supplying participants with an obsessive–compulsive-like thought. Source localised EEG activity was compared between a negative condition with high urge to neutralize, and a positive condition with low urge to neutralize, and correlations between brain activity and self-reported urge to neutralize were examined. Results: High-OC participants reported a significantly greater urge to neutralize than Low-OC participants, and the majority of participants reported performing covert neutralization during the experiment. Between-condition comparisons in the High-OC group revealed significantly greater alpha activity in the insula and vlPFC in the negative than the positive condition, which was significantly correlated with both urge to neutralize and later decrease in negative affect. Conclusions: The current results support the proposal that the urge to neutralize in OCD is neurally similar to craving in substance addiction, in agreement with the behavioural addiction model of OCD.

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Amending the revisionist model of the Capgras delusion. A further argument for the role of patient experience in delusional belief formation

Author(s): Garry Young / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

Recent papers on the Capgras delusion have focused on the role played by subpersonal abductive inference in the formation and maintenance of the delusional belief. In these accounts, the delusional belief is posited as the first delusion-related event of which the patient is conscious. As a consequence, an explanatory role for anomalous patient experience is denied. The aim of this paper is to challenge this revisionist position and to integrate subpersonal inference within a model of the Capgras delusion which includes a role for experiential content. I argue that the following revisionist claims are problematic: (a) that a fully-formed belief enters consciousness, and (b) that this is the first conscious delusion-related event. Instead, it is my contention that a delusional thought (arrived at through subpersonal abductive inference) and an anomalous experience co-occur in consciousness prior to the formation of the delusional belief. The co-occurrence of thought and anomalous experience overcomes problems with the revisionist position resulting in an account of the Capgras delusion with greater explanatory efficacy.

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An Essay on the Mind-Brain Problem and Legal Proof

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An Essay on the Mind-Brain Problem and Legal Proof

Author(s): Drozdstoy St. Stoyanov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this paper is to highlight the rationale behind the use of data from neuroscience, particularly neuroimaging, in psychiatric legal expert procedures and their interference with the mind-brain problem. The critical argument is that the employment of mental health evaluation of the defendants and/or witnesses as collected with clinical assessment methods in court proceedings should not be considered irrespective to the data from neuroscience. Essentially, neuroscience methods belong to the domain of nomothetic (natural explanatory) knowledge, whereas clinical evaluation methods in psychiatry belong to the domain of intra- and inter-subjective narratives. There exists an explanatory gap between those two groups of disciplines which concerns the ability to translate and integrate data across diverse methodological and terminological systems. Furthermore, it depends largely on the implicit positions in the mind-brain debate and the brain-to-behavior connections, which reflect on the professional and legal reasoning in terms of prioritizing certain solutions or approaches over another in the expert judgements. There are described those tacit positions adopted in the mind-brain debate by different traditions in psychiatry, with special emphasis on reductive and non-reductive forms of physicalism. In conclusion, a cognitive pluralist stance is adopted which sets priority for the supervenience theory of mind.

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AN INTELLIGENT EMDR SYSTEM FOR HELPING STUDENTS WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Author(s): Ionatan Octavian GANCEA,Marius-Valentin DRĂGOI,Alexandru-Filip Popovici,Nicolae Goga,Ramona Dragomir,Maria GOGA,Marinel Cornelius DINU / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

A main problem for the development of students is to have some psychological problems. Such disorders can pose a serious threat to the learning and educational process of the students. In this article we present an intelligent Android system that can help students with such disorders or the psychotherapists that are treating them. The implemented technique is based on Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing - a recent developed technique in psychology. To the best of our knowledge, there is no such system reported in the existing literature. We are the first to report it. The system can have also an educational role, for example, for the students in psychology. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy treatment designed to cure distress associated with traumatic events and the memories associated with them. Through EMDR the subject must keep his attention on two things, the traumatic event that remained in his memory and a rhythmic bilateral stimulation. This process induces some changes and can stimulate brain areas associated with information processing. The purpose of this technique is to access the traumatic memory network in order to facilitate a new association between the traumatic event and more adaptive information about the event. After a successful treatment distress is relieved, negative thoughts are reinterpreted and physiological arousal is reduced. During the therapy, the client is encouraged to relive, throughout memories, his emotionally disturbing material while focusing on external stimuli like: directed lateral eye movement, hand-tapping or audio sounds. The implications of this procedure are multiple and can be applied both in the field of mental health and education. Our implementation consists of an AI personal assistant who performs EMDR in the form of an Android application.

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AN INVESTIGATION OF MIND-CONTROLLED PROSTHETIC ARM INTELLIGENT SYSTEM

Author(s): Haider Abdullah Ali,Nicolae Goga,Constantin Viorel Marian,Liwa Abdullah Ali / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a connection path that directly connects the system of central nervous with external devices without the peripheral nerves reliance. The applications of BCI attain beyond medical applications where it used to improve the life of patients. Many achievements were established during the latest years in the prosthetics field particularly using the latest achievements of technology into these products. However, some problems have emerged in the prosthetics like being cost-expensive, difficult to install and maintain, or the need for invasive procedures. The medical issue here is the need to develop an affordable and functional prosthetic arm that has an intuitive and natural control that permits the patient to adapt effortlessly to his/her new limb. In this paper, the average band power of brainwaves is successfully extracted from the brain of the subject using the EMOTIV™ Insight headset. We intend to develop low-cost, accurate, easy to use and smart functional upper body prosthetic arm controlled by non-invasive BCI and made of lightweight materials aiming to give the patients comfortable and easiness to handle the artificial arm. The arm will be controlled through commands of the brain obtained by an electroencephalography (EEG) headset without any surgical invasion. The system will be used by the patients who will learn how to train and control the prosthetic using their brain commands. The prosthetic arm can be considered as an e-learning system for educational purposes for persons that are in touch with some medical fields such as medical students, medical engineering students, physicians, researchers, etc., who needs to study the technology of prosthetics in an easy approach and to set goals for such systems.

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ANALAYSIS OF THE STRESS IN THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

Author(s): Dragana Bešlić-Obradović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: XI/2019

For modern accountant stress is almost part of everyday life. Since the stress in the workplace has become a major problem in the labor community and that the risk of cardiovascular disease in people exposed to a greater variety of stressors, it is important to point out the possibility of his identification, resolution and prevention. Therefore, control of stress is the key to a successful career as a professional accountant. This paper explains the concept and components of stress and explain the sources of stress at work. Also, this paper describes effects of stress at work as well as various techniques for overcoming stress at work. The last part of the paper presents the analysis of stress sources in the accounting profession through research in the form of employee interview survey in two accounting agencies (″Klaris″ i ″ Korekta″) with headquarters in Novi Sad.

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Analiza adaptacijskog ponašanja djece sa cerebralnom paralizom

Author(s): Ines Joković-Turalija,Blanka Pranjić,Mira Oberman Babić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2004

Emphasis of research was to examine characteristics of behavior of children with cerebral palsy who have important improvement to succeed in the process of learning. Fundamental goal of a research is to investigate latent structure and level of adaptive behavior of children with cerebral palsy. Research was realized in the Center for education Goljak in Zagreb on the simple off 64 pupils with cerebral palsy. Functioning in activity of daily living was examined with application of AAMD scale part I (Nihira et al ,1975 .) To determine latent space of adaptive behavior, factor analysis was applied. Research and obtained results confirm initial hypotesis and open possibility that the transfer of result will be in function of practical educational and rehabilitative form of treatment. Success of programed educational and rehabilitational work is undoubdtly reflected to adaptive behavior of children of and after all it depends on reached intellectual level, sex, chronological age and treatment.

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Anne Bebek Temas Engelleri Ölçeği (ABTEÖ): Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Burcu Kömürcü Akik,Ayşegül Durak Batıgün / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Suppl. 1/2020

The aim of the current study is to develop Mother Infant Contact Barriers Scale (MICBS) and to investigate its validity and reliability. The study was conducted with two separate samples consisted of women who give full-term and preterm birth. To conduct explaratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the first sample was composed of 238 women aged between 19 and 43 (M = 30.33, SD = 4.00). The other sample in which second confirmatory factor analysis was conducted consisted of 194 women aged between 18 and 43 (M = 30.12, SD = 4.96). Depression Anxiety Stres Scale (DASS) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Maternal Attachment Inventory (MAI) were used in this study as well as The Mother Infant Contact Barriers Scale (MICBS). In the exploratory factor analysis, four factors were obtained, namely “Postpartum Physical Contact Barriers”, “Mother-Infant Relationship and Harmony Difficulties”, “Negative Experiences Regarding Birth” and “Positive Emotions Regarding Postpartum First Contact”. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the obtained model fit indices were within acceptable limits and the validity and reliability values of the scale were sufficient. It has been shown that MICBS is a scale with satisfactory psychometric properties that could be used in maternal and infant health research conducted in Turkey.

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Anxiety, Gambling Activity, and Neurocognition: a Dimensional Approach to a non-Treatment-Seeking Sample

Author(s): Gustavo C. Mederios,Daniela G. Sampaio,Eric W. Leppink,Samuel R. Chamberlain,Jon E. Grant / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Previous analyses have highlighted significant associations between gambling disorder (GD)/ subsyndromal GD and increased rates of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders relative to the general population. However, less is known about how anxiety symptoms influence the clinical presentation of gambling problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between anxiety symptoms, gambling activity, and neurocognition across the spectrum of gambling behavior. Methods: The sample consisted of 143 non-treatmentseeking young adults (aged 18–29 years), in which 63 individuals (44.1%) were classified as recreational gamblers, 47 (32.9%) as having subsyndromal GD, and 33 (23.1%) met criteria for GD. Results: The main findings were: (a) there was a positive correlation between anxiety severity and gambling severity measured by the number of DSM- 5 GD criteria met; (b) there was a positive correlation between anxiety severity and attentional impulsiveness; (c) subjects with suicidality presented higher levels of anxiety; and (d) the severity of anxiety symptoms was negatively correlated with the quality of life. Discussion and conclusions: This study suggests that anxiety may be associated with relevant clinical variables in the broad spectrum of gambling activity. Therefore, proper management of anxiety symptoms might improve the clinical presentation of gamblers in different areas.

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APHASIA FROM THE PRECLASSIC TO THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

Author(s): Réka Incze (Kutasi) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2018

Defined as a language impairment, the study of aphasia encompasses a long period of time, starting with the discovery of the Edwin Smith Papirus, and up to the present moment when it is intensely studied by researchers from almost all over the world. As the study of aphasia is so widespread, I believe it is appropriate to highlight some interesting and useful facts about the first studies conducted by researchers, their findings as well as the new discoveries from the contemporary period. The aim of the present paper is to exhibit the most important discoveries and to highlight the most interesting facts regarding aphasia of each period.

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APHASIA IN BILINGUAL INDIVIDUALS

Author(s): Réka Incze (Kutasi) / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2017

Nowadays most of us speak more than one language. We all use language in order to communicate with others. Damage to the brain due to certain neurological disorders, such as stroke, can lead to language impairment defined as aphasia. A lot of studies were performed with reference to the mechanisms involved in language production in case of monolingual aphasic patients but little attention was attributed to bilingualism in cognitive neuropsychology research. Due to the language differences that frequently appear as a result of this disorder, it is vital to perform speech-language evaluation in each of the languages the patient is proficient in, as these can distinctively be affected thus, testing only one language cannot evaluate the severity of the impairment. Understanding language organization and processing in bilingual aphasic speakers is important for the understanding of the structure and function of bilingual speech in people who do not suffer from any kind of language impairment.

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Aposiopesis albo figury myśli w dobie ucieleśnionego umysłu

Author(s): Aneta Grodecka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2018

The Author is interested in the states of becoming silent, discontinuing one’s utterance, which are associated with certain mechanisms of the functioning of the brain, as well as in the observation of such states in different artistic disciplines. Looking for an answer to the question how aposiopesis operates in words, sounds, and images, she analyzes pieces of music, poems (Zbigniew Herbert’s Pora), and examples of visual arts (Wojciech Pakmur’s paintings of the tango). In her reconstruction of the research field, the Author refers to rhetoric ( Jerzy Ziomek, Seweryna Wysłouch), the philosophy of language (Michel Foucault, Jean-François Lyotard), and neurophenomenology. The aim of the article is to suggest a new mode of reading that seeks inspiration and language in works from the field of neuropsychology (Maria Pąchalska), hermeneutic phenomenology (Mark Johnson), or neurology (António Damásio, Oliver Sacks). The Author’s analyses refer to Raoul Schrott and Arthur Jacobs’s concept (Gehirn und Gedicht, 2011), and the conclusions confirm that one should not look for a model (pattern) in the reception of art, but describe mental processes.

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APPLICATION OF DEEP LEARNING

Author(s): Kristian Đokić,Hrvoje Mikolčević,Ivica Šnajder / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of papers related to machine learning and the application of machine learning in various fields of science. Belmonte et al. observed that between 2010 and 2018, the growth in the number of papers related to machine learning topics and big data was exponential. They analysed 4240 scientific publications from the Web of Science citation database [1]. Xu et al., in the analysis of publications in the International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, noted that from 2010 to 2017, the number of publications, the cooperation rate, the total number of authors, and the degree of cooperation had shown an increasing trend [2]. Dokic et al. analysed the publication of papers in which deep learning is applied in the field of agriculture and noticed that the first papers were published in 2014, and in the second half of the second decade of the 21st century, exponential growth in the number of published papers was observed [3].The objectives of this paper are primarily to analyze the literature related to the application of deep learning in apple growing, to propose the division of these papers depending on the area, and to analyze the observed trends in publishing papers related to this topic. In the analysis, only papers published in scientific journals were considered, and the condition is that they be found in the citation databases of the Web of Science or Scopus. The second section gives a brief overview of deep learning and its development and a presentation of the importance of apple growing in agriculture. The third section is an overview of papers that use deep learning methods and solve some problems in growing apples. The third section is divided into four parts, depending on the area the paper deals with. The fourth section is a discussion and conclusion.

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Architektura funkcjonalna teorii umysłu. Podejście neuropsychologiczne

Author(s): Agnieszka Pluta,Emilia Łojek / Language(s): Polish

The book shows how brain damage affects ToM (Theory of Mind). The efficient functioning of ToM determines the satisfactory contacts of the individual with the environment, which are crucial for eliminating the social isolation of neurological patients. Learning about the ToM architecture seems necessary to determine the degree of its disfunction in the case of patients with brain damages and to organize the rehabilitation procedure.

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Are We Ready for Direct Brain Links to Machines and Each Other? A Real-World Application of Posthuman Bioethics

Author(s): Kevin LaGrandeur / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Neuralink, a company founded by Elon Musk three years ago, is the most notable of several companies developing a new type of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI): a direct, two-way, digital system that is robust, compact, and wireless. BCI is already being used therapeutically to reduce seizures in severe epileptics, resolve tremors in Parkinson’s patients, and to stabilize mood disorders in psychiatric patients. But the devices used to do this are bulky and hardwired, causing difficulty of use for patients and requiring invasive surgeries and large incisions to implant them. So, researchers have been trying to make these devices more compact, easier to implant, and wireless.

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ARHITECTURA ȘI NEUROȘTIINŢELE. INTRODUCERE ÎNTR-O ABORDARE INTERDISCIPLINARÃ A PROCESELOR DE DESIGN

Author(s): Melania Dulămea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2009

“Our desks are being constantly invaded by flashes apparently far from our interests. Imported images which are introduced to our screens very easily: our projects change for the client before they are finished; our building programme changes during construction. For this reason, we just don’t understand how there are those that think of architecture as a virtually closed discipline, dignified and serious. [...] “Science lets us see, little by little, how evolution is a continuous process of change of what we believe is fixed.” Virilio dixit, that here and now we have no alternative but to accept certain premises in place of others which are presented to us as constants. ... Cross-sections are not cuts, but states of mind for those that live in these spaces. “

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