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Psychological Aspects of Political Choices: Focus on Cognition, Decision-Making Styles, and Emotions in Voting Behaviour

Author(s): Lucia Viteková,Ivana Václaviková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The presented paper focuses on the issue of voting behaviour. It aims to determine the importance of selected cognitive factors, decision-making styles and emotional factors in electoral decision-making and behaviour in voters with different political preferences and voters of specific Slovak political parties. The cognitive style was evaluated using the Cognitive Reflection Test - Version 2. Decision-making styles were explored using the General Decision Making Styles Questionnaire and emotion preferences in information processing were evaluated using the following affective states test. Within the research sample (N = 308, average age 36.2 years), distinct groups of Slovak voters were created: 1. based on parties with different ideological orientations, and 2. based on specific Slovak political parties. The predictive significance of the observed characteristics for the choice of a political subject with a particular ideology and the choice of a specific Slovak political party was explored. All the variables monitored – cognitive style, decision-making style, and emotion preferences in information processing – proved to be significant.

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Utilizarea eficientă a cooperării şi competiţiei în contexte formativ‑educative

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Utilizarea eficientă a cooperării şi competiţiei în contexte formativ‑educative

Author(s): Georgeta Diac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2022

Cooperation and competition are modes of social interdependence with multiple effects on a personal and interpersonal level. Although they have a considerable history in social and educational psychology, it seems that they have not lost their ideological force and practical influence in the 21st century. The aim of this article is to present some of the specific features of the dynamics of cooperative and competitive situations which can then be used to optimize various educational training approaches. As a result, the text is structured in four parts organized as follows: the first part is dedicated to presenting the theory of social interdependence and how cooperation and competition work through the interdependence of members of a group. In the next section we have analyzed cooperation and competition in terms of the effects they produce on a personal and interpersonal level, the last two sections presenting details of the specific ways in which the two forms of social interdependence are produced.

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Social media and influencers in the lives of teenagers

Author(s): Agnieszka Iwanicka / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

The article aims to look at the growing role of social media, with particular emphasis on the part of influencers in the lives of adolescents. The article is a review based on the empirical research available on this topic. Contact with influencers meets not only the relational, informational, or entertainment needs of young people but also the need to compare ourselves with other people present in our lives. On the other hand, it can maintain the fear of FOMO, which in the long run results in a reduction in the adolescent’s social well-being. The article invokes the theory of social comparisons and discusses the supporting role of parents in the context of Berne’s structural analysis of social media use by adolescents. The transactional analysis also considered the specifics of influencers’ contact with their recipients.

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Rola aktywności osób starszych w przezwyciężaniu kryzysów starości – wybrane aspekty

Author(s): Tomasz Słabiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2021

The aim of the presented article is to show the role of different forms and types of activity of elderly people in the aspect of emerging crises of old age. The article has a review character. The presented content focuses on the needs that can be satisfied through activity in old age, discusses the problems and crises of elderly people, which on the one hand can discourage them from getting older.It discusses the problems and crises of the elderly, which, on the one hand, can discourage people from becoming active, on the other, act as a motivating factor for change.

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Motivational Asymmetry in the Prospective and Retrospective Mode of Value: Going from the Third Person Logic of the Non-Involved External Observer to the First-Person Ego-logic of the Motivated Actor Himself

Author(s): John B. Rijsman / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The paper compares two models of motivational asymmetry, one developed by Rijsman in his earlier work on social comparison (1970, 1974), and one developed by Kahneman and Tversky in their later work on prospect theory (1979). Although both models agree on motivational asymmetry, in the sense of “losses looming larger than gains”, they differ greatly in terms of the motivational value they assign to equality and to extreme outcomes, and differ also in terms of the temporal modality in which they are formulated. To better understand these differences, the first model was carefully reviewed in terms of its analytic construction and it’s application to behavioural economics, and contrasted with the second model, in which there was basically no conceptual analysis of motivational value, but intuitive transformation of the functional relation between outcomes and value on the normative balance itself. It was concluded that when we incorporate Self-involvement of the actor in our concept of prospective outcomes, as is automatically the case in the retrospective mode of value, we actually obtain the same type of motivational asymmetry as obtained for Self-involving outcomes in the past, as proposed in the first model. This was further elaborated in terms of the difference between the illusion of third-person logic (typical for models in normative economics), versus the first-person Ego-logic which is necessary to describe the actual decision making of the so called “motivated” actors themselves.

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ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, STRESS, AND COPING STRATEGIES, IN ROMANIAN STUDENTS AFTER THE OUTBREAK OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Author(s): Mihaela Lungu,Cornelia Rada,Dorina Maria Nijloveanu,Albert VAMANU / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2023

Objectives. The outbreak of the SarsCov-2 virus pandemic in March 2020, produced essential changes in the way of life for students in different countries. Each person has developed their own personal coping systems to adapt to the times. The purpose was to assess the magnitude of impact produced in behavioral and emotional life dimensions at the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown. Material and methods. Collecting data was based on a comprehensive online questionnaire, addressed to 19-25 years old, master’s, and bachelor’s students in Romania. The questionnaire includes standard psychological evaluation tools such as Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, DASS – 21R, Cognitive-Emotional Coping Assessment Questionnaire (CERQ), and Strategic Approaches to Coping Scale (SACS), but also a series of demographic indicators. Statistic analyse was based on ANOVA, Levene Test, T-Test, and Pearson Correlations. Results. The results revealed some differences between coping strategies male participants would choose, and those preferred by female participants, and small variances between age groups. The most commonly found coping strategy was social support. Maladaptive and passive coping strategies positively correlated to all mental health indicators. Self-blame (p<.001), rumination, catastrophizing (p<.001), and blaming others correlate positively with all DASS-21R subscales, depression, anxiety, and stress as well. Positive refocus negatively correlated to depression (p=.020), anxiety (p=.009), and stress (p=.004). Conclusions. At the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown most of the participants have chosen prosocial coping strategies. The impact of the pandemic on Romanian students was rather mild. Active coping strategies predict more adaptive behavior and feelings. The findings of the current study can be expanded (to some extent) to non-pandemic situations also.

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A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF PRISONERS IN ROMANIAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES

Author(s): Costin-Marian Crînguş,Thi Kim Dung Le / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2023

Objectives. The aim of the study is to create a psychological profile of inmates by assessing personality dimensions based on the duration of their sentences, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of incarceration on individuals' psychological aspects. Material and methods. The data used were collected between July 2021 and August 2022. A total of 857 participants were selected from prisons. The data were stored in the EXCEL 2019 program and processed in the SPSS 26.0 statistical program. All data were analyzed at the group level. The instruments used in the study were: the Freiburg Personality Inventory revised form (FPI-R) that contains 12 dimensions and an item from the Omnibus questionnaire (duration of sentence). Results. In order to compare the effect of the duration of incarceration on personality, a statistical ANOVA analysis was performed. The 857 participants were divided into three groups based on the duration of their sentence. According to the results, inmates with a sentence duration of less than 3 years indicated significantly higher levels of life satisfaction and social orientation scales, compared to respondents with a sentence duration over 3 years (F (2,844) = 13.460, p = .000). Regarding the dimension of solicitation, inmates with a sentence duration of less than 3 years scored significantly higher than those with a sentence duration over 3 years (p = .000). Conclusions. The research results show that support and rehabilitation interventions should take into account the relationship between personality dimensions and the duration of sentence.

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Opposing associations of Internet Use Disorder symptom domains with structural and functional organization of the striatum: A dimensional neuroimaging approach

Author(s): Fangwen Yu,Jialin Li,Lei Xu,Xiaoxiao Zheng,Meina Fu,Keshuang Li,Shuxia Yao,Keith M. Kendrick,Christian Montag,Benjamin Becker / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests brain structural and functional alterations in Internet Use Disorder (IUD). However, conclusions are strongly limited due to the retrospective case-control design of the studies, small samples, and the focus on general rather than symptom-specific approaches. Methods: We here employed a dimensional multi-methodical MRI-neuroimaging design in a final sample of n 5 203 subjects to examine associations between levels of IUD and its symptom-dimensions (loss of control/time management, craving/social problems) with brain structure, resting state and taskbased (pain empathy, affective go/no-go) brain function. Results: Although the present sample covered the entire range of IUD, including normal, problematic as well as pathological levels, general IUD symptom load was not associated with brain structural or functional alterations. However, the symptom-dimensions exhibited opposing associations with the intrinsic and structural organization of the brain, such that loss of control/time management exhibited negative associations with intrinsic striatal networks and hippocampal volume, while craving/social problems exhibited a positive association with intrinsic striatal networks and caudate volume. Conclusions: Our findings provided the first evidence for IUD symptom-domain specific associations with progressive alterations in the intrinsic structural and functional organization of the brain, particularly of striatal systems involved in reward, habitual and cognitive control processes.

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Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and problematic internet use among young adults: The role of the feeling of loneliness trajectory

Author(s): Wen-Hsu Lin,Chi Chiao / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

: Given problematic Internet usage’s (PIU) negative impact on individual health, this study evaluates how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect young adults’ PIU and the possible underlying mechanism of the “feeling of loneliness” (FOL) trajectory. Methods: Analyzing a retrospective cohort sample from the Taiwan Youth Project, 2,393 adolescents were interviewed from the average ages of 14–28. We constructed ACE in 2000 using six categories (e.g., abuse and low family socioeconomic status) and 5-item PIU in 2017 from Chen’s Internet Addiction Scale. FOL trajectories measured eight times, at average ages 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28 years-old. Results: Overall, 12.65% of the participants did not have ACEs, and 12.78% exhibited PIU. FOL trajectory analyses yielded three groups: “constant low” (reference group: 53.25%); “moderate decline” (36.81%); and “increasing” (9.94%). Regression models showed a dose–response association between ACE and young adults’ PIU (adjusted odds ratio 5 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5 1.02–1.23) and the two risky loneliness groups (moderate decline: relative risk ratio [RRR] 5 1.42, 95% CI 5 1.32–1.54; increasing: RRR 5 1.52, 95% CI 5 1.37–1.71). Structural equation modeling further found that ACEs increase young adults’ risk of being in the increasing group, and consequently, the risk of PIU. Discussion and conclusions: We demonstrated that ACE may be associated with 1) adults’ PIU, 2) FOL from adolescence to emerging adulthood, and 3) young adults’ PIU through its association with FOL trajectories.

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Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11: An important debate that is anticipated to continue for some time Commentary to the debate: “Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11”

Author(s): Matthias Brand,Marc N. Potenza / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The Journal of Behavioral Addictions featured a debate on the topic of “behavioral addictions in ICD-11” in 2022. Three main debate papers were published and a total of eleven commentaries. One main topic of considerations in the three debate papers and in the majority of commentaries was compulsive sexual behavior disorder. The debate was balanced, collegial and conducted at a high scientific level. Although there are some disagreements regarding specific details, all authors consider more research on behavioral addictions as important. This scientific debate has been and continues to be enormously important to behavioral addiction research and clinical practice.

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Nonconforming gender expression and associated problematic smartphone and internet use among Chinese adolescents

Author(s): Xinyu Zheng,Yuwei Yang,Weiqing Jiang,Yitong He,Cuihong Huang,Yilin Hua,Ci-Yong Lu,Lan Guo / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Gender nonconformity (GNC), which refers to an individual’s expression of gender that does not align with the socially prescribed norms for their biological sex, may be associated with adverse behavioral problems, such as problematic smartphone use (PSU) and problematic internet use (PIU). This study examined the associations between GNC and PSU and GNC and PIU among Chinese adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2021 School-based Chinese Adolescents Health Survey, recruiting 23,054 eligible adolescents aged 11 to 21, with an average age of 14.9 (SD: 1.7) years from 504 classes in 84 public high schools across 7 cities in China. Gender nonconformity, PSU/PIU, and demographics were measured. Mixed-effect linear regression models were performed. Results: Among the participants (51.0% male), 5.3% reported high GNC and 26.9% reported moderate GNC. After adjusting for covariates, high GNC was significantly and positively associated with PSU (B 5 1.11, 95% CI 5 0.49–1.72) and PIU severity (B 5 2.16, 95% CI 5 1.40–2.93). Stratified analyses indicated that the associations between GNC and PSU differed between males and females, with a significant association observed only among male students (B 5 1.91, 95% CI 5 0.97–2.86). Discussion and conclusions: GNC is positively associated with the severity of PSU and PIU among Chinese adolescents, with male gender-nonconforming adolescents being more vulnerable to PSU. These results highlight the importance of implementing education on gender expression diversity in schools to create an inclusive school environment, which may potentially help prevent PSU and PIU among gender-nonconforming adolescents.

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“DUALLY EXCEPTIONAL” FAMILIES: SPECIFICS, NEEDS AND PROBLEMS

Author(s): Otilia Velisek-Brasko,Mila B. Beljanski,Nikola Vetnić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Families blessed with a child with developmental disabilities or a gifted child are not typical families. Such families are exposed to specifics in day-to-day function, establishing interpersonal relationships and fulfilling their family roles. The object of research and studies carried out so far are twice-exceptional individuals, thus excluding the families with one gifted child and another with developmental disabilities. Dually exceptional families have dual challenges in providing additional individualized support for children, in two completely different ways, in two different directions. Based on the results and the analysis of case study of two dually different families, areas in which additional support is required by such families and parents are identified according to family functions, as well as recommendations as to how to empower these areas.

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NEPODNOŠLJIVOST SUSEDOVANJA

Author(s): Mirjana Stošić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2020

This paper deals with the immunological practices of Kafka’s anonymous inhabitant in an unfinished late narrative “The Burrow” (“Der Bau”, 1923-1924) who builds a labyrinth within the burrow in order to safeguard it from imminent or proleptic future intruders. The mole-like builder of the labyrinth-like structure is securing its house from parasites “known” only by the noise they make. This noise – against which the obsessive stuffing of holes and drilling of passages take place (including the infinite displacement of the center and margin) – corresponds to the radical faceless alterity, given that the “face” of noise is precisely the muddied face of the burrower. Entrances in Kafkaesque literary worlds are in fact the limit of the passage as such, the impossibility of being only inside or only outside. The aggressive covering of porous and loose walls, and closing all potential passages is endangering the burrow structure as such. The burrow becomes the centralized system, always suppressing the heterogeneity of gateways, entrances and exits, the difference that will erode the silenced fixity of centered identity. Ultimately, the burrow becomes infinitely fractalized. The question of alterity, within the tradition of guarding the wholeness of the subject (its body, its proper place, its identity and its name), is often reduced to the question of corporeal, political, cultural parasites of the communal body. The other, as a parasitical emblem, destabilizes the notion of the limit (between the host and the guest), and is the sign of a host being always already a frightened guest of its own homely place.

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REDIMENSIONAREA CONCEPTUALĂ A PROCESULUI DE SOCIALIZARE DIN PERSPECTIVA ACTIVITĂȚII DE MENTORAT

Author(s): Elena Gogoi,Ecaterina Lozovanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The article analyzes the contemporary reflections that refer to the socialization process accompanying and engaging man as an individual and as a species. Starting from the hypothesis, according to which the individual is not a human person from birth, but becomes one, and this transformation takes place when the individual is integrated into the socialization process. The purpose of our research is to avoid, within the analyzed theories, the heterogeneous elements by capturing what is common, and essential. This would open the way to a reconceptualization of the socialization process in a unitary, essentialist framework from an interdisciplinary perspective. The applied research methods: phenomenological, hermeneutic, and sociological (interactionist) have allowed us to singularize our research and highlight the fact that coming together in a methodological unit is complementary, allowing the interdisciplinary explanation of the socialization process. Thus, from a pedagogical perspective, socialization is closely related to mentoring activity, which ensures convergence and creates opportunities for the individual's adaptation to new contexts. At the same time, mentoring and socialization represent emerging elements that offer possibilities to the individual for the development of a successful career. Through the mentoring activity, the individual is supported and encouraged to find the strength to overcome and improve his performance, develop various skills, and become a fully integrated being in society.

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ПАРТНЬОРСТВО МЕЖДУ ДЕТСКАТА ГРАДИНА И СЕМЕЙСТВОТО – ИНОВАТИВЕН МОДЕЛ ЗА РАБОТА С ДЕЦАТА ОТ ПРЕДУЧИЛИЩНА ВЪЗРАСТ

Author(s): Angelina Angelova,Nina Kisova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

High quality education in the 21st century – a time of advanced technology and globalization, is not possible withhold creative collaboration between family and kinder garden. The report presents a model of working between parents, teachers and children which was applied in real situations. The central place in the cooperation whit the parents is occupied by the teacher whit their ideas, desires and skills for interaction whit the child`s family. In this report, we will share our successful interaction with the families of the children from the preparatory group – 5-year-olds from DG „N. Vaptsarov“ city of Asenovgrad, based on various projects that we previously laid out in the curriculum at the beginning of the year, tailored to the specific age of the children. The activities carried out were in accordance with the DOS and took place during the planned situations and free regime moments and optional activities. As a result, children successfully learned and developed their cognitive abilities: attention, perception, understanding, remembering, thinking, problem-solving and decision-making, and the participation of parents contributed to the relationship between the family and the kindergarten not being disturbed and the processes of upbringing and upbringing, which are carried out in both places, to be connected.

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SARTREAN ACCOUNT OF MENTAL HEALTH

Author(s): Jelena Krgović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The anti-psychiatrists in the 1960’s, specifically Thomas Szasz, have claimed that mental illness does not exist. This argument was based on a specific definition of physical disease that, Szasz argued, could not be applied to mental illness. Thus, by problematizing mental illness, the spotlight had turned to physical disease. Since then, philosophers of medicine have proposed definitions applying both to pathophysiological and psychopathological conditions. This paper analyzes prominent naturalist definitions which aim to provide value free accounts of pathological conditions, as well as normative accounts which propose value-laden accounts. The approaches surveyed differ not only in terms of value, but also in terms of their perspective. This perspective concerns whether the concept of health, illness or disease/disorder is emphasized. The emphasis on health or illness is holistic as it looks at the human being as a whole, while focus on disease or disorder is analytic as it considers part functions. I will here argue in favor of holism and will propose a definition of mental health based on Sartre’s existential psychoanalysis of Gustave Flaubert.

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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN COUPLE

Author(s): Cristina Ceban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

In psychological science, several approaches to the understanding, content and structure of intelligence are attested. Intelligence must be considered as a complex structure on several levels: intelligence as a result of the socialization process, as well as the influence of culture as a whole (sociocultural approach); intelligence as a result of adaptation to the demands of the environment under natural conditions of human interaction with the outside world (genetic approach); the intellect as a special form of human activity (the procedural-activity approach); intelligence as a product of purposeful learning (pedagogical approach); intelligence as a set of elementary information processing processes (informational approach); the intellect as a special form of the content of consciousness (phenomenological approach); the intellect as a system of cognitive processes on several levels (structural level approach); intelligence as a self-regulating factor (the regulatory approach).

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Kilka uwag na temat nowego kształtu internacji psychiatrycznej. Perspektywa karnowykonawcza i praktyczna

Author(s): Adam Kwieciński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The publication presents the most important regulations concerning the 2015 amendment of the system of protective measures. The main focus is analyzing the most distressing measure, i.e. the placement of the offender in a psychiatric establishment. Psychiatric internment was examined mainly from the perspective of the Polish Executive Penal Law proceedings and, to a limited extent, also in the criminal law context. The article identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the new psychiatric internment’s construction and points out the impact of that changed institution on the practice of implementing these protective measures. For this reason, the science paper presents a range of de lege lata and de lege ferenda suggestions, which may be helpful for attorneys and legal counsels in the performance of their work in the enforcement stage of criminal proceedings.

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Body image and self-esteem in teenagers

Author(s): Elsida Sinaj,Xhesiana Meca / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2022

The image of the body is the dynamic perception of the body as it looks, feels, and moves. It is formed by perception, emotions, and physical sensations and is not static, but can change in terms of mood and physical ways. In terms of self-esteem, which is a positive and negative orientation towards itself, a general assessment of values or qualities. His study is analyzing the relationship between self-esteem levels in relation to perceptions adolescents have of body image. The study was conducted as a champion of 120 students in Maminas high school. The selection of the champion was in a casual way. The ages of the students ranged from the age 13 to the age 18. The measuring instruments used for this study are 2 questionnaires. The body image avoidance questionnaire [Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ)], consists of 19 questions about image avoidance for the body. The second questionnaire is that of self-esteem (SES, Rosenberg, 1965), which was used to measure the degree of self-esteem. In line with the study’s objectives, results showed that there is an important link between the image of the body and the level of self-worth in adolescents and that there are significant gender differences in the image of the body in adolescents. Four were hypotheses raised in this study, whereof these hypotheses, 3 were proven and only one of the hypotheses collapsed. The results achieved were supported by similar field studies.

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Dragoş Dragoman, Declinul democratic din România după 2007. Neoliberalism, populism şi autoritarism

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Dragoş Dragoman, Declinul democratic din România după 2007. Neoliberalism, populism şi autoritarism

Author(s): Ovidiu Gherasim-Proca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2022

Review of: Dragoş Dragoman, Declinul democratic din România după 2007. Neoliberalism, populism şi autoritarism, Sibiu, Techno Media, 2022

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