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Zachowania celowe mierzone samoopisowo – pomiar i struktura

Author(s): Ewa Skimina,Jan Cieciuch,Włodzimierz Strus,Tomasz Rowiński,Artur Świtalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

The paper presents finding from analyses conducted in order to (a) prepare a pool of items measuring a wide range of purposive avocational behaviors and (b) empirically categorize these behaviors. The analyses were conducted on a pool of 209 statements describing behavioral acts and using a frequency response scale. The statements were taken from Oregon Avocational Interest Scales (ORAIS) by Goldberg (2010). The group of participants consisted of 801 people aged 16–72 (M = 29.71, SD = 12.69). A series of exploratory analyses was conducted on a reduced pool of items (by removing these poorly differentiating). As a result, 135 behavioral acts were grouped into 17 categories. Further analyses showed that these 17 categories can be grouped into 4 or 2 interpretable higher-order factors, which meaning is similar to personality metatraits.

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Pomiar stylu przywiązania w relacji człowiek–pies. Struktura i własności psychometryczne polskiej wersji Pet Attachment Questionnaire (PAQ)

Author(s): Olga Cholewa,Kamilla Bargiel-Matusiewicz,Bogdan Zawadzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

The aim of the article is to present the Polish version of the Pet Attachment Questionnaire and its psychometric properties. The tool is used to measure both the strength and quality of attachment of the owner to the animal. Authors of the original version indicate that the strength of the attachment to a dog is often considered without any theoretical background. On the other hand, the quality of the relationship is reflected in the attachment style, mainly through two dimensions: anxiety and avoidance, taken from Bowlby’s theory. The Polish version was created for dog owners. The study was attended by 119 dog owners. The results confirmed the two-factor structure of the tool and high reliability. The questionnaire was shortened to 24 items to achieve better psychometric properties. It has been shown that the results of both subscales are significant predictors of owners’behavior towards their dogs and that the anxious attachment is positively related to the intensity of depressive symptoms.

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Wpływ treningu na poziom pobudliwości u psa domowego (Canis familiaris)

Author(s): Marta Dziedzic,Ewelina Włodarczyk,Judyta Gulatowska,Maciej Trojan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

The presented work touches upon the issue of influence of training on excitability in domestic dogs. Excitability has been tested with the use of a Canine Behavioral Assessment & Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ) questionnaire (translated in Polish). The analysis covered influence of training (Obedience, Mantrailing, Agility and Frisbee) on excitability of dogs and tests related to possible existence of any relevant differences between dogs subject to various types of training and trained by more or less experienced guides with their experience determined not only by working with dogs in practice, but also by acquisition of reliable theoretical knowledge in the field of behaviour and training of dogs. Additionally, hypotheses relating to trends of the differences have been tested. The test has shown relevant differences between the tested groups, which confirmed the probable influence of training and knowledge of a guide upon the level of excitability in domestic dogs. The analyses have shown that there are relevant differences in the level of excitability between a group of dogs subjected to training and the one, which was not subject to training as well as between dogs guided by people, who acquire professional knowledge in the field of behaviour and training of dogs and dogs guided by people, who do not acquire the knowledge. The assumed existence of differences in excitability in a group of dogs was also confirmed, depending on, whether trainers acquire professional knowledge in the field of behaviour of dogs or not.

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Narcyzm a satysfakcja z życia: pośrednicząca rola neurotyczności i ekstrawersji

Author(s): Kinga Szymaniak,Oliwia Maciantowicz,Marcin Zajenkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

Recent studies show that there might be two types of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerablenarcissism. The former correlates with more adaptive psychological profile and high well-being, whereas the latter is associated with maladaptive functioning including negative emotionality. In the current study we examined the relationships between two types of narcissism and satisfaction with life. Additionally, we controlled for Big Five personality traits, because they were shown to be relevant for both narcissism and well being. Total of 233 subjects took part in the study with a range of age 18–39. Vulnerable narcissism was measured with the Polish version of the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale and grandiose narcissism was assessed with Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Big Five was assessed with the Polish adaptation of International Personality Items Pool Big Five Factor Markers – 50. Satisfaction with life was measured with Satisfaction with Life Scale. We found that only one type of narcissism was significantly correlated with satisfaction with life. Specifically, vulnerable narcissism was negatively associated with life satisfaction, whereas grandiose type did not correlate significantly with it. The mediation analysis revealed that neuroticism and extraversion fully mediated the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and life satisfaction. The obtained results suggest that personality traits explain the level of happiness declared by vulnerable narcissists. This finding is consistent with recent data showing that vulnerable narcissism is highly correlated with personality traits, especially neuroticism.

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Параметри на властта и ролите на университетския преподавател

Author(s): Vyara Gyurova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

This article presents the author’s opinion about some main roles of the university teacher (role of head, leader and manager of the teaching process) as well as the power that those roles give him. An attempt is made for summarizing a profile of the university teacher as a manager and a leader in the context of the working conditions, activities she/he accomplishes, competencies and qualities she/he needs to possess.

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Ergenlerde Akran Zorbalığının Ebeveynlik Çeşitleri ve Yaşanılan Yer Açısından Karşılaştırılması

Author(s): Tuğba Yılmaz,İrem Derya Çağlayan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2018

Bullying constitutes major problems in the schools in Turkey as well it does all around the world. One of the complex reasons for bullying is considered to be living in rural or urban areas. For this study, data were collected from the Çankırı province as the rural area and the Ankara province as the urban area. The study was conducted with participants from regular high schools, between ages of 14 and 18. The study included 246 participants of which are 145 female and 101 male students. Participants were asked to complete the Demographic Information Form, The Bully/ Victim Questionnaire, The Self-esteem Scale, and The Parenting Style Inventory, in this order. The data obtained were then evaluated by comparative statistical analyses (t-test and ANOVA). The behavior of the bully or the victim did not significantly differ for rural and urban areas. However, four different parenting styles are demonstrated to have a significant effect on other variables. The limitations and implications of the study were discussed.

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Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algısı Ölçeği Ergen Formu’nun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Author(s): Erol Esen,Barışcan Öztürk,Diğdem Müge Siyez / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 12/2018

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and the validity of the Gender Perception Scale (GPS) for adolescents. Another purpose was to investigate whether the gender perception of high school students differs in terms of certain socio-demographic variables (sex, school type, monthly family income, the employment status of the mother and parents’ education levels) The scale was administered to a total of 823 adolescents (451 girls, 372 boys) and the test-retest reliability analysis was carried out among 118 of the 823 adolescents. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) verified a two-factor model which is different from the original scale. Resulting factors were traditional gender perception and equalitarian gender perception. The Goodness of fit indices of the two-factor hypothetic model was found to be as follows: χ2=500.15, df=168, χ2 /df=2.97, GFI=.92, AGFI=.90, CFI=.91, RMSEA=0.06, SRMR= .05. Also, we found that the differences between the average scores of the groups within the upper and lower 27% of the scale were statistically significant. The internal consistency coefficients were sufficient for each subscale (ranging from .80 to .86) and the total scale (α= .89). In addition, the test-retest reliability coefficients for equalitarian gender perception subscale (.73), and traditional gender perception subscale (.80) were determined to be within the acceptable limits. As a result, the GPS was found to be valid and reliable and its psychometric characteristics were acceptable. In addition, both equalitarian and traditional gender perception subscale scores were significantly different in terms of sex, school type, monthly family income, the employment status of the mother and parents’ education levels.

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Does empathy always inhibit amorality and offending?

Author(s): Tatjana Vukosavljević Gvozden,Goran Opačić,Ivana Perunicic-Mladenovic / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Results of previous studies have been inconsistent over the role of emotional and cognitive empathy in aggressive and antisocial behavior. The aim of this study is to clarify the specific nature of the empathic profiles associated with different types of amoral behavior (induced by impulsivity, frustration and brutality), measured through self-reports. The sample consists of male prisoners who have committed violent and non-violent types of offenses (robberies and thefts) and the control group with no criminal history (N=200). Results demonstrate that general amorality which combines all three types of amoral attitudes is negatively associated both with emotional and cognitive empathy, but the association with the emotional empathy is much stronger one. On the other hand, amorality induced by frustration (characterized by resentment, dark picture of reality which justifies personal Machiavellianism) is positively associated with cognitive empathy which might be used for manipulation. These results provide guidelines for empathy trainings for offenders, highlighting the significance of increasing emotional empathy.

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Psychometric evaluation of the Serbian dictionary for automatic text analysis – LIWCser

Author(s): Jovana Bjekić,Ljiljana B. Lazarević,Marko Živanović,Goran Knežević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) is widely used word-level content analysis software. It was used in large number of studies in the fields of clinical, social and personality psychology, and it is adapted for text analysis in 11 world languages. The aim of this research was to validate empirically newly constructed adaptation of LIWC software for Serbian language (LIWCser). The sample of the texts consisted of 384 texts in Serbian and 141 texts in English. It included scientific paper abstracts, newspaper articles, movie subtitles, short stories and essays. Comparative analysis of Serbian and English version of the software demonstrated acceptable level of equivalence (ICCM=.70). Average coverage of the texts with LIWCser dictionary was 69.93%, and variability of this measure in different types of texts is in line with expected. Adaptation of LIWC software for Serbian opens entirely new possibilities of assessment of spontaneous verbal behaviour that is highly relevant for different fields of psychology.

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Przemoc w rodzinie. Analiza podstawowych pojęć na podstawie współczesnej literatury

Author(s): Anna Adamowska-Kałwa / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2018

The subject of this article is selected issues relating to the phenomenon of domestic violence. According to contemporary Polish literature, the definitions of domestic violence, and the basic terms included in them are explained. The second section describes the main types and forms of violence.

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Predictors of party evaluation in post-conflict society – the case of Serbia

Author(s): Jasmina Međedović,Boban Petrović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

The goal of present study is to increase understanding of evaluation of political parties by exploring their relations with dispositional constructs conceptually related to political behavior. These are: personality traits, social attitudes and the Ethos of conflict, which emerges from protracted violent conflict between societies. The conflict examined in this study involves Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo. Principal components analysis conducted on parties’ preferences isolated two dimensions which can be broadly interpreted as Socio-liberal and National-conservative orientation. Regression analyses have shown that these two dimensions are explained mostly by the Ethos of conflict, followed by social attitudes and personality traits. Personality traits of Honesty and Originality predict evaluation towards Socio-liberal parties. High patriotism and a positive evaluation of one’s own nation characterize supporters of National-conservative parties, while Socio-liberal participants have low patriotic attitudes and do not consider that the aims of Serbian politics in Kosovo automatically exclude the Kosovo Albanian aims.

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Cognitive and affective reactions to success and failure – the quality of feedback as the determinant of self-verifying and self-enhancing motivation

Author(s): Bojana Bodroža / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

A study was conducted to ascertain what the dominant self motivation is like – self-verifying or self-enhancing? – in a situation when a person is faced with a negative evaluation of a central personality characteristic. Previous research suggested that affective reactions should follow the pattern predicted by self-enhancement theory by which all individuals would react with positive affect to positive evaluation and with negative affect to negative evaluation. On the other side, cognitive reactions are expected to follow the pattern predicted by self-verification theory which suggests that information consistent with the self-concept should be the most convincing (i.e. cognitive reactions should be influenced by interaction of feedback and self-esteem). Ninety female respondents were given a false favorable or extremely unfavorable feedback about their achievement on an intelligence test, after which their cognitive and affective reactions were measured. The results revealed that the respondents demonstrated a self-enhancing motivation both in the affective and the cognitive domain, i.e., regardless of their level of self-esteem, those who had failed experienced more negative affect, rated test more unfavorably, assessed it as less accurate, and claimed they had invested less effort to solve the test, than those who were successful. The research imposes conclusion that cognitive reactions to failure are not conditioned only by the degree of negativity or positivity of global self-views, but also by the quality/intensity of unfavorable feedback. This conclusion provides important methodological implications for future research in this area.

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The Effects of Matching a Persuasive Message to a Recipient’s Self-Concept on Attitude Change

Author(s): Marija Branković,Iris Žeželj / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2010

The paper addresses the question of whether matching a persuasive message to a recipient’s self-concept can enhance message processing. A large body of experiments within the Elaboration likelihood model proved that framing a message so as to be perceived as self-relevant led to more careful argument scrutiny. In this research, we matched the messages with previously assessed need for cognition – tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive tasks. Two possible sources of motivation to process a persuasive message were hereby confronted: dispositional (cognitive style) and situational (matching). Results showed a significant attitude change, but the main hypothesis was not confirmed: matched messages did not produce more argument processing activity than the mismatched. Manipulations did not have any significant effects on message processing of the high need for cognition participants. Contrary to expectations, participants low in their need for cognition elaborated the message more carefully when it was mismatched, that is when the message addressed them as persons inclined to careful thinking. Results can be explained within the framework of self-affirmation theory, which argues that providing people with an opportunity to affirm their sense of self-worth makes them more open to persuasion attempts, as well as more objective. Results are discussed from a wider theoretical and empirical perspective of motivation.

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Da li smo i mi Evropljani? Povezanost i korelati evropskog i nacionalnog identiteta

Author(s): Vladimir Mihić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2009

Researches of the correlates of the national identity are plentiful both in Serbian and foreign literature. However, in the past decade or so, a new social identity starts to make its way into the researches of the social psychologists-European identity or the sense of belonging to the Europe and the Europeans. This paper deals with the relation between national and European identity, as well as with the correlates of both of these, or one of them. The sample consisted of 451 subjects, all residents of major cities in the Vojvodina region (northern Serbia), divided into several categories-ethnicity (Serbs and Hungarians), educational level (primary and secondary school or University degree), gender and age. Several scales have been used: Cinnirela`s national and European identity scale, Collective self-esteem scale, scale measuring attitudes towards the European integration-STEIN and Social dominance orientation scale-SDO. The questionnaire with the demographic characteristics has also been the part of the instrument. The research has been conducted in 2005 and 2006 in the all of the major Vojvodinian cities. Results show the relation between national and European identity is foggy, but general conclusion is that we can observe them as independent identities. The correlates of the national identity were ethnicity, high social dominance orientation, high collective self-esteem and negative attitude towards the European integrations. Correlates of the European identity were fewer: ethnicity, positive attitude towards the European integration and low social dominance orientation.

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Valence framing of political preferences and resistance to persuasion

Author(s): Iris Žeželj,Milan Škorić,Slaven Bogdanović,Dejan Hristić,Dušan Stokić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2007

This study tested the "valence framing effect": an assumption that negatively conceptualized attitudes (as opposing the non-preferred alternative) are more resistant to later persuasion attempts. In the experiment we created choice between two political candidates and experimental subjects were led to conceptualize their political preferences in one of two possible ways: either as supporting the preferred candidate or as opposing the non-preferred candidate. The data indicate that negative preferences show less overall change when exposed to counterarguments. This finding can be incorporated in two theoretical frameworks: dual process theories of attitude change (Elaboration likelihood model) and descriptive decision making theories (Prospect theory). Results are discussed for their implications for the efficacy of political communication.

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Politics in Serbia 1990-2002: A cleavage of world views

Author(s): Bojan Todosijević / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2006

The paper analyzes socio-psychological sources of political divisions in post-communist Serbia. Following the argument that authoritarianism is intrinsically associated with the opposition to pro-democratic political change, it is hypothesized that authoritarianism is associated with the support for the former communists, and increasingly over time for radical nationalists. The data analysis utilizes three data sets, from 1990, 1996 and 2002, that is from periods that represent three crucial stages in the development of the Serbian post-communist politics. Discriminant analysis of party preferences showed that preferences for authoritarian political options and ideological orientations were tied to authoritarianism as an individual difference variable and specific socio-structural characteristics. The paper offers an interpretation of the Serbian politics throughout 1990s in terms of a cleavage of world views.

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Jedan pokušaj klasifikacije teorijskih razmatranja nacionalnog identiteta

Author(s): Jasna Milošević-Đorđević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2003

It is compulsory that complex social concepts should be defined in different ways and approached from the perspective of different science disciplines. Therefore, it is difficult to precisely define them without overlapping of meaning with other similar concepts. This paper has made an attempt towards theoretical classification of the national identity and differentiate that concept in comparison to the other related concepts (race, ethnic group, nation, national background, authoritativeness, patriarchy). Theoretical assessments are classified into two groups: ones that are dealing with nature of national identity and others that are stating one or more dimensions of national identity, crucial for its determination. On the contrary to the primordialistic concept of national identity, describing it as a fundamental, deeply rooted human feature, there are many numerous contemporary theoretical approaches (instrumentalist, constructivist, functionalistic), emphasizing changeable, fluid, instrumentalist function of the national identity. Fundamental determinants of national identity are: language, culture (music, traditional myths), state symbols (territory, citizenship), self-categorization, religion, set of personal characteristics and values.

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Ergenlerin Sosyal Görünüş Kaygisi Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Kırıkkale İli Örneği)

Author(s): Yusuf Soylu,Fatih Atik,Mehmet Öçalan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: S1/2017

This research was carried out on 335 students (170 males and 165 females) in Anatolian High School, Science High School and Sports High School in Kırıkkale. The aim of the study was to compare the social appearance anxiety levels according to gender, age, school and sporting / non-sporting variables of adolescents who did and did not perform sports. The research method was the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SSI) scale. Hart et al. (2008) developed a self-report style measure designed to measure the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral anxieties experienced by an individual about appearance. The Turkish adaptation study of the scale was carried out by Doğan (2010). The Social Appearance Anxiety Scale is a measure of 16 items. High scores from the social anxiety scale, which measures social anxiety in one dimension, indicate that the anxiety of appearance is high. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of your scale was .86 In the study, it was determined that the social appearance anxiety levels of adolescents did not show any significant difference according to age variable. It is seen that there is a significant difference according to the variables of the adolescents, gender, school and sporting/not doing.

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The Portraiture of Stockholm Syndrome: Cultural Dislocation in Phillis Wheatley’s Poetry Collection and Selected African American Texts

Author(s): Emmanuel Adeniyi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

One of the tropes that have often been glossed over in African American literature is the concept of Stockholm Syndrome. The syndrome emphasizes irrationality and abnormal psychological or mental disposition of Stockholm Syndrome sufferers towards individuals responsible for their pitiable conditions. This article examines the conception and its nexus with slavery and the use of religion (Christianity) as an ideological tool for the indoctrination or brainwashing of African slaves and their descendants in the United States of America. I argue that the syndrome, though conceived as a correlate of Freudian ego-defence mechanism, operates like a psychedelic or hallucinogenic drug which, according to Karl Marx, dulls the reasoning capacity and cerebration of the sufferers and prevents them from thinking rationally. Besides, it alters their perception of reality forcing them to accept abnormality as normality in a bid to create an escapist route for their fears, hurt feelings and pent-up wounds.

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Female 'Weight' in the Nigerian Fiction: Iyayi's ‘Violence’ and Ibezute's ‘Dance of Horror’

Author(s): Emmanuel Okereke / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This article is a masculinist examination of Festus Iyayi’s Violence and Chukwuma Ibezute’s Dance of Horror. The article despises the ideological stance of some feminists – that women are unfairly treated in society and in literature by men. It explores women’s relationship with men and contends that every woman is in control of her man and society around her. The article shows how women use marriage, love, sex, their body, social status, kitchen and cradle influence to hold men to ransom. The article, however, recommends that men should not act on their women’s unverifiable and manipulative claims. In all, the article concludes that women are oppressive and exploitative to men.

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