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Transformational Leadership and Employee Organizational Identification in Pandemic and Post‑Pandemic Contexts

Author(s): Daniela Victoria Zaharia,Andreea Mușat,Ionela Pascal / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2022

Over the years, leadership has proven to be one of the most important social factors that influence organizational performance. Leadership is even more crucial in difficult situations – such as those generated by the COVID‑19 pandemic. The present paper aimed at investigating the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational identification in both pandemic and post‑pandemic contexts. The first study, conducted in 2021 during the COVID‑19 pandemic, on 127Romanian employees, revealed a strong positive relation between transformational leadership and organizational identification. The second study, conducted in 2022 in a post‑pandemic context, on 183 Romanian employees, replicated the previous findings. Moreover, the findings of the second study revealed the mediating role of organizational identification in the relationship between transformational leadership and contextual performance.

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The potential addictive mechanism involved in repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury: The roles of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity in adolescents

Author(s): Jinmeng Liu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent in adolescents and is associated with various mental health problems. Repetitive NSSI (R-NSSI), as an extreme manifestation of NSSI, is a growing concern and has been proposed as a behavioral addiction. However, little is known about the potential addictive mechanisms of NSSI. This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of emotion dysregulation and the moderating effect of impulsivity using the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model in adolescents who repeatedly engage in NSSI. Methods: A total of 3,915 adolescents (mean age 5 13.21 years, SD 5 0.87, 57.6% male) were recruited from three middle schools. Relevant questionnaires were used to evaluate childhood maltreatment, emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, and NSSI. Mediation and moderated mediation analyses were conducted separately for adolescents with occasional NSSI (O–NSSI) and R-NSSI to assess the relationship between childhood maltreatment, emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, and NSSI frequency. Results: Our study found that childhood maltreatment was directly related to NSSI and indirectly related to NSSI through emotion dysregulation in both the R-NSSI and O–NSSI groups. Furthermore, impulsivity played a moderating role in the relationship between emotion dysregulation and NSSI in the R-NSSI group but not in the O–NSSI group. Discussion and conclusions: The findings suggest that a high level of impulsivity and a high level of emotion dysregulation may be important risk addictive factors of NSSI through childhood maltreatment. Strengthening the emotion regulation skills and inhibitory control of adolescents with NSSI would be helpful to reduce their self-injury behaviors and maintain their mental health. This finding also supports the validity of the I-PACE model for evaluating R-NSSI.

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Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) based on the clinical diagnosis of IGD in Japan

Author(s): Satoko Mihara,Yoneatsu Osaki,Aya Kinjo,Takanobu Matsuzaki,Hideki Nakayama,Takashi Kitayuguchi,Takayuki Harada,Susumu Higuchi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Although the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) has been translated into Japanese and widely used, the Japanese version has not previously been validated. We used the clinical diagnosis of IGD as a gold standard for validating the test. Methods: The Japanese version was validated using 244 gamers drawn from the general young population in Japan. Expert interviews using the Japanese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder evaluated diagnoses of Internet gaming disorder (IGD). This resulted in a diagnosis of IGD for eight individuals, categorized as the gold standard group. The screening performance of the two Japanese versions with different scoring conditions was examined: the scoring method proposed by the original study (original version) and a less stringent scoring method where responses of either “often” or “sometimes” were regarded as affirmative (modified version). Results: The results of the sensitivity and specificity analyses, the Cronbach’s alpha and the receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed a higher screening performance for the modified versus the original version. The optimum cutoff for the modified version was 5 or more – the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden’s index were 87.5, 85.2, and 72.7%, respectively. The rate of probable IGD using the original and modified versions were 1.8% and 11.3%, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: A less stringent scoring method for the Japanese version of IGDT-10 showed a higher screening performance than the original scoring method. Future studies comprising different ethnic groups and gaming cultures should further examine the suggested scoring method.

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Psychological intervention for gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author(s): Jakob W. Eriksen,Anne Fiskaali,Robert Zachariae,Kaare B. Wellnitz,Eva Oernboel,Anna W. Stenbro,Thomas Marcussen,Marie W. Petersen / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Increasingly, gambling features migrate into non-gambling platforms (e.g., online gaming) making gambling exposure and problems more likely. Therefore, exploring how to best treat gambling disorder (GD) remains important. Our aim was to review systematically and quantitatively synthesize the available evidence on psychological intervention for GD. Methods: Records were identified through searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating psychological intervention for GD via six academic databases without date restrictions until February 3, 2023. Study quality was assessed with the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2). Primary outcomes were GD symptom severity and remission of GD, summarized as Hedges’ g and odds ratios, respectively. The study was preregistered in PROSPERO (#CRD42021284550). Results: Of 5,541 records, 29 RCTs (3,083 participants analyzed) were included for meta-analysis of the primary outcomes. The efficacy of psychological intervention across modality, format and mode of delivery corresponded to a medium effect on gambling severity (g 5 0.71) and a small effect on remission (OR 5 0.47). Generally, risk of bias was high, particularly amongst early face-to-face interventions studies. Discussion and conclusions: The results indicate that psychological intervention is efficacious in treating GD, with face-to-face delivered intervention producing the largest effects and with strongest evidence for cognitive behavioral therapy. Much remains to be known about the long-term effects, and investigating a broader range of treatment modalities and digital interventions is a priority if we are to improve clinical practice for this heterogeneous patient group.

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The relationship between parenting styles and adolescent problematic Internet use: A three-level meta-analysis

Author(s): Xiang Niu,Jie-Yang Li,Daniel L. King,Detlef H. Rost,Hai-Zhen Wang,Jin-Liang Wang / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Problematic Internet use (PIU) has become a global public health problem. It has been suggested that parenting style is associated with adolescent PIU. However, the evidence in favor of this view is mixed. Based on the PRISMA method, the present study employed three-level meta-analysis approach to investigate the relationship between these two variables and further explore potential moderators. Methods: After a systematic search for published articles, 35 studies were included, reporting 171 effect sizes (N 5 40,587). Results: The results showed that positive parenting styles were significantly negatively related to PIU. This association was moderated by gender, age, publication year, and measurements of PIU, but was not by culture and measurements of parenting styles. Negative parenting styles were significantly positively related to PIU, which was moderated by publication year, culture, and sub-types of negative parenting, but not by gender, age, and measurements of both parenting styles and PIU. In addition, the correlation of PIU with negative parenting styles was stronger than that with positive parenting styles. Discussion and Conclusions: The present results demonstrated that parenting styles, especially punitive parenting styles, should be attached to more important when treating adolescent PIU.

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Addiction substitution and concurrent recovery in gambling disorder: Who substitutes and why?

Author(s): Hyoun S. Kim,Daniel S. McGrath,David C. Hodgins / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

When individuals recover from gambling disorder, their involvement in other potentially addictive substances and behaviors may also subsequently increase (substitution) or decrease (concurrent recovery). The objectives of this study were to identify and compare recovery processes associated with substitution and concurrent recovery in gambling disorder. Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted with 185 people who were recovered from gambling disorder. Semi-structured interviews were used to: (i) establish onset and recovery of gambling disorder as well as other substance and behavioral addictions; and (ii) assess processes (e.g., reasons, emotional state, helpfulness) associated with addiction substitution and concurrent recovery. Participants also completed a survey assessing demographic characteristics, gambling behaviors, and psychological characteristics to compare demographic and clinical differences between participants who engaged in addiction substitution, concurrent recovery, or neither (controls). Results: The most frequently reported reason for engaging in addiction substitution was as a substitute coping mechanism. The most reported reason for engaging in concurrent recovery was due to the addictions being mutually influenced. Negative emotional states were common when engaging in both addiction substitution and concurrent recovery. Although the three groups did not differ on gambling characteristics, addiction substitution was associated with greater underlying vulnerabilities including childhood adversity, impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and, maladaptive coping skills. Conclusion: Transdiagnostic treatments that target the underlying mechanisms of addictions may reduce the likelihood of engaging in addiction substitution.

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Electronic gaming machine accessibility and gambling problems: A natural policy experiment

Author(s): Alex M.T. Russell,Matthew Browne,Nerilee Hing,Matthew J. Rockloff,Philip W. S. Newall,Nicki A. Dowling,Stephanie S. Merkouris,Daniel L. King,Matthew Stevens,Anne H. Salonen,Helen Breen,Nancy Greer,Hannah Thorne,Tess Visintin,Vijay Rawat,Linda Woo / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are one of the most harmful forms of gambling at an individual level. It is unclear whether restriction of EGM functions and accessibility results in meaningful reductions in population-level gambling harm. Methods: A natural policy experiment using a large (N 5 15,000) national dataset weighted to standard population variables was employed to compare estimates of gambling problems between Australian residents in Western Australia (WA), where EGMs are restricted to one venue and have different structural features, to residents in other Australian jurisdictions where EGMs are widely accessible in casinos, hotels and clubs. Accessibility of other gambling forms is similar across jurisdictions. Results: Gambling participation was higher in WA, but EGM participation was approximately half that of the rest of Australia. Aggregate gambling problems and harm were about one-third lower in WA, and self-reported attribution of harm from EGMs by gamblers and affected others was 2.73 and 43 lower, respectively. Mediation analyses found that less frequent EGM use in WA accounted for the vast majority of the discrepancy in gambling problems (indirect path 5 0.055, 95% CI 0.071; 0.038). Moderation analyses found that EGMs are the form most strongly associated with problems, and the strength of this relationship did not differ significantly across jurisdictions. Discussion: Lower harm from gambling in WA is attributable to restricted accessibility of EGMs, rather than different structural features. There appears to be little transfer of problems to other gambling forms. These results suggest that restricting the accessibility of EGMs substantially reduces gambling harm.

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The effects of emotional working memory training on internet use, impulsivity, risky decision-making, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in young adults with problematic use of the internet: A preliminary randomized controlled trial study in

Author(s): Seyed Javad Emadi Chashmi,Fatemeh Shahrajabian,Jafar Hasani,Marc N. Potenza,Daria J. Kuss,Fahimeh Hakima / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Considering adverse correlates of problematic use of internet use (PUI), the present study evaluated an intervention aimed at PUI and several putative underpinnings. Methods: A randomized controlled trial study investigated the efficacy of emotional working memory training (eWMT) in improving impulsivity, risky decision-making, and cognitive emotion-regulation (CER) strategies among individuals with PUI in comparison with a placebo group. Young adults (N 5 36) with PUI were either trained for 20 sessions in an n-back dual emotional task (eWMT; n 5 18) or a feature-matching task (placebo; n 5 18). Results: Twenty continuous sessions of eWMT significantly improved participants’ impulsivity, risky decision-making, CER, internet use and PUI symptoms in the short term, compared to the placebo condition. Discussion: These preliminary results suggest that eWMT may constitute a promising intervention for PUI and improving cognitive and emotional functioning, and larger, longer studies are warranted.

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Treating internet use disorders via the internet? Results of a two-armed randomized controlled trial

Author(s): Karina Bernstein,Michael P. Schaub,Harald Baumeister,Matthias Berking,David Daniel Ebert,Anna-Carlotta Zarski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Internet Use Disorders (IUDs) are emerging as a societal challenge. Evidencebased treatment options are scarce. Digital health interventions may be promising to deliver psychological treatment to individuals with IUDs directly in their online setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a digital health intervention for IUDs compared to a waitlist control group (WCG). Methods: In a two-armed randomized controlled trial, N 5 130 individuals showing IUDs (Internet Addiction Test; IAT ≥49) were randomly allocated to the intervention group (IG; n 5 65) or WCG (n 5 65). The intervention consisted of 7 sessions based on cognitive behavioral therapy. The primary outcome was IUD symptom severity measured via the IAT at post treatment 7 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes included IUD symptoms (Compulsive Internet Use Scale; CIUS), quality of life, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and other psychosocial variables associated with IUDs. Results: Participants were on average 28.45 years old (SD 5 10.59) and 50% identified as women, 49% as men, and 1% as non-binary. The IG (n 5 65) showed significantly less IUD symptom severity (IAT) (d 5 0.54, 95% CI 0.19–0.89) and symptoms (d 5 0.57, 95% CI 0.22–0.92) than the WCG (n 5 65) at post-treatment. Study attrition was 20%. Effects on all other secondary outcomes were not significant. On average, participants completed 67.5% of the intervention. Discussion and Conclusions: A digital health intervention could be a promising first step to reduce IUD symptom severity.

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Confidence and risky decision-making in gambling disorder

Author(s): Monja Hoven,Alejandro Hirmas,Jan Engelmann,Ruth J. van Holst / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

People with Gambling Disorder (GD) often make risky decisions and experience cognitive distortions about gambling. Moreover, people with GD have been shown to be overly confident in their decisions, especially when money can be won. Here we investigated if and how the act of making a risky choice with varying monetary stakes impacts confidence differently in patients with GD (n 5 27) relative to healthy controls (HCs) (n 5 30). Methods: We used data from our previous mixed-gamble study, in which participants were given the choice of a certain option or a 50/50 gamble with potential gains or losses, after which they rated their confidence. Results: While HCs were more confident when making certain than risky choices, GD patients were specifically more confident when making risky choices than certain choices. Notably, relative to HCs, confidence of patients with GD decreased more strongly with higher gain values when making a certain choice, suggesting a stronger fear of missing out or “anticipated regret” of missing out on potential gains when rejecting the risky choice. Discussion: The current findings highlight the potential relevance of confidence and “regret” as cognitive mechanisms feeding into excessive risk-taking as seen in GD. Moreover, this study adds to the limited previous work investigating how confidence is affected in value-based risky contexts.

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Ready or Not? Examining Acceptance and Fears of Robots in the Labor Market: A Survey of a Polish Sample

Author(s): Konrad Maj,Kacper Sawicki,Karol Samson / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The purpose of the study is to assess attitudes toward robots among a Polish sample (N = 1044) using a series of questions focused on their perceptions within the labor market. Based on previous research, higher concerns toward and lower acceptance of robots were predicted for women, people performing manual and manual work, and people who are not familiar with robotics. The hypotheses were only partially confirmed. Orientation in the field of robotics is conducive to greater acceptance of the presence of robots in trust works professions. Unexpectedly, it turned out that people who declared performing physical work, compared to people performing other types of tasks, have a more affirmative attitude to the participation of robots in customer service occupations and to accept the autonomy of the robot to a higher degree. The results also showed that women are more concerned about the increased presence of robots in the labour market and less accepting of the replacement of humans by robots and the greater autonomy of intelligent machines. In addition, the analysis revealed that people with more knowledge in the field of robotics declare greater acceptance of the autonomous work of robots and in terms of replacing people with robots in the work environment, they also have fewer concerns about the market situation compared to those who do not consider themselves knowledgeable in this area.

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TOK STRAHA

Author(s): Miroslava Trajkovski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2022

The text will suggest that our emotional life is one continuous stream of active and passive fear. The argumentation is based on different insights about fear presented by Angelo Mosso and Carl Georg Lange in particular. Specifically, Mosso shows that increased circulation occurs after fear ceases, while Lange links anger and joy to increased circulation, showing that these two emotions are physiologically close. At the same time, Lange argues that sadness is physiologically close to fear because it is characterized by weakened circulation. On the other hand, there is an evolutionary connection between fear and anger. The text presents the idea that fear is the only basic emotion, and that other emotions are modifications of fear, hence the title „The Stream of Fear” inspired by William James’s description of our mental life as one continuous „stream of consciousness”.

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LE BONOVA PSIHOLOGIJA GOMILE I POSTISTINA

Author(s): Duško Prelević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

The phenomenon of post-truth, in which truth (or facts or the best scientific evidence) is brushed aside in public debates, has recently caught the eye of many philosophers, who typically see it as a threat to deliberative democracy. In this paper, it is argued that Gustave Le Bon’s remarks on crowd psychology, which had been very popular in past (and brushed aside later on), might be relevant for a better understanding of psychological mechanisms that lead to post-truth. According to Le Bon, crowds are often irrational, whereas those who try to convince them to do something should use specific techniques of persuasion, such as affirmation, repetition, contagion and prestige, of which the last one can be undermined either by fiasco (the fastest way), or by critique (a bit slower, but nonetheless effective way). It is the age of posttruth that goes towards the neutralization of any critique (Le Bon himself considered such neutralization devastating for democratic societies), which has been, according to some authors, affected to a great extent by technological innovations in media, such as social media that some authors consider anti-social due to their negative impact on society. I argue that Le Bon’s insights might be useful to members of scientific and philosophical community in their attempts to eliminate the spreading of quasi-scientific views in public discourse.

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NIVOI SELEKCIJE I EVOLUCIJA INDIVIDUALNOSTI

Author(s): Eva Kamerer / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

In this article I will analyze the transfer of fitness during the major transitions in evolution and its place in the multilevel selection models. The aim of the analysis is to show how social evolution can explain the evolutionary transitions in individuality.

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PREDICTORI AI COMPORTAMENTULUI SOCIOPAT

Author(s): Daniela Nicoleta Botone / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 51/2023

The present study is a descriptive, exploratory approach, which aims to carry out a short conceptual analysis for the main predictors that describe the criminal behavior of the sociopathic type. Among them, in addition to the favorable environment, the authors describe the presence of the weapon in the criminal's social environment, considered one of the most important predictors of the development of sociopathic behavior. Added to this is the existence of defense mechanisms specific to the sociopathic personality.

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DO NARCISSISTS PLAY SOLO? DIFFERENCES IN SELF-EFFICACY AND NARCISSISM AMONG BAND AND SOLO MUSICIANS

Author(s): WERONIKA MOLIŃSKA,Joanna Rajchert,Marta Bodecka-Zych / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The following study focuses on individual differences between musicians who play solo (performing individually or as leaders), and musicians performing as part of a chamber ensemble, band, choir, orchestra, etc. We predicted that soloists would be higher on grandiose narcissism and self-efficacy. The results showed that soloists (n = 59) not only were higher on narcissism, but also had higher self-efficacy scores than musicians who perform in ensembles (n = 65). However, soloist and band players are not different in narcissism and self-efficacy when the other trait is controlled, which indicates that common features of both traits differentiate solo and band musicians. Resultsraise further questions on what factors affect the development of a musician’s career path.

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EMOTIONAL MATURITY IN PRE-TEENS

Author(s): Elena LOSÎI / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 36/2024

In this article are presented the results of experimental research which included 100 preadolescents from 11 to 16 ages with aim to identify the particularities of emotional maturity development. Knowing the facts that preadolescents are learning to recognize, control and express their emotions, establishing the authentic relationship with themselves and others we proposed to study the dynamic of emotional maturity during the whole preadolescent age and its manifestation according to gender variable. The obtained results show that 17% of preadolescents have a good level of emotional maturity and only for 4% of preadolescents are characteristic a perfect level of emotional maturity, and also, we established that exists statistic significative differences in emotional maturity according to age and gender.

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SPEKTRUM CZYNNIKÓW OCHRONY PRZED RYZYKIEM ZACHOWAŃ PRZESTĘPCZYCH

Author(s): Piotr Boćko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

Given the extensive potential for risk factors, the article's attention to both clinical intervention and risk management offers a critical synthesis of what is known about risk factors for offending. The article provides a critical review of knowledge on protective factors. In particular, the identification of 'natural' protective factors can be used to guide prevention programmes from childhood and to formulate responses to adolescent risk. Investigating the sources of vulnerability and resilience is a promising area of research to improve prevention and identify the impact of risk factors, while aiming to improve individuals at risk of offending.

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Luc Boltanski, Arnaud Esquerre, Qu’est ce que l’actualité politique? Evénements et opinions au XXIe siècle

Author(s): Mihai Dinu Gheorghiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 49/2022

Review of: Luc Boltanski, Arnaud Esquerre, Qu’est ce que l’actualité politique? Evénements et opinions au XXIe siècle, Gallimard, Paris, 2022

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Mecanisme cognitive implicate în acceptarea teoriilor conspiraţioniste

Author(s): Gerard Stan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 50/2022

Omnipresent in the contemporary media landscape, conspiracy theories are defensive epistemic reactions of an in group, determined by the threat of so called malevolent actions by an out group. The acceptance of conspiracy beliefs involves cognitive mechanisms, ego protection mechanisms, social mechanisms and, certain mechanisms of public communication. The main purpose of this article is to explain the cognitive mechanisms, conscious and unconscious, involved in the acceptance of conspiracy theories. Even if it is impossible to isolate a dedicated cognitive mechanism, I argue that the fixation of conspiratorial beliefs results from the alignment of cognitive dysfunctions, favored by socio historical contexts that generate uncertainty. I examine how some cognitive biases, but also several parameters of conscious and intentional cognition – the need for uncertainty reduction, the intentional and conscious search for patterns, the need for cognitive closure, the need for cognitive complexity, and the need for unfalsifiable explanations – determines the motivated reasoning that is constitutive of a conspiracy theory. Finally, I argue against under standing conspiracy theories as epistemic indicators of a so called intellectual and social collapse of humanity. A small number of subjects who accept conspiracy theories end up being subjugated by the conspiracy ideation and acting on it.

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