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Sector of Nuclear Energy in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Tomáš Vlček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Belarus is a land locked country bordering with Russian Federation, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. Belarus declared independence at the end of the WWI just to be occupied by Soviet troops shortly after and eventually incorporated to USSR as Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1919. After the Russian-Polish war the country was divided between these two states. The USSR has taken back the Polish part in 1939 and Belarus was not an independent state until July 1990 when Republic of Belarus was created. In 1994, Alexander Lukashenko was elected president of Belarus; he was reelected again for the second term (2001-2006), the third term (2006-2011) and also the fourth term (2011-2016). The election process especially for the fourth term had been criticized as flawed by most EU and OSCE countries. As a result, Lukashenko and his associates are forbidden to travel to EU member countries. Belarus is also very well known for his authoritative leadership (sometimes called as Europe's last dictatorship), oppression and corruption.

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Activities of Rosatom in Asia

Author(s): Hedvika Koďousková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As far as civil nuclear power development is concerned, we identified several diverse groups of players in the Asian market: a) mature countries with their nuclear technology and services export programs (e.g. Japan, South Korea, newly followed by China); b) countries which operate nuclear power plants, but had otherwise limited participation in nuclear sector due to being outside of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (India until 2008, Pakistan); c) newcomers to the sector, who decided to address their rapidly growing energy demand by developing their nuclear power-generating capacity (e.g. Vietnam, Bangladesh, etc.).

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Usporedba nekada i sada - Zašto je Položaj radničke klase u Engleskoj nakon 175 godina u mnogočemu aktualna kritika današnjice

Author(s): Maroje Višić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Author revisits Engels’ study The Condition of the Working Class in England on the occasion of Engels’ 200th anniversary of birth. I examine and compare similarities of what was written 175 ago with contemporaneity. In this endeavour I rely on the same sources as Engels did: newspapers articles, official documents, reports, statistics and scientific studies. Hence the comparison can be made through examining topics such as: precariat and proletariat, migrants and their contribution to the functioning of (neo)capitalism, pregnancy and maternity discrimination, accommodation of workers and working conditions, housing and living conditions, the impact of the technological principle on the architecture and design of cities and districts, starvation and food insecurity and through artificial division of working and leisure time. I do not argue that things have remained completely unchanged. However, my examination reveals that in spite of the advancement in the past 175 years, same conditions that Engels described prevail mutatis mutandis today.

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INDIVIDUALISM SI COLECTIVISM – TEORII, METODE ȘI APLICAȚII

Author(s): Marilena Doncean / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The connotations of the term individualism have been debated many time throughout history, giving it a wide range of meanings, more vague or more precise, depending on those who use it - historians, writers, anthropologists, philosophers of social sciences, politics or political theorists. Each gave it its own meaning and thus integrated it into their work. The promoters of individualism have as their ultimate goal the individual goals and desires, in other words, individualism is the opposite of holism, collectivism, totalitarianism, which support the community objectives of society. The last part of the twentieth century was the period when neoclassical market policies began to dominate the globe. This was due to two series of major events: the crisis of the welfare state and the fall of communism. The triumphalist spirit of this age, present in works such as Francis Fukuyama's "The End of History and the Last Man" was the New Spirit of the New Age. The term individualism was the one that best captured this spirit better than any other.

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PARALELE IZMEĐU ZAVNOBIHOVSKOG I VREMENA KOJE ŽIVIMO

Author(s): Slavo Kukić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

ZAVNOBiH is an expression of the desire of the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina to live in freedom, as their own, in a community in which decisions about their lives will not be made by other but by themselves only. And that is exactly why ZAVNOBiH could have been the instigator of both the nationwide gathering under the same flag and the nationwide enthusiasm, both in the whirlwinds of the National Liberation War and after it. Actually, with the third session, ZAVNOBiH ended its life by transferring its competencies to peacetime government institutions. However, the spirit of enthusiasm it produced did not diminish in these institutions either, at least for the first twenty or so post-war years. In support of this, after all, there are the statistics - the achieved rates of economic growth, according to which Yugoslavia, and with it Bosnia and Herzegovina, of course, was at the very top of the world, then the achieved rates of employment, trends in gross domestic product, achievements in education and health and many other indicators. Have the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina forgotten the values on the wings of which the war-torn country of the 1940s and 1950s was rebuilt, from which youth work actions were fed, which radiated love instead of hatred? On an emotional level, I’m not ready to believe that. In reality, however, it is possible to mark the details that most seriously warn - not only today but all the years of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s social and political transition.

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ZAVNOBIH I PROBLEM SOCIJALISTIČKOG FEDERALIZMA

Author(s): Asim Mujkić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

The crucial task of the Third Assembly of the Anti-Fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZAVNOBiH) was to create a framework for the establishment of further development of Bosnia and Herzegovina as federal Unit. This assembly resulted in the important acts for Bosnia and Herzegovina as a member of Yugoslav Federation such as the constitution of the first Peoples Assembly, and the Law on People’s Government based on which, two days later, April 28, 1945. the first People’s Government had been formed, etc. However, one important question remains – what kind of federation was Yugoslav socialist one? Socialist Yugoslavia looked after Soviet federation as its model which, in scientific literature, could best be described as ethnoterritorial federalism. So Yugoslavia was simultaneously understood as the federation of its peoples and its republics in which its peoples practiced their sovereign rights. Based on this double approach, the two interpretations of Yugoslav federalism developed in time: the unitary-centrist one which considered the borders of republics as administrative, and the republican-federalist one which considered republics as sovereign national states. There was also a third variant of socialist federalism developed during 1970’s – the socialist self-management federalism which delegated the political subjectivity down to the level of individual enterprises and local communities designed to undermine nationalist interpretation, but it failed to be implemented due to already strengthened etatisms. These federalist dilemmas were especially fatal for Bosnia and Herzegovina which could not have been constituted as national republic-state.

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Historiografska literatura i izvori o Bihaćkoj Krajini u dvadesetom vijeku, objavljeni od 2000. do 2017.

Author(s): Jasna Pašić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

In the historiography on the Bihać region (Bosnian: Bihaćka Krajina) and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which refers to the history of the 20th century, in recent years there have been some changes in terms of interest of scientists and researchers on specific topics, as well as in scientific and methodological approach used in their processing. When it comes to topics of interest in scientific circles, from the Second World War to the 1990s, previous studies that emerged during that period mainly covered topics related to World War II and emphasized the role of this area in the Yugoslav war history and sociopolitical and cultural changes after the war. In the last nearly two decades, examining the recent historiographical literature, we can conclude that the Bihać area is partially represented in the literature whose broader thematic frameworks relate to the period of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina and treat social history such as urban development, trade, bey land holdings and military-political history from the occupation in 1878 to the end of World War I, as well as the original cartographic material. Although the Bihać area is not a narrow research topic in this case, it should be emphasized that its representation can be a very important avenue for future researchers, in the broad contextualization of microhistorical subjects, since they are works that certainly represent historiography characterized by an objective research orientation and professional analytical-interpretative approach. From the narrow frameworks for the Bihać region in the Austro-Hungarian period, we can conclude that the topics of education and culture dominate, while local history in other areas is rather neglected. From the interwar period we have several articles that have contributed to a closer acquaintance with the religious and cultural circumstances in the Cazin region (Bosnian: Cazinska Krajina), the way of life and the specifics of agrarian reform. For the period of the Second World War, two books have been singled out, whose authors treat unexplored thematic areas and go beyond the current scientific and methodological approach in the study of this topic, while in the socialist period two events have been singled out, The Cazin rebellion (Bosnian: Cazinska buna) and the Agrokomerc affair (Bosnian: Afera agrokomerc), which have attracted the attention of scientific and professional public as well as the participants who shared their memories. The Cazin rebellion has to this day maintained its attention in the historiographical research of Vera Kržišnik-Bukić, who has made an important contribution to the overall presentation of this event, while some authors and participants have recently updated some issues within the Cazin rebellion with the research of smaller scale and published memory.

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EUROPEAN UNION HEALTH SYSTEMS AND RESPONSES TO THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

Author(s): Jasmina Selimović,Velma Pijalović,Tea Mioković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There is no doubt that the overall health of the population is the area of a special social concern of a state, hence, this concern is most often expressed through complex systems of healthcare insurance. Having in mind the fundamental social significance of the healthcare system, debates pertaining to its functioning and efficiency have been ubiquitously present all around the globe. The importance of scientific and practical research in the healthcare area are becoming particularly important in the unfavorable economic conditions as have been present in the most of the World’s countries during and after the 2007 economic crisis. Considering the severity of the crisis, many of the countries have been facing the need for a revision of their health systems in order to assure sustainability of their healthcare in newly arisen, adverse and uncertain financial reality. Additionally, although the healthcare systems can be grouped and attributed to a certain model, we must not neglect the fact that healthcare systems are different from state to state and that they are under a strong influence of history, tradition, political system, economy and national values of every state. Because of this, it has not been possible to offer a single set of universally efficient measures for tackling the crisis’ repercussions on healthcare systems. In this paper we analyze the responses implemented by European Union countries in the light of the most recent economic crisis, deemed unprecedented in the Union since its establishment.

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CHINA’S INFLUENCE IN THE SWEDISH INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Viking Bohman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sweden provides one of the most striking examples of the Chinese government’s ‘wolf warrior diplomacy’. Between 2018 and 2021, the Chinese Embassy in Stockholm was engaged in an intense campaign of public criticism and threats against media outlets, journalists, human rights activists, scholars, politicians and authorities. The campaign targeted media reporting and policy decisions described as biased against China. Meanwhile, Sino-Swedish relations deteriorated, Swedish media reporting became more critical, and Swedish public opinion on China plummeted. Points of contention include China’s treatment of Gui Minhai, a Swedish citizen imprisoned in China, and more recently, the decision to exclude the Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE from some parts of Swedish 5G telecommunications networks.

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ODG politike u Evropi. Sinteza

Author(s): César Bîrzéa / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Tokom kasnih 90-tih, jedan od rezultata aktivnosti Savjeta Evrope u polju obrazovanja je bilo Obrazovanje za demokratsko građanstvo (ODG), koje je postalo zajednički cilj obrazovnih politika u Evropi. Dva glavna dokumenta politike rada su označile taj trend: • Rezolucija usvojena na Konferenciji ministara obrazovanja (Krakov, 15.-17. oktobar 2000. godine); • Preporuka (2002)12 Komiteta ministara državama članicama o Obrazovanju za demokratsko građanstvo (usvojena od strane Komiteta Ministara Savjeta Evrope 16. oktobra 2002. godine). Oba dokumenta naglašavaju centralnu ulogu ODG-a u obrazovnim politikama i reformama. U tom smislu, Preporuka Komiteta ministara je prilično jasna: u zavisnosti od specifičnog konteksta svakog obrazovnog sistema, preporučljivo je načiniti ODG «prioritetnim ciljem u kreiranju obrazovnih politika i reformi».

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Regionalna studija za zapadnu Evropu

Author(s): David Kerr / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Ovo je sinteza detaljnog izvještaja o kreiranju politika ODG-o (Obrazovanje za demokratsko građanstvo) za region zapadne Evrope. Sinteza i izvještaj su dio Sveevropske studije o ODG politikama Savjeta Evrope. Sinteza pruža kratak pregled: • ključnih karakteristika razvoja ODG politike u regionu zapadne Evrope; • glavnih izazova sa kojima se mora suočiti ako se želi postići djelotvornija implementacija ODG-o u regionu. Region zapadne Evrope se sastoji od deset država članica, grupisanih na ovaj način zbog same studije. Države članice su: Austrija, Belgija (zajednice koje govore francuski i flamanski), Francuska, Njemačka (obuhvata 16 odvojenih država ili Länder), Irska, Lihtenštajn, Luksemburg, Holandija, Švajcarska (obuhvata 26 odvojenih kantona) i Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo (UK obuhvata četiri odvojene nacije u Velikoj Britaniji – Engleska, Škotska, Vels i Sjeverna Irska).

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Regionalna sinteza za Istočnu Evropu

Author(s): Isak Froumin / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Sedam zemalja čine istočnoevropsku sekciju u Sveevropskoj studiji o ODG-u. To su: Jermenija, Azerbejdžen, Bjelorusija, Gruzija, Moldavija, Ruska Federacija, i Ukrajina. Ove zemlje imaju mnoge zajedničke političke, socijalne i kulturne karakteristike, zbog njihovog nasljeđa kao bivših republika Sovjetskog Saveza. Ipak, nakon dvanaest godina samostalnog razvitka, karakteristike njihovih političkih sistema su postale vrlo različite. Svaka od ovih zemalja tvrdi da izgrađuje demokratsko društvo i tržišnu ekonomiju. Sve ove zemlje, ipak, još uvijek prolaze kroz proces dramatičnih socijalnih i ekonomskih promjena. Ovaj proces stvara dinamično i nestabilno okruženje za uvođenje struktura i sadržaja građanskog obrazovanja.

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PORICANJE GENOCIDA DOVODI DO NOVIH LAŽI, NOVIH OBMANA I BUDUĆIH GREŠAKA

Author(s): Roy Gutman / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Interview with Roy Gutman

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The Application of Sovereign Bond Spreads and the Development of the Stock Market on GDP Prediction: The Case of Visegrad Group

Author(s): Jana Hvozdenská / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The yield curve – specifically the spread between the long term and the short term interest rates is a valuable forecasting tool. It is simple to use and significantly outperforms other financial and macroeconomic indicators in predicting recessions one to six quarters ahead. A rise in the short rate tends to flatten the yield curve as well as to slow down real growth the near term. The relationship between the spread and future GDP activity was proved already before. For better predictions it is good to use other overtaking indicators of economic activity as the development of the stock market. This paper aims to analyze the dependence between the slope of the yield curve, development of the stock market and an economic activity of selected countries between the years 2000 and 2016. The selected countries are the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. The natural and probably the most popular measure of economic growth is GDP growth, taken quarterly. We have found out that the bond spreads and stock market development might be used for predicting of the future economic activity, the best lags of bond spreads are 2, 4 or 5 quarters. These findings might be beneficial for investors and provide further evidence of the potential usefulness of the yield curve spreads as indicators of the future economic activity.

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Azerbaijan-Armenia Relations in Historical Context: Periods and Dynamics

Author(s): Farahila Babayeva-Shukurova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Soviet Union is one of the old political forces that coerced or voluntarily held together ethnic or religious origins. It is a power that has left a very deep history in its past. The bipolar system in the world came to an end after the Cold War. After this situation, ethnic conflicts increased and spread to the Soviet Union in the 1980s and caused great repercussions in the world (Aslanlı, 2013). Conflicts occurring in the world have been a threat to security. These conflicts resulted in disintegration and in the early 1990s, the USSR was replaced by 15 new independent republics at the end of 1991 (İbadov, 2007).

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Avrupa Birliği-Türkiye İlişkilerinde İş Birliği ve Çatışma Alanı Olarak Suriyeli Sığınmacılar Meselesi

Author(s): İrem ALGEDİK,Pelin Aliyev / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

1945’te yerle bir olan Avrupa’nın tekrar toparlanması ve ayağa kalkmasında kömür ve çeliği kilit unsurlar olarak gören anlayışın güçlü savunucularından biri olan Fransız Dışişleri Bakanı Robert Schuman’ın öncülüğünde hazırlanan Schuman Planı kapsamında Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, Belçika, Hollanda ve Lüksemburg’un katılımı ile 1952 yılında AKÇT (Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Topluluğu) kurulmuştu (Goldstein ve Pevehouse, 2017: 460-461). Bugünkü AB (Avrupa Birliği) ise AKÇT’nin kurulmasıyla yarım asırdan fazla bir süre önce başlayan bir sürecin sonucu olarak görülmektedir (Pinder ve Usherwood, 2018: 1).

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BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA NA PUTU KA NEZAVISNOSTI: PRAVNI IZAZOVI I ISKUŠENJA (1991‒1992)

Author(s): Sead Bandžović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Ever since Tito’s death in 1980, the socialist Yugoslavia was going through difficult political, economic, and social temptations, involving ample domestic and international actors, along with the accompanying consequences of the era change of on a global level. The Yugoslav state crisis should be observed in a broader context which will provide a more complete answer. The remaining two fundamental pillars of the Yugoslav federation – Yugoslav Communist Party (SKJ) and Yugoslav National Army (JNA) ‒ were undermined in early 90’. The then republics’ elites, guided by partial interests, mutually confronted to one another, were not ready to adequately face the challenges of democratization that captured the Eastern euripi following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The Yugoslav republics took numerous legal steps towards strengthening their own sovereignty. The crisis culminated in 1991 with the separation of Slovenia and Croatia from Yugoslavia, and the armed conflicts that followed. Confronted with the new legal and political surrounding, Bosnia and Herzegovina also began with the revival of its independence. This path proved to be extremely difficult and challenging, mainly due to the revived great-Serbian and great-Croatian attempts to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina, particularly expressed in 1991 during the negotiations between Slobodan Milošević, president of Serbia, and Franjo Tuđman, president of Croatia. In early days, these plans, with a strong support of regime affiliated media from Belgrade and Zagreb, manifested in form of numerous obstructions in the operation of the highest authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, promotion of a thesis that Bosnia and Herzegovina cannot survive as an independent political entity, establishment of illegal Serb communities of municipalities and regions, and then Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croat ones in form of regional communities, whereby the most significant one was Herzeg Bosnia. In such complex circumstances, and in line with the recommendations of the Badinter’s Commission, referendum on independence was organized in 1992, when the citizens firmly voted in favor of independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Community recognized Bosnia and Herzegovina on 6th of April, while the USA did it on the following day. In conditions of aggression and four year long war destruction, a new chapter in legal and state development of Bosnia and Herzegovina began.

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Suvremena iskustva i rezultati suodnosa hrvatske i srbijanske historiografije (Dijalog povjesničara / istoričara)

Author(s): Igor Graovac / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

After the collapse of the second Yugoslavia all the official bonds that Croatian historiography had with other former Yugoslav historiographies were broken. Still, the cooperation among historians was soon renewed, especially between Croatian and Serbian historians through participation on the international scholarly conferences called Dijalog povjesničara / istoričara (Dialogue among historians) organized by Foundation Friedrich Naumann. During eight years (1998-2005) the foundation organized 10 conferences, and published the conference proceedings. These conferences managed to gather 165 participants (from twelve different countries), who delivered their papers and worked in the form of workgroups. The most important part of these conferences is the fact that they were organized without any political influence, though many participants emphasized idea of international and internal reconciliation project. However, this reconciliation does not include political reconciliation but only reconciliation with the past. Throughout the years, these conferences showed that historians from both countries can cooperate and exchange ideas without any significant problem but only in the framework of a scholarly dialogue.

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Státy východní dimenze Evropské politiky sousedství v české zahraniční politice

Author(s): Petra Cibulková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

České předsednictví Rady Evropské unie (EU) v první polovině roku 2009 a zahájení Východního partnerství jako jedné z jeho hlavních priorit zvýšily pozornost, kterou česká zahraniční politika do té doby věnovala zemím východní Evropy.1 Po skončení předsednictví EU a v souvislosti s vnitropolitickou situací (pádem vlády a přípravou parlamentních voleb původně plánovaných na podzim 2009) zahraničněpolitická témata výrazně ustoupila do pozadí. Vývoj české zahraniční politiky a bilaterálních vztahů se zeměmi východní dimenze Evropské politiky sousedství (ENP) ve druhé polovině roku 2009 nicméně naznačoval, že tento region si své místo mezi českými prioritami zachová. Rok 2010, včetně nových koncepčních dokumentů relevantních pro zahraniční politiku ČR, ukazují, že Česká republika považuje projekt Východního partnerství a posílení vztahů s jeho účastnickými zeměmi za důležitou součást nejen své, ale i evropské „východní politiky“.

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Subsaharská Afrika v české zahraniční politice

Author(s): Ondřej Horký / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Loňské vydání této řady analýz afrického rozměru české zahraniční politiky označilo předchozí rok za „nejrušnější od roku 1993“ v historii vzájemných vztahů se subsaharskou Afrikou. Rok 2009 také označilo za „nadějný“ z hlediska naplňování koncepce Příprava strategické debaty o přístupu ČR k Africe. Zároveň ale bylo v kapitole zdůrazněno, že přes mimořádnost předsednictví v Radě Evropské unie zůstává subsaharská Afrika i nadále na okraji české politické scény: „Může se totiž stát, že postupný proces evropeizace zahraničněpolitické agendy povede v rámci dělby práce k dalšímu posílení východního a jihovýchodního rozměru české zahraniční politiky na úkor vztahů se subsaharskou Afrikou.“ Rok 2010 tento trend potvrdil.

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