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Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts

Author(s): Florian Râpan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The changes that have taken place internally and internationally in the last decades inthe political, economic and military field have led to contradictory and surprising evolutions.Of all the mentioned areas, the military one has perhaps suffered the most spectaculartransformations, which have involved reorientations, re-evaluations and reorganisations inthe system of planning and developing military actions. The so-called declarations of warhave disappeared. Humanitarian reasons, the democratisation of the target state or the fightagainst terrorism are increasingly brought into the discussion. In some situations, internationalorganisations are the ones that take the diplomatic initiative. The analysis of the unfolding ofthe military conflicts in the post-war period highlights the increased weight of the technicalscientificfactor in determining the ratio of forces and implicitly in achieving the imbalancethat leads to obvious asymmetric effects. All military conflicts, without exception, during thisperiod, were influenced to a great extent by the technological ascendancy over the means ofconducting military actions. The wars of the last decades are good examples in this regard. Thearticle wants to emphasise the fact that, under the present conditions, the disproportionatewar is not only a consequence but also a project of the states in conflict.

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Formalising Information Warfare

Formalising Information Warfare

Author(s): Alin-George Ionescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Is Information Warfare a modern-day reality or just a theme for theoretical and abstractdebate? The evolution of humankind into the information society generated the premisesfor the development of methods specific to Information Warfare based on the advance ofinformation technology in all domains. Super-powers included information-related aspectsof warfare in documents that govern their national security. The following paper offersa theoretical approach to this subject. While it highlights the lack of doctrinal referencesand conceptualisation, it also gives a possible representation of the way state actors andorganisations can act under the auspices of Information Warfare and briefly evaluates thepotential objectives involved by the steps taken towards action.

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Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats

Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats

Author(s): Florin Stafi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The hybrid forms of manifestation of war characteristics are difficult to counteract, to analyse and almost impossible to anticipate. The interactions being macro-systemic, all the architectural components of a state’s security must calibrate their resources to design adapted reactions. Therefore, each component is required to self-evaluate its critical functions, and at the same time, to determine its own vulnerabilities in front of a two-faced enemy. The identification of threat levels in emerging of air technologies is also the attribute of the anti-aircraft fire system, due to an important functionality in the multi-dimensional battlefield. Therefore, in an extremely complex equation of a different type of war, the specialised components of the anti-aircraft response will vectorially redefine their force instruments, concentrating their effort to create synergy in effects. Accepting the hybridisation of war must transcend the Clausewitzian symmetrical classicism, especially since, in many ways, the forms and methods of manifestation are not new. It remains, however, to accept that the appropriate reaction to such a possible war can only be achieved through a complex understanding of the phenomenon, beyond the restrictive barriers of previous tactic or strategy.

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Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy

Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy

Author(s): Alexandru Pintili,Marian Stefan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

To show interest in an area that appears to be under the influence and interests of others, the Russian Federation had to move away from the old paradigms and build viable strategies, not necessarily new ones, in order to achieve the surprise. At first glance, the plan implemented by the Russian Federation seems to be something new, elaborate, innovative and carefully crafted. Partly this is true, we can talk about a rebranding strategy, but if we look closely at the strategies that are being addressed, we see the same attempts validated by the past experiences. We notice the same way of active involvement in others’ problems, without being in contradiction with historical actions, now fighting on the same front with the old enemy of the frozen period, melted not so long ago and having, which is surprising for all analysts, the same invoked enemy: terrorism. It is a new type of fanatical terrorism, unwarrantable from the point of view of doctrine, but with territorial claims that give cold shots to the whole of Europe. Something similar for the common enemy for which the world, more or less civilised, more or less prepared, more or less involved, accepted to fight together, divided in two power and interest alliances, three quarters of a century ago. Highlighting the intentions to support the common world effort to eliminate the terrorist threat and multiple forms of manifestation is part of the Russian Federation new strategic doctrine of misinformation, designed to gain strategic benefits. Until now, USA talks about “Maskirovka” like being part of “deception and denial” disinformation military plan used by the Russian Federation in order to mislead the opponent about the real intentions of using military actions. Now we have an appreciated form of this elaborate plan not to hide but to show real intentions and actions that hide real strategic interests. What is the stake? We will see that the Russian Federation strategic interest stake is neither economic nor military, but simply the desire to be an active part of the strategic game.

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Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs  Security Architectures at Different Levels

Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels

Author(s): Vasile Florin Popescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Different perceptions about the role and strength of the Internet are an important factor behind the lack of an international early warning mechanism in the field of cybersecurity. An opportunity to establish a framework for understanding the concept of cybersecurity would be to analyse cyberspace at different levels, each level indicating the consequences for different cyber-infrastructure disruptions. However, the consequences of cyber incidents and corresponding response mechanisms are quite different at global, regional and national level, and the cyber security issue has to be removed from the corner of the IT department, brought to the centre of the scene, and carefully supported by political attention and extra investments in order to modernise protection mechanisms.

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Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning

Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning

Author(s): Daniel ROMAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The complexity of the essential areas of life at a societal level and the difficulty of identifyingthe elements threatening them are the main issues that the contemporary societies haveto face, regardless of their economic development. Thus, the dynamics of changes in thedefining environments of a society set a specific rhythm of the societal activities that areinterdependent and determine a network behaviour specific to all the actors involved.According to the importance of the outcome of the totality of actions in these fields, a certainextrapolation on the future results, namely a possibility of expressing those scientificallyargued predictions, such as the ones belonging to the field of consequence management.The notions of peace and security at the societal level are directly influenced by the complexityof the cooperation and the coordination between the pillar factors: political/diplomatic,military, economic, social, infrastructural, informational and environmental, with majorimplications on the population and the space, calculated within a specific time frame. Takingadvantages of the weaknesses and capitalising on the possible occurrence of a risk or a majorimpact negative event can degenerate under certain conditions to border situations, crisis,armed military conflict or even a hybrid war. The art of the operational planning in the militaryfield can be considered the reference point in the development of the societal threat scenarios,according to the established level of particularisation, be it tactical, operational or strategic.The joined approach to the operational planning on several levels and on societal domains of acrisis or hybrid war occurrence can be one of the solutions for solving the standstill situations orthe societal throw-back. Therefore, we considered it was necessary to clarify those theoreticalaspects regarding the possible bi-univocal conceptual undertaking of the operational art ofplanning the military operations to other fields such as consequence management and criticalinfrastructure protection.

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The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security

The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security

Author(s): Radu-Mihai Oanta,Gheorghe Marcu,Toma Pleşanu,Marinel-Adi MUSTAȚĂ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

vThe knowledge-based society, in which knowledge is more and more accessible due tothe rapid advancement of the IT, needs quick solutions for documentation. Taking into accountthe progressive development of the documentation needs in different fields, both at theorganisational and individual level, we have thought of presenting several issues concerningthe use of technologies and services provided by a knowledge bank for defence, public orderand national security field.In this paper, we will make a short introduction of the above-mentioned knowledgebank, followed by brief research of a pilot study in which we have meant to analyse theway its usefulness is perceived. Having this in mind, we have researched the perceptionof the technologies and services offered by it, by means of an online questionnaire, whichactually served as a way to establish the level of being acquainted with the technology of thementioned field. We should also mention the fact that the presented research study is meantto make users aware of the knowledge in the sector of knowledge banks with predominantapplicability in the design and establishment of the knowledge bank for defence, public orderand national security field. Moreover, the research is meant to deliver conclusions that willpossibly enhance efficiency in developing some similar knowledge banks.

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The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces

The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces

Author(s): Nicolae Plesanu,Ghiţă BÂRSAN,Sorin Pînzariu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The process of reform of the Romanian Armed Forces, initiated after 1990, has had multipleconsequences on the tank structures, by reducing their number. In this article, we will presentthe characteristics of future conflicts and how they will influence the shape of future tankstructures of the Romanian Land Forces. We will show several versions of the reorganisationof tank structures that can be used in future conflicts.

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A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats

A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats

Author(s): Costinel Nicolae Maresi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

By resorting to research techniques such as the content analysis technique, the documentaryanalysis and the case studies, the scientific research results presented in this article bring tothe attention of the specialists novelty elements about the center of gravity of the hybridthreats, through a comprehensive and immersive approach to the current challenges to theinternational security environment.The tactics of special operations forces (which are characteristic to states) and irregularforces such as non-state paramilitary forces are treated: insurgents, guerrillas, terroristgroups, mercenaries, private military companies, cross-border criminal organisations, but alsoother unconventional means: psychological operations, informational operations and cyberaggressions. All of these are treated as structural elements of hybrid threats.Essentially, in order to prevent or control national security risks posed by hybrid threats, theplace and role of unconventional operational elements within these types of emerging threatsmust be understood. The scientific research in this field requires that the Romanian army issynchronised with the new evolutions of the contemporary war.

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Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept

Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept

Author(s): Sebastian-Gabriel Popescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The analysis of cyberspace in the military and modern armed forces, especially in theNATO forums, has defined, for all the forces, including the naval ones, the need for strategicapproaches related to the future war, a complex war that integrates and concatenates hybridwar, cyberwar, the fight against terrorism, but especially their expression and interconnection.The current technological developments and approaches embedded in the new technologiesand information technology have a special impact on the security space and the battlespace.Even if, in fact, we are in a continuous war, which mainly includes the economic, financialand informational fields, it is necessary to look for and use new capabilities based onartificial intelligence – related to the computer field, which must allow the exploitation of themega-data and determine an appropriate behaviour in the cyberspace in order to deal withthem and counter them as well. We will further highlight our concerns in this regard.

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Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces

Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces

Author(s): Mihail Orzeaţă / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main objective of human resource training in any armed force should be mentalityand attitude change from the reactive one to a proactive and winning mentality. Militaryprofession is honourable but very demanding as well because it entails a high degree of riskand devotion up to sacrifice. The current number of the Romanian Armed Forces’ militarypersonnel is smaller than the one before 1989. That is why they have to be better trained thantheir predecessors to accomplish assigned missions. NATO is the organisation that imposesprofessionalism, responsibility, legality and team spirit to all its members including Romania.The military leader must be the role model for all his/her subordinates, knowing how to leadthem and his/her military unit in order to accomplish any assigned mission.There is no need to tell a well-trained military person twice WHAT to do to.

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The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations

The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations

Author(s): Carmen Moise,Elena Clenci,Toma Pleşanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article presents the results of the doctoral research, the need for the development anduse of a dedicated computer application or the adaptation of an existing one, in order to beable to track the flow of documents of the internal management control system and to connectall the planning documents, the specific objectives, the risks, the sensitive/exposed functionsto corruption.

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Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field

Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field

Author(s): Olivian Stănică / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Norwegian Armed Forces initiated the educational reform process in 2017, after theStrategy for the period 2017-2020 was approved. Within the military education system reformprocess, three major goals/challenges were considered: culture, traditions preservation andsystem reform; administrative and territorial organization, and implementation of integratededucational programs.The defence reform process began in 2002. In 2018, the Norwegian Armed Forces, togetherwith the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, started the implementation process of a newconcept, “Total Defence”, based on support and interagency cooperation (civil-military) atnational level in crisis, military conflict or war situations.

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Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry

Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry

Author(s): Lucian Ivan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

On 19 March 2019, the European Union’s governing bodies approved consistent programmesfor the period 2019-2020, totalling more than 500 million EUR, which are designed to ensureco-financing of projects developed by the defence industry within the EU Member States.At the same time, from 2021 onwards, the European Defence Fund is to be launched, aninnovative and competitive programme for the defence industry, which will substantially contributeto the strategic and military autonomy of the European Union. These unprecedented financialefforts for the defence industry of EU member States are part of the conjugated efforts todefend European citizens from possible hostile actions of certain state and non-state entities.Considering these consistent investment opportunities, Romania must be prepared tocooperate with major European companies in the defence industry, in order to develop viableprojects that are eligible to be funded through the European Defence Fund. Also, a priorityof the Romanian defence industry must be a substantial increase in research investments, animmediate result of increasing the competitiveness of the products achieved and, implicitly,increasing the volume of military equipment exports to the profile markets.In view of these objectives, Romanian companies operating in the defence sector need toinvest considerable sums in the field of research, in order to develop high-performance militaryproducts and technologies that enable the development of this field of strategic interest forRomania. Another opportunity for the Romanian defence industry is to provide the necessaryfacility to produce military equipment and technology meeting NATO standards, in order to beused by the Romanian army.In this context, the Romanian defence industry is expected to face great challenges in thefuture, the major opportunity and strategic advantage being the special relationship withNATO and EU partners, in particular the strategic partnership with the USA.According to the commitments assumed, at political and military level, the RomanianGovernment will invest in the next years, in the defence sector, 2% of GDP, a large part of thispercentage (over 20%) to be allocated to products that encompass advanced technologies,most of which are to be imported from EU and NATO member states, as well as from the localmarket.

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Implications of Utilising UNSCR 1325 Women, Peace and Security Agenda for the Conduct of International Military Operations and Missions in the Context of the New Security Paradigm

Implications of Utilising UNSCR 1325 Women, Peace and Security Agenda for the Conduct of International Military Operations and Missions in the Context of the New Security Paradigm

Author(s): Silvia Stanciu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

UN, NATO and EU member states have substantially contributed, in the last 20 years, variousresources, to the initiatives that have been assumed in accordance with the provisions set bythe international cooperation developed regarding gender perspective promotion, especially inthe context of armed conflicts. Normative frameworks together with the working mechanismsthat have been adopted and developed in this domain, establish high standards for UNSCR1325 agenda implementation, with notable references regarding security and defence, thisbeing a field of expertise and activity which is directly and permanently influenced by themanner in which armed troops exploit, in the conduct of their military operations and missions,the new set of operational perspectives, introduced to them by taking into consideration thegender dimension. In the context of the new security paradigm, the vision upon the globalarchitecture of risks and vulnerabilities imposes the adoption of punctual and equally robustmeasures in order to counteract any emergent risks that lay an immense pressure upongeneral safety and progress.In essence, international security organizations subscribe that gender diversitymay be a strength trait in favour of societal reconciliation and rehabilitation, by utilizing themilitary component as a cardinal vector in putting UNSCR 1325 “Women, Peace and Security”objectives into practice. Therewith, the dynamics and the complexity of modern conflicts havevalidated the importance of conceiving the security policies as promoters of social equalityand inclusion, all these representing essential conditions for acquiring international peace.

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Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence

Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence

Author(s): Alexandra-Ioana Marian / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The procurement performance translates in terms of effectively managing public fundsthrough the acquisition of products that meet customers’ requirements, are delivered on time,and under advantageous conditions.A systematic analysis of the legislative barriers and factors that influence procurement offersa clear image of the vulnerabilities associated with implementing the process. By applyingmodern risk assessment methods, an information package can be designed to support thedecision-making process of how to effectively allocate resources in order to achieve theperformance objectives established.This paper offers a practical solution for improving procurement performance by developinga common platform, at the Ministry level, where the results obtained by each contractingauthority are analysed objectively and transparently. The platform also offers support inplanning an acquisition, serving as aid to all contracting authorities that engage in suchactivities.

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Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders

Author(s): Marius Suciu,Mihai Daiescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The psychological distribution of military leaders at different levels present interestingpatterns. Romanian military leaders have not yet fully appreciated the psychologicalcontributions that staff bring to the resources of the labour force. Human resources, acompilation of the value and importance of the workforce, are a capital investment and shouldbe recognized for the reason of human development and management. This small studyconducted with first-year members of the Romanian Staff College found support for extremelydynamic contributions between extraversion and introversion, feeling and intuition, thinkingand feeling, judging and perceiving the preferences of future male and female leaders. Militaryleaders differ in their psychological preferences, and a study like this may predict, on a largerscale, future psychological expectations.

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How to Craft the Next Generation of Battalion Commanders?

How to Craft the Next Generation of Battalion Commanders?

Author(s): Radu Prioteasa,Marius Suciu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper addresses the central role the battalion commanders have in the overallarchitecture of the military system. The Battalion Commander is close enough to the team sothat he can personally interact with every member of the battalion and he also leads a unitlarge enough to have a major impact on the dynamics of operations (be it in peacetime, crisisor war). The cornerstone of the paper is the attempt to synthesize the essential elements of theongoing training of these leaders, importance of studying and hard work, delegating punctualtasks to the staff. The essential role of battalion commander in the “growth” of young officers,the importance of tradition, positive motivation and the digitalization of command are asmany focal points in completing a “good growth” for the commander as are intriguing topicsfor any further discussion.

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Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913

Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913

Author(s): George Ungureanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Starting from the complexity of the defence and national security field, this article, basedon Romanian, Western, Bulgarian and Turkish historiographical contributions, supplementedwith archival military documents, deals with the problem of defence of the right bank Danubeterritory obtained after the Berlin Congress (1878), until the incorporation of SouthernDobrogea (Quadrilateral) in 1913. This article briefly shows the initial Romanian views on theinclusion of Dobrogea, then the measures enforced by the authorities at two levels, namelythe political-diplomatic and military one, and the ethnopolitical one respectively, includingeconomic, social and cultural aspects. The conclusion is that the military measures takenled to limited achievements, mainly due to some objective reasons, but this situation wascounterbalanced by suitable political-diplomatic combinations and options and especially bythe remarkable result of the work aiming to enhance, modernise and colonise the territory.A decisive stage in this respect was that of 1890-1895.

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The Conception of the Armed Forces General Staff Regarding the Defence of Dobrogea at the Beginning of the 20th Century

The Conception of the Armed Forces General Staff Regarding the Defence of Dobrogea at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Author(s): Ion Rîşnoveanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the start of the twentieth century, the Romanian General Staff was busy constructingRomania’s defence doctrine. They were focused on the most probable situations, in whichRomania would be forced to defend itself.The officers of the General Staff used reports from the military attachés in Petersburg andSofia and identified that Dobrogea was targeted by two potential aggressors – Russia andBulgaria.This is why the planners made detailed drafts to those defence plans, focusing on thedifferent defence lines from the Danube Delta to the Black Sea Coast, in the case of a Russianaggression. For southern Dobrogea, a delicate area after the Peace of Bucharest in 1913, afterwhich Romania received the counties of Durostor and Caliacra (or Quadrilateral, as it appearson Romanian military maps) new alinements were viewed as essential for the defence of thearea against the Bulgarians.

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