Współpraca cywilno-wojskowa (CIMIC) w ramach operacji poza granicami kraju na przykładzie Polskiego Kontyngentu Wojskowego w Afganistani

Author(s): Leszek Elak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

The article aims to provide knowledge covering practical and theoretical aspects of civil-military cooperation (CIMIC) in the process of maintaining international security. The presented experiences were collected during conducting operational tasks by the Polish Military Contingents outside Poland. Armed conflicts and wars are permanently included in the 21st century calendar. The participation of the Polish Armed Forces in stabilization operations and crisis response operations have indicated that the use of military force should be supported by elements of civil-military cooperation.

Współpraca cywilno-wojskowa w NATO – istota, cele i podstawowe funkcje

Author(s): Zbigniew Groszek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8.2/2018

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) as an alliance of countries guaranteeing mutual security, was, is and probably will be a very important player (subject) in shaping and creating the international security environment for a long time. During the Cold War confrontation the Alliance successfully operated as a security system of Western states, combining strength and deterrence and collective defence. After 1991, the nature and scope of activities of the Alliance for international security underwent radical changes. In addition to the continuation of tasks related to the collective defence, NATO is actively involved in crisis response operations in many regions of the world, contributing significantly to the stabilization of the international security environment. NATO crisis response operations carried out outside the Member States, in areas lacking fully operational institutions and effective infrastructure, pose more complex challenges. Therefore, in today’s security environment for the operational success, it is necessary to closely cooperate with all the bodies involved in the implementation of tasks in the area of operation to help local authorities to rebuild the social structure and restore the normal living conditions of local people. Therefore, the basic question arises: what is civil-military cooperation (CIMIC) in NATO, what are the legal bases for the functioning of its organs, and what are its goals and functions? This article is an attempt to answer this rather complex question, based on the analysis of available publications and normative documents as well as own reflections on this subject.

Współpraca czy rywalizacja: Rosja i Chiny w Arktyce

Author(s): Łukasz Gacek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

The paper aims to set out overall approach of Russia and China to the Arctic region, located around the North Pole. It considers the national policy and strategy statements as well as the economic and military instruments used by these two powers. The area holds large quantities of minerals, including natural gas and crude oil. If global continues to melt sea ice across the Arctic, shipping lanes, particularly the Northern Sea Route, may open up and became a viable alternative to the traditional shipping routes through the Suez Canal. The route for transporting cargoes between the East Asia and Europe could reduce sailing distances and operating costs by roughly 40 percent, compare to them. Russia and China are seeking control of natural resources and transport routes. On the one hand Russia declaratively encourages China to participate in Arctic energy and infrastructure projects. On the other „Polar Silk Route” proposed by China as well as its promotion of freedom of circulation in the Arctic China do not correspond with Russian vision that treats waters of the Northeast Passage as its „internal waters”.

Współpraca Departamentu I MSW z Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung MfS w zakresie tajnego pozyskiwania nowych technologii dla przemysłu PRL i NRD w latach 1975–1990

Author(s): Mirosław Sikora / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

The intelligence services of the Warsaw Pact and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance member states cooperated from the moment the Iron Curtain fell over Central and Eastern Europe. As the specific branches of the intelligence expanded following the example of the KGB, information exchange encompassed an increasing range of issues. In the 1950s, following the example set by the USSR, the Polish and East German leaderships of the party and the state started to lay the foundations for the so-called scientific and technical intelligence (WNT), whose task was to provide the economy with innovative technologies, including ones subject to the trade embargo imposed by the capitalist countries. The first half of the 1970s brought dynamic development in the field of organisation and staff of the scientific and technological intelligence across COMECON, which can be seen both in the case of the Polish People’s Republic and the German Democratic Republic. Both countries tried to correlate the tasks of the scientific and technological intelligence (which was known as SWT – Sektor für Wissenschaft und Technik – in East Germany) with the national research and development goals set for the economy. As regards the general technology level, the GDR had advantage over all other COMECON countries, including the USSR, which also had impact on relations with Poland, which was much more underdeveloped. The author begins his tale by outlining the economic position of both countries and their joint projects in the areas of research and development and the industry. The author’s primary intention was to determine the chronology of clandestine contact between both scientific and technological intelligence services, show the thematic spectrum and the scale of information exchange, and to define the points of gravity of the cooperation. The analysis of archival documents created by Department I of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on one hand and by various divisions in the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit on the other makes it possible to determine that components of both countries’ intelligence active in the field of science and technology submitted analyses and informational materials to each other, particularly in the field of nuclear energy and the military complex of NATO countries, as early as the late 1950s. The cooperation deepened around the mid-1970s, where annual consultation between the managements of the WNT and the SWT combined with exchange of experience with regard to industrial espionage became a standard. With the passage of time, the interest of both services expanded into all key branches of the industry such as metallurgy and exploitation of natural deposits, polymer chemistry and biotechnology, and particularly microelectronics and information technology. In the 1980s, the cooperation reached its most advanced stage and encompassed mutual exchange of construction and technological documentation and designs, as well as samples of materials and chemical compounds obtained on the “black market” (i.e. through informers recruited in Western companies).

Współpraca NATO i Ukrainy po szczycie w Warszawie

Author(s): Daniel Szeligowski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2016

Na szczycie w Warszawie NATO podtrzymało politykę otwartych drzwi wobec Ukrainy i zdecydowało o udzieleniu jej dodatkowego wsparcia. Jednak w najbliższej przyszłości państwo to nie może liczyć na perspektywę przystąpienia do Sojuszu. Współpraca będzie skoncentrowana na przyjmowaniu przez Ukrainę standardów NATO oraz wzmacnianiu zdolności bojowych ukraińskich sił zbrojnych. Sojusz powinien wspomóc ukraińskie władze w ochronie granicy z Rosją. Pozwoli to również zwiększyć bezpieczeństwo państw wschodniej flanki NATO.

Współpraca polityczna i w zakresie bezpieczeństwa Stanów Zjednoczonych z Unią Europejską po amerykańskich wyborach prezydenckich 2016 r. – kontynuacja czy zmiana?

Author(s): Ewelina Waśko-Owsiejczuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

Donald Trump’s victory in the 2016 presidential election signaled a diametric turn in US foreignand security policy. This change concerns transatlantic relations and the policies of the superpowertowards NATO and the European Union. US allies in Europe assumed that during the electoralcampaign different rules were being applied than those to be used in governing the nation. Theyassumed that Donald Trump would not deliver on his most controversial promises. Nevertheless,many of the statements made by the leaders of European nations were full of fear and uncertainty. The purpose of this article is to study the kind of cooperation occurring between the United Statesand the European Union after the 2016 presidential election. Political and security cooperation hasbeen analyzed in this regard, comparing the decisions and actions of the new US president to thoseof the previous US administration, in order to highlight certain tendencies, those that are commonand those that are not.

Współpraca Polski i Ukrainy na płaszczyźnie politycznej i militarnej po 1991 roku

Author(s): Estera Kaczor / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2010

Poland and Ukraine is connected by the special, strategic partnership. After 1991 the Polish-Ukraine mutual relations developed in all areas and on the different stages. The contacts of the higher state representatives had an important value for mutual correlations of both states. Beginning from presidency of Lech Wałęsa and Leonid Krawczuk, during the summit meetings, declarations and promises which touch a collaboration appear constantly. A lot of assurances concerning future partnership had taken place during also the presidency of Aleksander Kwaśniewski and Leonid Kuczma. After the ‘orange revolution’ the belief that the Polish-Ukrainian relations had never been so advantageous like presently become very popular. Strategic partnership is realized through creation of establishments of bilateral collaboration (Commissions, Committees, POLUKRBAT), to raising of the general undertaking (Days of the good-neighborhood) and the mutual aid. However, many businesses remain in the field of declaration, and there are still a lot of problems connected with unresolved historical issues

Współpraca Rosji z Arabią Saudyjską: potencjał i ograniczenia

Author(s): Agnieszka Legucka / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2017

Królestwo Arabii Saudyjskiej (KAS) i Rosja mają odmienne koncepcje rozwiązania konfliktu w Syrii, inaczej też postrzegają rolę Iranu w regionie Bliskiego Wschodu. Te różnice interesów sprawiają, że jak dotąd niewielką rolę odgrywała współpraca w sektorze zbrojeniowym. Nową płaszczyzną współdziałania rosyjsko-saudyjskiego jest branża energetyczna, zwłaszcza rynek ropy naftowej. Rosja upatruje we współpracy z Arabią Saudyjską instrumentu służącego podważeniu amerykańskich wpływów na Bliskim Wschodzie.

WSPÓŁPRACA SOJUSZU PÓŁNOCNOATLANTYCKIEGO I UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W OBLICZU OBECNYCH ORAZ PRZYSZŁYCH ZAGROŻEŃ

Author(s): Paweł Marcinkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2015

The purpose of the article was to present the possible areas of cooperation the North Atlantic Alliance and the European Union to the current or future threats. The Euro-Atlantic Partnership often embodied in the North Atlantic Alliance, serves Europeans as an alibi for their escape from a strategic responsibility and delegation to the United States sustainable management of regional security and global stability. CSDP is a tool for civil-military foreign policy of the European Union. Like NATO must remain a tool of the United States military solidarity and Europe. Russian-Ukrainian conflict and terrorist attacks in Europe and the world has become a big test for the security system on the Euro-Atlantic area and a great opportunity for the strengthening of relations between the European Union and NATO. The current situation shows that NATO and the European Union cannot underestimate the current threats. By contrast, they should consistently implement joint arrangements with a tough policy towards Russia and the expansion of the Islamic State. The concept of „Euro-Atlantic national interest” from the point of view of rhetoric is clearly an oxymoron. From a policy perspective, however, a matter of urgency sets and absolutely necessary for both the Allies and the European Union itself.

WSPÓŁPRACA STANÓW ZJEDNOCZONYCH I UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ W DZIEDZINIE ZWALCZANIA TERRORYZMU – RAZEM MIMO RÓŻNIC (LATA 2001–2010)

Author(s): Witold Ostant / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2011

The article takes a critical viewpoint on the shared co-operation in the area of fighting terrorism by the USA and the EU. The most important issues are raised, which constitute real obstacles in the co-operation of both subjects, in the counteracting the terrorism since the beginning of the political project’s realization by administration of the USA, the political project called GWOT. The publication points out issues only occasionally raised in the journalistic and scientific mainstream, which collide with the cold-war paradigm of the transatlantic community of values. The article aims to raise awareness of the challenges, despite political declarations consistently accepted during the USA/EU summits. The Narrations are based on international documents, so that a recipient could confront independently the legitimacy of proposed theses with other existing in the literature articles, articles concerning GWOT and co-operation in the scope of the USA and EU. The publication points out the modus operandi of the mass media (especially in Poland), which on account of Polish authorities involvement in GWOT, very occasionally raise the politically incorrect subjects. The article aims to generate further detailed reflection on GWOT’s evolution and the further co-operation of the USA and UE in the area of fighting terrorism.

Współpraca wojskowa Polski, Niemiec i Danii w ramach NATO na przykładzie wielonarodowego Korpusu Północno-Wschodniego w Szczecinie (1999-2007)

Author(s): Adam Sokołowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2007

The Multinational Corps North East (MNC NE) with its HQ in Szczecin was established on the power of convention between the govemments of Poland, Germany, and Denmark of September 5, 1998. The article describes an analyzes in detail the following questions: commencing and developing cooperation between Poland, Germany, and Denmark after 1989; actions aimed at to the establishment of the Baltic Corps; legal foundations of the Corps operation; the inauguration of the Corps in 1999; its structure at the end of the 20th and early in the 21st centuries; organizational development ofthe Corps at the beginning of the 21st century; the position of NATO, Poland, Germany, and Denmark towards international terrorism after September 11, 2001; the Corps and the military intervention of 2003 in Iraq; the Corps as part of NATO’s main defense forces; participation of the Corps in the ISAF mission to Afghanistan in 2007; and the significance of the Corps for Polish German relations m the 21st century. The Corps consists of three national divisions: the Polish 12 Mechanized Division with the HQ in Szczecin, the German 14th Panzergrenadier Division with the HQ in Neubrandenburg, and the Danish Jutland Mechanized Division with the HQ in Fredericia. These forces come under the command of the Corps only for the time of war, while at peace, they remain at the disposal of national armed forces. In the light of the Convention of 1998, and the successive levels of military readiness that the Corps has achieved, it is clearly appointed tasks: participation in the collective defense of NATO territory, under Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, contribution to peace support operations and multinational crisis management, and provision of command and control for humanitarian rescue and disaster relief operations. Currently there are approximately 200 soldiers from Poland, Germany, and Denmark serving at the Headquarters of the MNC NE; their number includes three generals and six colonels. Together with the support and communication units, MNC NE is composed of approximately 500 persons. MNC NE’s structure is not divided according to NATO standards into six so-called operating divisions. A third of the cost o f operation ofth e headąuarters is bom jointly by the states, parties to the trilateral convention mentioned earlier. The Corps continues to evolve, and other NATO states voiced their accession to it in the years 2004-2006. Currently there are nine state flags proudly displayed in front of MNC NE’s HQ; they belong to Poland, Germany, Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and the United States. Early in the year 2007, soldiers of the Corps became a part of the ISAF X Command in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Kabul. Besides this, the Corps plays an important role in the Baltic Sea region, which is especially crucial in the Polish German relations in the field of security.

Wstęp

Author(s): Piotr Mickiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2020

Wstęp

Author(s): Piotr Mickiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

Wybrane atrybuty działalności kontrwywiadowczej

Author(s): Karol Szurma / Language(s): Polish / Issue: V/2014

Today’s economic intelligence and economic espionage operates in complex and challenging business environment and law. Effective economic and business operations allows you to not only protect the most relevant information of the company but also allows you to implement their strategies, which determine the position on the market. The paper presents various concepts related to economic intelligence activities in the enterprises, shown among other things such as business intelligence methods, economic espionage role and responsibilities as well as how it all depends on human work. this text did not provide all complex aspects that make up the economic intelligence and economic espionage issues due to the size and dynamics of the phenomenon.

Wybrane działania polityki bezpieczeństwa w zakresie informacji wywiadowczych na początku XXI wieku

Author(s): Marek Górka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The enormous changes and constant developments in theapplications of technology and communication have changed the waythe world is perceived. The information revolution has impacted intelligencegathering, processing, analysis and dissemination, as well ashow decision-makers can access reliable information in a timely manner,and the sources they are likely to rely on when concrete information is needed to make decisions. This article attempts to describe, analyze andexplain the nature of the ongoing information revolution, its main impacton intelligence and security policy, and the importance of intelligenceanalysis in the context of peacekeeping operations.

Wybrane problemy zaangażowania polskich okrętów w działania stałych zespołów okrętów (część I)

Author(s): Tomasz Szubrycht / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1.3/2018

The first part of the paper concerns the involvement of Polish Navy ships in the Standing NATO Maritime Group presents the areas of possible activity of Polish Navy. Based on conceptual modernization programs presented in the article, the group of navy vessels has been dedicated to Standing NATO Maritime Groups participation.

Wybrane problemy zaangażowania polskich okrętów w działania stałych zespołów okrętów (część II)

Author(s): Tomasz Szubrycht / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1.3/2018

The second part of the paper considers the issue of Polish Navy engagement in the standing maritime groups activities. The paper discusses the levels of different NATO countries of involvement in allied activities at sea. Indicates the proposed variants of national involvement in standing maritime groups.

Wykorzystanie doświadczeń żołnierzy JW GROM na rzecz wzmacniania obronności i bezpieczeństwa państwa po zakończeniu służby czynnej. Nowe zagrożenia społeczne w środowisku sił specjalnych

Author(s): Grzegorz Wydrowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2020

This paper looks at the possibility of using former SMU GROM soldiers and other special forces soldiers to enhance Poland’s national security and defence capabilities. Particular emphasis has been placed on the skills and combat experience of soldiers, as they constitute a valuable base of qualifications that could contribute to ensuring national security, once they have retired. Based on the thesis that the state does not take sufficient advantage of well-trained former SMU GROM soldiers, the paper refers to the broader debate on the desired systemic solutions that rest on the observation of the experience of soldiers after the end of their military service. The other aspects that have come under scrutiny in the paper are the conversion process, issues of information security of SMU GROM soldiers, and suggestions for possible model solutions aimed at their effective use by the authorities to prevent emerging irregularities within the military community. For the first time ever, emphasis has been placed on the new social threats that can be found within the environment of special forces. These include the outcomes of uncovering special forces veterans, as well as the massive use of the Internet as a universal source of knowledge and exchanging information.

Wykorzystanie mediów społecznościowych w komunikacji strategicznej Sił Obronnych Izraela podczas działań zbrojnych w 2019 r.

Author(s): Joanna Zych / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

The paper analyzes the activity of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) on social media during the escalation of the conflict in the Gaza Strip on May 3-6 and November 12-14, 2019. The goal of the study is to determine how the Israeli army uses social media for the purpose of strategic communication. Based on a case study, the paper answers the following questions: Which themes dominate the IDF's narrative on social media? Who is the main target? How do social media serve the IDF's strategic communication? The theoretical part of the study was based on a review of literature related to strategic communication and public diplomacy. Empirical research was conducted with the use of materials published by official IDF accounts on two social networking sites. Content analysis using open coding included 150 posts published on Twitter and 55 posts on Facebook. Referring to the leading themes and categories selected in this way, the main features of the Israeli narrative on the conflict and target audience were identified, and the role of social media in the IDF's strategic communication was described. The conclusions regarding the IDF's use of social media presented in the article can be seen as a model of effective practices for other countries, as well as a basis for further research on the role of the information dimension in armed conflicts.

WYMIARY BEZPIECZEŃSTWA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO NA SZCZYTACH G7/G8

Author(s): Rafał Matera / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2015

In the article the origins of G7 and G8 were briefly presented. The author also char-acterized the ways of functioning (called the system) of these groups. The main stress was put on the numerous issues of international security. Therefore the different dimen-sions of this were emphasized, and the commitments made by the leaders during yearly summits to solving the problems in this area were analyzed. At the end of the paper the author tried to answer the question if such a specific international institution is still able to act effectively to influence the different dimensions of international security in the new political situation (especially as a result of Russia’s foreign policy in 2014) .