«Родина-мать» в советском дискурсе Сталинградской битвы: Военная пропаганда и коммеморация

Author(s): Oleg Vjacheslavovich Riabov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2017

The article deals with the role of the Soviet Motherland image in the discourse of the battle of Stalingrad. The first part of the study dwells upon employing the maternal symbol of the country in the propaganda of the Great Patriotic war, including that of the battle of the Stalingrad. The author demonstrates that it was used in supporting positive collective identity, in war mobilization, and in creating the image of the enemy and concludes that it served as a factor of the Red Army victory in the battle. The second part focuses on exploiting the symbol (above all in the Volgograd monument “The Motherland calls!” version) in the battle commemoration in 1940-1960s. In analyzing the monument the author points out that this image follows the world and Russian traditions of visualizing the female allegories of nations. Victory, glory, life, freedom, peace, national gratitude to the fallen heroes and memories to them — that are the values the monument was called to embody.

Åland Islands’ Significance to Security in the Baltic Sea Region

Author(s): Wojciech Lorenz,Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2016

Regardless of recent reports of the possible re-militarisation of the Åland Islands, Finland will strengthen its ability to defend them, upholding the international agreements defining their special status. The key to the security of the archipelago will be military cooperation between Finland and Sweden. However, to enhance the credibility of deterrence of Russia in the region, including nuclear, more frequent exercises involving NATO countries, especially the U.S. and UK, will be required.

Çar I. Aleksandr Döneminde Rusya’nın Azerbaycan’da İşgalcilik Siyaseti

Author(s): Ramin Sadigov / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 59/2018

From the era of Tsar Petro I until today, migrating south for the winter (so to speak) has always been the main target of Russian foreign policy. In doing this, Russia was well aware that it first needed to take claim over the South Caucasus. This, however, had faced strong opposition by both the Ottomans and by Iran/Persia, who had dominated certain areas of the region. Nevertheless, Petro I's policy of invading the south was also the main target of the tsars, and within a hundred years, the entire South Caucasus had fallen under Russian domination. Due to its geographical location, Azerbaijan was occupied during the reign of Alexander I. Therefore, in this study the occupation activities of Tsarist Russia in Azerbaijan and the resulting Russian-Iranian conflicts have been evaluated based on Russian resources from that period. Therefore, we feel that published narratives, memoirs, travel notes, and history books are of importance in terms of learning about Russian policies both over the South Caucasus as a whole and, more specifically, over the Azerbaijani khanates.

Çeçenistan: Siyasi ve Askerî Kısırdöngü

Author(s): Mesut UYAR / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 28/2018

Chechens have fought against Russian occupation and administration since 1750 by themselves or with other Caucasian nations. This struggle has reached its peak once in 1850s and then again in 1990s. The main thesis of this article is that both Chechens and Russians had applied the same pointless strategy and methods and that they had not learned anything from history. If this vicious circle is examined thoroughly, a peaceful conflict resolution will be available.

ÎNTREBUINȚAREA PROGNOZEI ÎN DIMINUAREA EFECTELOR SPECIFICE AMENINȚĂRILOR DE TIP HIBRID

Author(s): Iulian Martin,Lisa-Maria Achimescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2018

Încercarea de a înțelege „amenințările hibride” este extrem de dificilă dacă luăm în considerare atât caracteristicile ambigue ale acestora, cât și lipsa unui consens internațional. Actualul mediu normativ internațional este caracterizat de absența unui consens în fața încercării de a defini ameninţarea de tip hibrid, dar şi de a-i diminua efectele negative. Având în vedere că opțiunile de răspuns sunt dictate de previzibilitate, se manifestă necesitatea stringentă de a include metodele de analiză și prognoză a riscurilor în structura fundamentală de conceptualizare a procesului de planificare strategică orientat către combaterea și ameliorarea impactului negativ al amenințărilor hibride. Cercetarea de față urmărește două direcții distincte: una pur teoretică, care se axează pe cadrul internațional actual, aplicabil conceptului de „amenințare hibridă”, la nivel juridic, politic și militar, iar a doua, care vizează analiza și extinderea cadrului teoretic al înțelegerii noastre actuale în ceea ce privește combaterea ameninţărilor hibride sau diminuarea efectelor negative ale acesteia, concentrându-ne dincolo de limitele cadrelor conceptuale actuale și încorporând prognoza și analiza de risc ca mijloace de compensare/de contracarare a prejudecății normative internaționale.

ÎNTREBUINŢAREA RADARELOR DISPUSE LA BORDUL AEROSTATELOR ÎN MISIUNI DE SUPRAVEGHERE AERIANĂ

Author(s): Pătru Pîrjol / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 04/2019

The military conflicts of the last century has revealed the importance of information in the conduct of air force missions regarding the neutralization of objectives that were important for the enemy’s war effort. The need to ensure information support for the decision-making processes resulted in the design of air surveillance systems capable of providing the information required by the structures that specialized in the combat of the air force threats. The quality of information provided was influenced by the passive or active air surveillance sensors due to their superior power of detection over long distances and low altitudes.

ÎNTREBUINŢAREA RADARULUI PASIV ÎN SISTEME DE SUPRAVEGHERE A SPAŢIULUI AERIAN

Author(s): Pătru Pîrjol / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 04/2018

Military conflicts from the last century have highlighted the importance of air force in neutralizing major objectives for the war effort as well as in its constant support of the other military branches. As the impact of the air force on the wagging of war diminished over time, it became necessary to develop air surveillance systems capable of providing information that were necessary to the structures specialized in combating air means. The quality of the information provided was influenced by the technical, passive and active, means created for the surveillance of the airspace, which have constantly developed in accordance with the evolution of the air attack means. The scientific and technological advancement from the last decades has invigorated the research regarding the development of advanced passive radars with the purpose of neutralizing the technological advancement of air attack means due to their superior detection possibilities and their capacity to function without being detected.

ÕPIMOTIVATSIOONI SUURENDAMISE VÕIMALUSTEST TEHNILISTE AINETE ÕPETAMISEL KÕRGKOOLIS

Author(s): Ants Aaver,Anu Roio,Jaak Umborg,Signe Vanker / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 20/2015

This article gives an overview of the possible ways to improve the study process of technical subjects and assure quality teaching. It is based on the experience of teaching at the Estonian Aviation Academy (EAVA). The authors introduce ways of enhancing the motivation of the students and specific methods to apply these methods, for both theoretical studies in the lecture rooms, and for practical classes in the laboratories. The EAVA experience shows that sciences and technical subjects are the most difficult to teach, therefore engineering specialties such as Aircraft Engineering (TECH) and Management of Aviation Communication and Navigation Systems (CNS) see the highest number of dropouts.

ÕPPIMISE JA ÕPETAMISE VÄÄRTUSTAMISEST

Author(s): Tarmo Kundla / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 9/2020

Kaitseväe juhataja nendib 24. mail 2019 Sõdurilehele antud intervjuus, et ajateenistuse väärtuspõhiseks muutmisel on põhipingutuseks kaadrikaitseväelased. Kaitseväelaste institutsionaalne ettevalmistamine on Kaitseväe juhatajale vahetult alluva Kaitseväe Akadeemia ülesanne. Siinse essee eesmärk on arutleda selle üle, kuivõrd valmis on kaadrikaitseväelased, sõltumata oma teenistuskohast, väärtuspõhiseks õppetööks või selle toetamiseks Kaitseväe Akadeemias. Arvestades essee mahtu, ei hakka ma defineerima ja lahkama väärtuspõhise kooli ja õppetöö korraldamise erinevaid tahke, vaid hindan isikliku vaatluse põhjal õppimise ja õpetamise väärtustamist ning seda õppuri, õppejõu ja organisatsiooni (Kaitsevägi) vaatepunktist. Essee põhineb veendumusel, et ajateenistuse väärtuspõhiseks muutmine algab Tartu Riia mäelt ehk sealt, kus Kaitsevägi koolitab oma nooremjuhte.

ÕPPUSE ZAPAD 2017 INFORMATSIOONILINE ASPEKT

Author(s): Yevhen Mahda / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 8/2018

Russia’s quadrennial war games, taking place on the territories of Russia and Belarus under the banner “Zapad” (meaning “west” in English), date back to Soviet times and have become a tradition. More recently, the Zapad drills have also become a part of an informational strategy bolstering the supranational Union State of Russia and Belarus. As for the informational campaign that accompanied the Zapad 2017 exercise, it was devised as part of larger informational warfare targeting Ukraine and NATO. In order to ensure that the Zapad exercise was received in the West as the Kremlin intended, everything that was related to the exercise was amplifi ed and blown out of proportion. Quite often, media reports led to hysteria, and were sometimes promoted for that exact purpose, helping Russia generate and promote the following narrative – the inadequate and alarmist nature of Western societies. During the Zapad 2017 exercise, there were a series of events that could be deemed as elements of information warfare. The most substantial being the information manoeuvre carried out by the Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) in the fi rst hours of the exercise. On September 14, 2017, at 11.00 in the morning, the website of the Russian MoD announced that units of the 1st Panzer Army of the Western Military District had been alerted and were marching on Belarusian polygons. An hour later, there was another announcement that Pskov, Ivanovo and Tula paratroopers had also been alerted. Four hours later, journalists received a public denial of this information from the press service of the Belarusian Ministry of Defence. However, it was not enough to contain the panic that had been unleashed. What goals were set and reached as a result of the Zapad 2017 exercise? 1. The external goals focused on creating an image of powerful and invincible Union troops (mainly Russian); sowing fear and panic; misinforming and obfuscating in order to complicate the process of analysis; demonstrating Belarus’s dependence on the Russian Federation. 2. The internal or domestic goals were to boost Putin’s approval rating before the 2018 presidential elections in Russia, and to demonstrate to the Russian people that “we are feared, and we should not be underestimated”. Ultimately, Russia managed to reach all those goals. Particularly effective was the demonstration of Belarus’s helplessness and dependence on Russia. However, the truth is that Russia’s primary goal had been reached far before the Zapad 2017 exercise even began. Manipulation, misinformation and other elements of informational aggression led to confusion and panic, and that is exactly what Russia was aiming for.

ÕPPUSE ZAPAD 2017 KAJASTAMINE VENEMAA MEEDIARUUMIS

Author(s): Vladimir Sazonov,Aleksandr Gontšarenko / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 8/2018

The authors have analysed several articles published in different Russian media outlets in 2017, mainly focusing on the topics related to the Russian- Belarusian joint military exercise Zapad 2017 that took place in September 2017. The analysed articles derive mainly from four different Russian media outlets – Baltnews.ee, Komsomolskaya Pravda, RuBaltic.ru, and TV Zvezda. These media outlets covered different topics and subjects that were widespread and popular with regard to fears raised in Baltic countries in relation to the Russian-Belarusian military exercise Zapad 2017. Russian news portals Baltnews.ee and RuBaltic.ru are local Kremlin-controlled media channels whose target audience is the Russian-speaking population of the Baltic region. Komsomolskaya Pravda is a widely circulated Russian daily newspaper, targeting not only the people living in Russia, but also all Russian-speaking people outside Russia, incl. the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Central Asia, Belarus, etc. The most distinctive among the chosen media outlets is TV Zvezda, because it is run by the Russian Ministry of Defence and its coverage mostly focuses on military topics. Although the target audiences and objectives of these four media outlets diff er to some degree, they all share the same objective - spreading and amplifying various fears and panic in the West in general, and among the Baltic countries in particular, with regard to Russia’s military might, its armed forces, and weaponry, especially before, during and after the Zapad 2017 military exercise. Most of the analysed articles carried quite negative tonality towards NATO, the West and the Baltic countries. Often, the Baltic countries, NATO and the West were ridiculed and portrayed as paranoid alarmists who exaggerate the Russian threat to the Baltic States. Russian media also used sarcastic and ironic tonality to humiliate and discredit the military and political elite of NATO and the Baltic countries. These channels used different topics and subjects to propagate their agenda, e.g. the Baltic countries were portrayed as the weakest link in the North Atlantic Alliance or that Russia is not dangerous at all and the military exercises serve only a defensive function, therefore the Baltic countries are simply paranoid because the Russian military threat is non-existent. There were also many other topics and issues that these Russian channels covered and put into circulation.

ȘOCUL STRATEGIC ÎN MODELAREA RĂZBOIULUI ÎNTRE CLASIC ȘI CONTEMPORAN: COVID-19

Author(s): Valentin - Claudiu Jorăscu,Teodora Zecheru,Laviniu-Octavian Haller / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 03/2020

The hybrid warfare concept developed in many ways during the past twenty years. What we are facing today is a new component, limited previously by its potential worldwide impact. Biological weapons have the advantages of facile and silent spread, are very difficult to detect and deter in terms of individual and collective protection equipment. The consequences of biological weapons use have implications at political and diplomatic level, but also operationally and tactically-wise. The main aim in these difficult times is to maintain combat readiness and to strengthen national defence.

ŠUME I DRUŠTVO SLAVONSKE VOJNE KRAJINE: PRIMJER BRODSKE PUKOVNIJE U DRUGOJ POLOVICI 18. I POČETKOM 19. STOLJEĆA

Author(s): Mislav Radošević / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 19/2019

After the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the Habsburg Monarchy gained control over territories between the rivers Drava, Sava and Danube, that were split between civilian and military administration in the 18th century, known as Civil Slavonia (The Kingdom of Slavonia) under feudal rule and Military Slavonia (The Slavonian Military Frontier) under military and direct imperial rule. The Slavonian Military Frontier, which was situated in the Posavina region on the river Sava, bordering the Ottoman Empire to the south, was very rich in alluvial, flood plain forests, which were put under imperial protection and control. For the purpose of an improved hold and control of these forest resources, the Habsburg administration brought forth various regulations and imperial decrees during the 18th and 19th century, that lasted, with minor or major changes, until the industrialization and dissolving of the Military Frontier system in the second half of the 19th century. This research focuses on the impact of these regulations on the relationship between the military authorities, local population and their environment in the part of the Slavonian Military Frontier which was under the administration of the 7th Brod Grenzregiment. Besides the relationship, it gives also an analysis of the many environmental and social changes and their stages that were described through various sources in the period between the mid-18th and mid- 19th century.

Úkoly civilně-vojenské spolupráce v kontextu Bílé knihy o obraně

Author(s): Pavel Zona,Vlastimil Galatík / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2013

This paper deals with the activities of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic, under national command on its own territory, with the emphasis to the activities of civil-military cooperation (CIMIC) components. It puts stress on the issue of forces operations, those of CIMIC units in particular, within the Integrated Rescue System, during crisis situations, i.e. natural disasters, environmental accidents, etc. The paper comes out from the tasks defined by the Defence White Paper. Those tasks are compared with the legislation in effect, and the authors make some inquiries about suitable measures to implement them. Unlike missions carried out abroad, the CIMIC problems and tasks in ACR operations on home territory are nearly untouched. The paper aims to open discussion over this topic, among others, because our current relevant legislation is obsolete.

ÜLEMATE JA ALLUVATE VAHELISE USALDUSE ROLL HOIAKUTE KUJUNDAMISEL

Author(s): Oliver Tüür / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 9/2020

Eesti kaitsevägi reservarmeena on tugevalt ühiskonna arengu ja väärtustega seotud organisatsioon, mis on olnud nagu ühiskondki pidevas arengus. Kaitsevägi on parandanud järjepidevalt ajateenistuse kvaliteeti, muutnud väljaõppesüsteemi ja panustanud nii väljaõppe läbiviijate haridusse kui ka õppevahenditesse. Ent senisest edust hoolimata levivad meil endiselt ajateenistusega seotud negatiivsed hoiakud. Kaitseväe juhataja kindralmajor Martin Herem peab oluliseks selgitada kutsealustele, et ajateenistus on osa elukestvast õppest, mille eesmärk on anda tulevasele reservväelasele valmidus riiki kaitsta ja selleks vajalik ametioskus.

Úloha mezinárodní spolupráce při rozvoji schopností Armády České republiky v oblasti vojenského zdravotnictví

Author(s): Petr Král,Antonín Novotný / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2018

The article deals with the use and future prospects of the international cooperation for the development some of Czech Armed Forces capabilities in the field of military medicine. It has no ambition to address this issue in its entirety, but only contains an analysis of some of the current formats and initiatives of international cooperation in the field of military medicine, with the justification of their origins and a brief evaluation of their contribution. Part of the article is also a proposal for possible measures to improve the development of medical capabilities in the framework of international cooperation.

Úskalí profesionalizace Armády České republiky

Author(s): Jaroslav Komárek / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 4/2014

The Czech Armed Forces’ professionalization is an underlying qualitative change and its realization is not without risks. This paper outlines the political origin of this phenomenon, characterises the coherence with the transformation of the Alliance and illustrates overseas experience with some recruitment problems, namely the NCOs, the limits of women in the armed forces, the role of voluntary reserve force, and the substantiations for compulsory military service generally. The purpose of this essay is to draw attention to less known pitfalls of this process, with wide connexions, going beyond regular professionalization frames, defined as a task carried out by the military personnel department.

Zálohy ozbrojených síl Slovenskej rebubliky

Author(s): Jozef Turac,Peter Toma / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 29/2018

The article deals with the issue of the current replenishment of the armed forces of the Slovak Republic by military personnel. The content of the article deals with the reasons for not wanting to be a professional soldier, points out the possible causes and the starting point for the future. From the point of view of the current legislation, the basic elements of the selection procedure for the state service of a professional soldier of the armed forces of the Slovak Republic are pointed out.

Zwalczanie proliferacji BMR jako współczesny problem bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego

Author(s): Marek Madej / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Zwalczanie współczesnych zagrożeń przy udziale Sił Zbrojnych RP

Author(s): Zbigniew Grzywna / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Europe, as well as Poland, is constantly improving cohesion and unity in its performance and efforts in order to improve the social security level. These actions are performed by developing effective institutional regulations together with convincing other national and international entities of cooperation. In consequence, this coordination will ensure that there is no unnecessary duplicity in handling the same or similar operations. Security on each of the levels: global, European or national is concentrated on actions involving all available forces and measures to contribute to adding the value and to increasing the competitiveness of security. The program of countering the contemporary threats by means of Polish armed forces should consist of four elements which correspond to four main aims in research of European Union’s politics, namely: cooperation, ideas, people and opportunities. The publications regarding security issues should be focused on a few areas: • protection against terrorism, terrorist attacks and organized crime; • critical infrastructure security and security of public installations and facilities; • border security and issues regarding control and observation of borders. Presented actions indicate how plans and initiatives should be directed towards technologies and systems regarding the security aspect. Moreover, among the others actions of Polish armed forces, they take advantage of any subject, its forces or means depending on the interest areas. The changes that have taken place in Europe and in the world contributed to the fact that currently there is less probability of causing military conflicts. However, the non-military threats are still prone to ensue. Their importance, range and type reflect tendency to rise not only on the regional, but also on the continental scale.