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Założenia i główne kierunki polityki zagranicznej Korei Północnej

Założenia i główne kierunki polityki zagranicznej Korei Północnej

Author(s): Oskar Pietrewicz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Mimo deklarowanego otwarcia na dialog Korea Północna nie zamierza rezygnować z odstraszania nuklearnego. Gwarantuje ono przetrwanie reżimu, co jest nadrzędnym interesem jej władz. Używając retoryki o denuklearyzacji, KRLD dąży do zakończenia izolacji, poprawy sytuacji gospodarczej i formalnego uznania za mocarstwo nuklearne. Do realizacji tych celów będzie starała się wykorzystywać sprzeczności między Koreą Płd., USA i ChRL.

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Założenia nowego Przeglądu obrony przeciwrakietowej USA

Założenia nowego Przeglądu obrony przeciwrakietowej USA

Author(s): Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2019

Przegląd obrony przeciwrakietowej zakłada kontynuację budowy dotychczasowych systemów obrony USA i ich sojuszników, w tym w ramach NATO. Zapowiedziane studia nad nowymi, ambitnymi i kosztownymi technologiami są jego najbardziej kontrowersyjnym elementem. Kształt i tempo realizacji tych projektów pozostają jednak niejasne, co niesie ryzyko sporów w NATO w kwestii kontroli zbrojeń oraz przyspieszenia prac Rosji i Chin nad ich zaawansowanymi systemami ofensywnymi.

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Zavezniški oficirji o bojni usposobljenosti slovenske partizanske vojske

Zavezniški oficirji o bojni usposobljenosti slovenske partizanske vojske

Author(s): Tomaž Teropšić / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2009

On the basis of literature and archive sources from the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, Archives of the Republic of Slovenia and the Posavski muzej Brežice museum the author explores the battle readiness of the partisan army. The article includes abundant published recollections. The allied officers evaluated the partisan army as well-organised and extremely mobile. The partisans used perfected guerrilla warfare techniques. The allied officers correctly assessed the system of dual command and commended the qualifications of the command staff. The higher-ranking command staff was evaluated as quite better than the lower-ranking command staff. The sappers, who used selfmade explosives very efficiently, were especially approved of. In comparison with the allied units, the partisans had significantly inferior weapons and equipment. They acquired most of their weapons and equipment from the enemy in battle.

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Zbraně se směrovanou energií jako prostředek rozvoje
schopností ozbrojených sil

Zbraně se směrovanou energií jako prostředek rozvoje schopností ozbrojených sil

Author(s): Jan Valouch / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

The directed energy weapons use highly focused energy to damage targets. These weapons use electromagnetic radiation, sound, or subatomic particles. This article aims mainly presentation of information on the current situation in the field of directed electromagnetic weapons that use pulsed electromagnetic field in the range of radio waves and microwaves band. These technologies are used for disruption or destruction of electronic and electrical circuits of the enemy equipment. This makes it possible to neutralize or completely destroy the operation of information, communication, management, control, firing and other electronic devices.

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Zbrojni radykałowie islamscy z Azji Centralnej

Zbrojni radykałowie islamscy z Azji Centralnej

Author(s): Józef Lang / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2013

Zbrojni radykałowie islamscy z Azji Centralnej przestali być fenomenem lokalnym. Organizacje, jakie te środowiska stworzyły (Islamski Ruch Uzbekistanu i Islamska Unia Dżihadu), prowadzą działalność propagandową, werbunkową, finansową oraz terrorystyczną w państwach odległych od ich tradycyjnego obszaru zainteresowania, takich jak kraje Unii Europejskiej, Azji Południowej czy Stany Zjednoczone. W swoich szeregach zrzeszają obecnie islamistów nie tylko z Azji Centralnej, lecz także z innych państw, m.in. Rosji, Pakistanu, Niemiec, Francji, Wielkiej Brytanii, Chin, Turcji, czy nawet Birmy. Obecna działalność i kształt tych organizacji są wielowymiarowe i skomplikowane, cechują się wszechstronnością działalności zbrojnej, amorficznością strukturalną, mobilnością operacyjną oraz działalnością na wielu płaszczyznach i obszarach jednocześnie. W wyniku szerszej uniwersalizacji terroryzmu islamskiego organizacje te rozwijają kontakty z innymi międzynarodowymi islamskimi organizacjami terrorystycznymi, działającymi w Waziristanie (głównie z Al-Kaidą, talibami i siecią Haqqani). Wytworzył się między nimi specyficzny system współpracy, polegający na specjalizacji poszczególnych organizacji w konkretnym aspekcie działalności terrorystycznej. IRU i IUDż stały się swoistą akademią dżihadu.

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Zdolności obronne Polskich Sił Zbrojnych wobec państw sojuszniczych w oparciu o poniesione nakłady

Zdolności obronne Polskich Sił Zbrojnych wobec państw sojuszniczych w oparciu o poniesione nakłady

Author(s): Magdalena Dalecka-Zaborowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5.2/2016

The changing security environment forces the necessity of building and enhancing defence capabilities of states through creating stable and trustworthy alliances. Their military potential is primarily based on the budget expenditures that help building the capabilities. Although the threats of contemporary world seem to endanger all allied states, some of them lack to fulfil the Newport NATO agreement on reaching the rate of 2% GDP for defence. Those countries that are more aware of the danger, aspire to reach the rate, i.e. Central and Eastern Europe states. Poland is also the country, whose military sector is planned to be financed with the amount of 38,4 billion zloty this year, and the size of 2% of GDP with the following year. The aim of the paper is to compare the defence capabilities of Polish army on the basis of financial potential of the budget against other NATO states.

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Zdolności rakietowe Rosji: potencjał i ograniczenia

Zdolności rakietowe Rosji: potencjał i ograniczenia

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2019

Rozwój zdolności rakietowych, w tym broni hipersonicznych, Rosja traktuje jako możliwość zniwelowania przewagi konwencjonalnej USA. Ten potencjał może wykorzystać jako argument przetargowy w negocjacjach dotyczących wprowadzenia nowych ograniczeń dotyczących np. rozmieszczania broni w kosmosie. Jednocześnie, m.in. ze względu na niższy od amerykańskiego budżet wojskowy, rosyjskie władze obawiają się kosztownego wyścigu zbrojeń w innych obszarach, zwłaszcza obejmujących systemy defensywne.

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Zdrojové zajištění obrany České republiky: Perspektivy a možnosti

Zdrojové zajištění obrany České republiky: Perspektivy a možnosti

Author(s): František Mičánek,František Šulc,Jakub Odehnal,Vladan Holcner,Aleš Olejníček / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2014

The paper is focused on the area of defence sources in the Czech Republic. Within an analysis of the actual situation in military spending in the Czech Republic, some potential approaches are defined to enable the reasonable and transparent allocation of resources for national defence. Based on these approaches, three courses of action are derived in order to deal with current resources inadequacy and instability in defence.

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Zhodnotenie priebehu aliančnej misie v Afganistane z politického hľadiska

Zhodnotenie priebehu aliančnej misie v Afganistane z politického hľadiska

Author(s): Martin Joščák,Boris Ďurkech / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 27/2017

This article focuses on development of NATO missions in Afghanistan (both ISAF and Resolute support) from the political point of view. Authors describe an influence of political decisions adopted at the NATO summits and international donor conferences on the development of the security situation in Afghanistan and vice-versa. At the conclusion author tries to give possible future outcome of the security situation in the country.

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Zkušenosti z rušení základny Šajkovac rozvíjí schopnosti ženijního vojska AČ

Zkušenosti z rušení základny Šajkovac rozvíjí schopnosti ženijního vojska AČ

Author(s): Jan Hanudeľ,Pavel Maňas,Jiří Štoller,Vojtěch Hanudeľ / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2016

The article deals with experience in closure of military bases in foreign operations. It follows in article Life cycle of military bases in foreign operations, published in Vojenské rozhledy Nr. 4/2009. The text of article presents current knowledge about the life cycle of military bases and general principles from the perspective of the latest NATO Handbook. The theoretical part of the article introduces weighting method of decision analysis, which compares current ways for the field bases closure. Authors describe findings from base closure Šajkovac that significantly influenced removal activities.

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Zločini i genocid nad Bošnjacima Podrinja

Zločini i genocid nad Bošnjacima Podrinja

Author(s): Meldijana Arnaut-Haseljić,Sabina Subašić-Galijatović,Alma Hajrić-Ćaušević / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2015

Continuity of conquering-expansionist and genocidal policy towards Bosnia and Bosniaks, escalated at the end of the 20th century, when the Great- Serbian aggressor (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro) started the aggression - the war of conquest for territories (“living space” - lebensraum). The armed aggression against the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and occupation of its large part, was the part of the Great Serbian project (Plan “RAM”), which was based on the unification of all ‘Serbian countries’ and Serbian people. Bosniaks were massively and individually killed, expelled, sexually abused, wounded, taken to concentration camps and other places to imprison, tortured and disappeared by force, their property was robbed, and religious and cultural monuments were destroyed. Podrinje region (Bijeljina, Zvornik, Bratunac, Srebrenica, Vlasenica, Žepa, Rogatica, Višegrad, Goražde, Čajniče and Foča) is the area of strategic importance in the Great- Serbian policies and practices, which meant the elimination of the Drina River as a border between the ‘Serbian states’, and ‘clean Serbian’ territory in the area 50 km west of the Drina river. Genocidal character of aggression has been proved in 1992, occupying much of Podrinje region where about one-third of the Bosniak population has been driven in several enclaves (Goražde, Žepa, Srebrenica, and triangle Cerska - Kamenica - Konjević Polje). At the beginning of 1993, by Serbian offensive were occupied Kamenica, Cerska and Konjević Polje, which the size of the Srebrenica enclave was reduced from 900 to roughly 150 km2. Bosniaks of nearby areas were driven to the town of Srebrenica, which population increased to about 60,000 people. In the difficult conditions of the siege (no water, electricity, food, medicine and other necessities for living, which were forbidden by the Great- Serbian forces) population has been survived relying on the protection of the United Nations, until July, 1995.

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Změna globální strategické rovnováhy: Stav a trendy vývoje vojenské síly vybraných zemí

Změna globální strategické rovnováhy: Stav a trendy vývoje vojenské síly vybraných zemí

Author(s): Vladimír Šilhan / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1/2013

The aim of this article is to provide comparison of the main indicators of military power among the individual EU countries, between the EU in total and the U.S., and the comparison of the world’s biggest military powers. Current evolvement of changes in military power indicates the shift of the centre of gravity aiming prevailingly eastward towards raising and growing economical powers. Due to the differences of various input data, multiple information sources used for comparison are significantly different. In addition, it is difficult to get them for some isolated countries, the results of which are sometimes only estimated. The study also includes information on the main importers and exporters of the military equipment, as well as the estimation of future trends.

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Zmiana statusu i etniczna mobilizacja podczas wydarzeń marca 1956 roku w Gruzji

Zmiana statusu i etniczna mobilizacja podczas wydarzeń marca 1956 roku w Gruzji

Author(s): Timothy Blauvelt / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 9/2016

The large-scale demonstrations that took place in Georgia in early March 1956 following Khrushchev’s criticism of Stalin at the 20th Party Congress were the first significant expressions of public protest and civil disobedience in the Soviet Union for decades, and they also bore a clearly nationalistic character. Based primarily on materials from the Georgian KGB and Party archives and interviews with former Party officials and participants of the events, this article examines potential interpretations of these events derived from elite incorporation and ethnic mobilisation theories.

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Zmiany klimatu a bezpieczeństwo w regionie Afryki Północnej i Bliskiego Wschodu – wybrane zagadnienia

Zmiany klimatu a bezpieczeństwo w regionie Afryki Północnej i Bliskiego Wschodu – wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Anna Diawoł-Sitko / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2020

The article presents the impact of forecast climate change on political stability in the North African and the Middle East (MENA) region, at the state and region level. In the article, the author decided to accept the thesis that an appropriate response to the effects of climate change is one of the most important tasks of current governments in the region, and its lack will have negative consequences for political stability. Problems generated by climate change are not a major cause of conflict in the MENA region, but in combination with weak institutions and lack of adaptability, they can become one of the factors of instability. Especially that, as research shows, the countries of the region are highly prone to the negative effects of climate change, due to water scarcity, dependence on food imports, low level of socio-ecological resilience, social tensions and political conflicts as well as the ongoing migration crisis.

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Zmiany klimatu w strategicznych przeglądach obronnych Polski, Stanów Zjednoczonych i Wielkiej Brytanii w XXI wieku

Author(s): Maciej Hacaga / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Climate change is recognised as one of the greatest challenges facing the international community. For this reason, it has begun to be introduced in defence planning processes. To trace this process this paper applies comparative method to analyse how the issue has been implemented in strategic planning documents of Poland, the US and the UK.

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ZMIANY POLITYCZNE W ŚWIECIE ARABSKIM
ANNO DOMINI 2011. PRÓBA OCENY Z PERSPEKTYWY STRATEGICZNEGO BEZPIECZEŃSTWA IZRAELA

ZMIANY POLITYCZNE W ŚWIECIE ARABSKIM ANNO DOMINI 2011. PRÓBA OCENY Z PERSPEKTYWY STRATEGICZNEGO BEZPIECZEŃSTWA IZRAELA

Author(s): Wojciech Nowiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2012

The end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011 in Arab countries marked its place in history as the Arab Spring or the Arab Awakening, since during this period mass social, political and economic protests could be observed in almost all the countries in the region. Due to the nature, dynamics and the issues underlying the Arab-Israeli conflict, each and every material change in Arab countries is and has to be important for Israel and the whole Middle East. Considering the phenomenon being analyzed from the perspective of the Arab-Israeli conflict and Israel’s external and internal situation, in my opinion it is particularly important to attempt to answer the following question: Has the Arab Spring changed Israel’s strategic situation, and if so, to what extent? Looking at the ensuing situation from the perspective of Israel and also the Arab-Israeli conflict, at the very beginning we can have doubts or an opinion even less optimistic than in Europe about the nature of these changes. The Arab Spring may be regarded by Israel and also by the analysts related with the country as the beginning of the „era of uncertainty”. This is mainly connected with the changes regarding political regimes and the possibility of coming to or sharing power with Islamic movements and parties hostile towards Israel. The collapse of political regimes was accompanied by failures of the ruling political parties connected with these regimes. The gap was filled by dozens of new parties, with religious and Islamic parties being particularly strong. Time will show its long-term consequences. Israel cannot afford unjustified optimism and false opinions, and that is why it has to be prepared for negative scenarios since both the country’s elites and society are aware of that there may be no second chances in event of failure.

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Zmiany strukturalne w polskim przemyśle zbrojeniowym

Zmiany strukturalne w polskim przemyśle zbrojeniowym

Author(s): Dariusz Klimek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

The subject of this article are the structural changes in the armaments industry in Poland after 1990 regarding the background of worldwide transformations that took place at that time, in particular related to the consolidation of enterprises. The aim of the article is to provide answers to the following questions about the current structure of Polish armaments industry. First – to what extent is the structure similar to the concentrated model of the USA and Western Europe arms industry? Second – is the structure of Polish arms industry suitable for rebuilding its position on the global armaments market in the conditions of gradual reduction of protectionist barriers in Europe? Various research methods have been used to achieve the goal of the article. The basic one becomes the analysis of Polish and foreign literature of the subject and unpublished materials from the former Ministry of Economy. The second method – qualitative – uses the technique of free interview. The author interviewed nearly 20 chief-executive officers of Polish armament companies during several specialist military equipment and armament fairs in 2016 and 2017. The basic conclusions of the research are not optimistic. While the structure of Polish arms industry is not very close to the solutions applied in the US and Western Europe, it is more related to the concentrated models in national structures (holdings and concerns) characteristic for Central and Eastern European countries, the process of concentration was executed too slowly and in a random way. Nevertheless, the main problem is that existing structure does not improve the competitiveness of the Polish arms industry in the face of dynamic changes in the European one.

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Zmiany w głównych założeniach Strategii obrony narodowej USA

Zmiany w głównych założeniach Strategii obrony narodowej USA

Author(s): Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2018

Strategia obrony narodowej USA rozwija tezy zatwierdzonej pod koniec 2017 r. Strategii bezpieczeństwa narodowego, która za najważniejsze uznała zagrożenia ze strony Chin i Rosji, nie zaś terroryzmu międzynarodowego. Jawne streszczenie dokumentu sygnalizuje początek zmian w planach strategicznych i operacyjnych, strukturze i wyposażeniu Sił Zbrojnych USA. Wraz z innymi dokumentami administracji Trumpa pokazuje jej priorytety i potwierdza rosnące oczekiwania wobec sojuszników USA.

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Zmiany w polityce Korei Północnej

Zmiany w polityce Korei Północnej

Author(s): Oskar Pietrewicz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 2020

Opublikowany 1 stycznia br. raport z plenum Komitetu Centralnego Partii Pracy Korei wprowadza zmiany w polityce wewnętrznej i zagranicznej KRLD. Wynikają one z impasu w stosunkach Korei Płn. z USA po fiasku szczytu Kim Dzong Una z Donaldem Trumpem w Hanoi w lutym 2019 r. Dokument służy przygotowaniu elit i społeczeństwa na dalsze funkcjonowanie w warunkach sankcji. Sugeruje również odrzucenie dialogu z Amerykanami na dotychczasowych zasadach i powrót do polityki wymuszania ustępstw na USA. KRLD chce to osiągnąć przez wzmacnianie swojego potencjału nuklearno-rakietowego, co zmniejsza i tak znikome perspektywy porozumienia ws. denuklearyzacji.

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Zmiany w polityce obronnej Szwecji po 2014 roku

Zmiany w polityce obronnej Szwecji po 2014 roku

Author(s): Marcin Lasoń / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The aim of the article is to analyze the changes that took place in the defence policy of Sweden after 2014. The annexation of the Crimea Peninsula by the Russian Federation, the creation of the socalled People’s Republics in the East of Ukraine, along with military provocations aimed in Sweden, led to the reconstruction of defence policy. The Swedish authorities have recognized that they don’t have enough capabilities to meet the challenges of a potential crisis or war. Regardless of the assessment that it’s unlikely. Therefore, thanks to obtaining a political consensus around defence policy, the process of its change was initiated. Including increasing expenditures and expanding the armed forces. It’s necessary for the implementation of the total defense concept pursued by Sweden during the Cold War. Taking into account the conditions that must be met in the 21st century. The analysis was carried out primarily on the basis of source and neorealistic approach to the policy of small states in the defense field.

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