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The New French Approach to Common Security and Defence Policy

Author(s): Krzysztof Soloch / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

France has continually supported a greater security role for the European Union, and the development of Common Security and Defence Policy is, for Paris, a natural progression for European integration and an essential element in the validity of Common Foreign and Security Policy. As the French took over the presidency of the Council of the European Union in July 2000 and again in 2008, CSDP remained the number one priority for them. After the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, the European Union (EU) was supposed to benefit from a new, more active and effective Common Defence and Security Policy. The CDSP is designed to give the EU the means to cope with crisis resolution—by giving it operational tools (civilian and military ones) it is designed to make the Union’s foreign policy more credible. But the EU is not yet able to influence the course of events in the world around it. The EU’s failure in Libya has confirmed the permanent gap between Europe’s ambitions and its insufficient capacity. The refusal on the part of High Representative Catherine Ashton to accept the EU’s lead in commanding the naval embargo of Libya represented a severe setback for the EEAS when at the same time this proposal had been agreed by the UK, France and other EU members and enjoyed the support of the U.S. The EU remains a major civil power, able to carry out humanitarian operations and provide important economic support. But the EU has yet been unable to influence the course of events.

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THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON WARFARE

Author(s): Cătălin BALMUȘ,Ioan CRAMAR,Andreea-Alexandra CRAMAR / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over human history, war has been documented since people tend to conflict over territories and control of resources. Over centuries, was became an integral element in demonstrating strength and power among states and plays a significant role in the international system. The paper looks into the impact of technology on warfare by focusing on elements like autonomous vehicles, ethical conflicts posed by autonomous vehicles, the proliferation of war and human suffering, and stealth technology and aerial combat. Technology plays a significant role in modern warfare due to new approaches to making, moving, and concealing military equipment. In addition to improvements in weaponry, technology has played another important role, forcing the military leadership to develop new tactics, techniques, and procedures to be able to reduce or negate the advantages of intelligent weapons. There has also been the proliferation of war and displacement of people. Cyberwars and aerial combat have taken a new shape where the latter uses stealth technology to avoid detection and launch surprise attacks on enemies. The advent of stealth technology, as well as sophisticated guidance capabilities, has helped reducing collateral damage, nevertheless, it has also led to more human suffering, as shown by nuclear weapons, autonomous vehicles, and deadlier arsenal.

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THE ROLE OF UKRAINIAN SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES WITHIN THE WAR IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Adrian-Corneliu DIEANU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The analysis of Ukrainian special operations forces’ capabilities is an important endeavor in studying the development of the war from Ukraine – as a consequence of the Russian Army invasion, in February 24, 2022. The actions of the Ukrainian elite military forces contributed to the failure of the initial Russian military planners’ strategic aims. National Ukrainian Army initiated the preparations to defend against an invasion force of the Russian Federation Armed Forces of 200,000 militaries, grouped in tactical units around the Ukrainian borders. Special operations Ukrainian forces had the significant role of stopping Moscow’s objectives established at the beginning of the Russian invasion and of obtaining these remarkable results within the fights against the Russian army’s units; they stood out, especially within the planned action of defeating the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv. The role of Ukrainian special operations forces within the war in Ukraine consisted in bold actions behind the adversaries’ lines, resulting in destroying certain command points and in eliminating several important commanders from the command chain of the Russian Federation invasion forces. Ukrainian special operations forces engaged efficiently the fight with the Russian elite forces that landed in the neighborhood of Kyiv and also blocked the military actions that intending to get the control over certain strategic objectives.Interrupting the logistic flow of the Russian Armed Forces, destroying the Russian logistic centers from Ukrainian and Russian territory, as well as organizing resistance cells for guerrilla fight within the Ukrainian territories occupied by the Russians are among the successful missions of the Ukrainian special operations forces. The endeavor of the current article is to analyze the Ukrainian special operations force’ transformation process since 2014 – an evolution from a structure specific for the „Spetsnaz” and Soviet Union (U.R.S.S) to the current capabilities and modern endowment, driven upon a development & training program, commonly developed with special forces units from NATO armies.

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NATO AND EU STRATEGIC REVISION. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS BEFORE AND AFTER THE RUSSIAN – UKRAINIAN WAR

Author(s): Cristina Bogzeanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The present paper approaches the significant contextual aspects in which 2022 NATO and EU strategic revision process is taking place. The study premises that Russian unjustified military aggression on Ukraine and the subsequent security challenges for the European security environment are only the most recent, visible, and implicitly, attention catching ones, and that the background of the current strategic revision of both NATO and the EU is wider and marked by the succession of internal and external crises in the last decade. However, despite the need to approach all these challenges, Russian invasion of Ukraine has a key role in these organizations’ strategic revision, as it can be considered a wake-up call, an undeniable proof that both NATO and EU have to adapt their role in the regional and international security context. Through this rather descriptive approach, this paper is meant to bring to attention the complexity of the current international and regional context, shaping NATO and EU strategic revision. Also, we will argue that one of the main challenges that are to come after this revision will consist in dealing with NATO-EU relation in the best possible manner. In order to do so, the argumentation will be built departing from the general regional context, taking in consideration both internal and external trends, continuing with the origins and signification of NATO and EU strategic revision. This will be the basis on which we intend to reveal some of the challenges of NATO-EU relation and how this relation was impacted by the unjustified Russian military aggression on Ukraine. The argumentation capitalizes recent events with relevance for NATO and EU approach to security and is built on inputs from the level of population perception on NATO and EU, as well as from national foreign politics and trends specific to the organizations themselves. Given that this paper was written before NATO actually published its 2022 Strategic Concept, the author will mostly capitalize on EU’ s official documents and, implicitly, on EU’ s perspective. The study concludes that despite the highly conflict-prone context, there is also a favourable ground not only for the EU to progress in its military dimension but also for doing this in full coordination with NATO, avoiding duplications.

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THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WAR AND THE IMPACT ON THE SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE MODERN NATION-STATE

Author(s): Mario MARINOV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The prospect of a nuclear conflict can be viewed as a concept of terrifying significance to civilisation. It is a contingency that is the antithesis to human existence in organised societies. The following paper is an examination of the effects, which can be brought upon mankind through the large-scale deployment of nuclear weapons and the impact upon the structure of modern civilisation, viewed through the lens of organisation theory. The paper presents some of the principal short-term and long-term consequences from the utilisation of nuclear weapons, based upon research covering the past five decades. The paper examines the impact of nuclear weapons on society by presenting the modern nation-state as a complex social organisation, whose social structure and complexity would be severely degraded. The paper concludes that the deployment of nuclear weapons in the modern era would have consequences of utmost severity in transforming national societies and the nation-state, severely altering, or outright eliminating their ability to function effectively and necessitating societal readjustment and even devolution to ensure survival.

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MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE SCIENCES: COGNITIVE WARFARE, A MATTER OF PERCEPTION AND MISPERCEPTION

Author(s): Olga Raluca CHIRIAC / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of cognitive warfare is steadily gaining more and more attention in security and defense discourse. By employing a cognitive psychology perspective, the article is examining how perception and/or misperception factor into cognitive mapping of strategic and operational concepts. The central aim of the paper is to outline that the approach to the human domain is deeply rooted in nationally conditioned perception. The article is looking to achieve this academic goal by comparing the NATO conceptualization of cognitive warfare to the Russian Federations'. The structure is as follows: first, there is a brief review of the cognitive psychology paradigm, especially key concepts as they relate to the scope of the paper. The subsequent sections compare the NATO cognitive warfare approach to the opposing view, namely the one of the Russian security and defense apparatuses. The "special military operation" in Ukraine initiated by the Kremlin in 2022 confirmed that in the event of a territorial aggression against a NATO member state, the alliance as a whole remains the basis of European security and defense posture. It is for this very reason that the alliance ought to objectively analyze how Russian decision makers perceive Western perspective in the cognitive realm.

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THE IMPACT OF AI ON NATO MEMBER STATES’ STRATEGIC THINKING

Author(s): Alex ETL / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into military capabilities creates various challenges for NATO. Since AI will impact the full spectrum of military capabilities, different militaries will have various reactions for these challenges. This article asks how might these reactions impact NATO member states’ strategic thinking around AI? To answer this question the article analyzes member state-specific data published by the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Center of Excellence (CCDCOE) and cross referencing it with specific operator countries. On the strategic level, the article compares the United States’ and France’s AI defensive strategies, highlighting their similarities and differences with regards to their assessments on the strategic environment; emerging threats; as well as objectives and capabilities. The analysis shows diverging development paths among NATO members, thus pointing towards the emergence of different AI-enabled technology clusters in the alliance. The integration of AI-enabled systems into allied military forces shows not only striking disparities but a deep level of fragmentation. The article also identifies a new form of capability gap among those member states, which have more capabilities. In this context, policies pursued by AI great powers are deepening intra-alliance fragmentations, while AI middle powers, like Poland or the Netherlands, are becoming more interoperable with other member states.

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TRANSFORMATIONS DETERMINED BY THE EMERGENCE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MILITARY FIELD

Author(s): Silviu-Iulian GIMIGA,Cristian STANCIU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Rivalries between the great powers of the world have always been the main cause of the outbreak of world wars. Industrial-technological revolutions have constantly influenced the life of society and implicitly the military power of each nation. The emergence of new military technologies determines radical and complex changes in the structure, principles and fighting methods used in the Romanian Army. New technologies have been, are and will be the key to maintaining the Romanian Army in international military structures as well as the basis for the gradual development of its own military industry. The investments in high technologies, national infrastructure but also in National Defense domain can be the engine of economical growth of our country and by consequence, increasing global credibility upon Romania`s capabilities. The evolution of the informational domain convinced us that always the operational environment is constantly changing, which determines the adaptation of military technologies based on scientific discoveries and everyday realities. Technological superiority represented by artificial intelligence, quantum physics, 5 G technology, can be used as a Trojan horse to act violently on a military power that does not keep up with the development of technology. Technological progress means life improvement, but it can also bring new challenges or problems. Therefore, political goals must support the country`s national defense strategy to limit and overcome potential enemies.

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TRANSHUMANISM, EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT OF THE FUTURE

Author(s): Alba-Iulia Catrinel POPESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Half a century ago, the idea of biological perfection of the human race through genetic manipulation or the creation of human-machine hybrids was automatically labelled as a dangerous fable, reminiscent of the Nazi ideology of Super - Man. Today, after several decades of research into transhumanism, the question is no longer ‘if' the supermen will become a reality, but 'when' and 'how' hybrid humans will look like. It is therefore only a matter of time before the supremacy of man born of the random play of genes will be overthrown by “hybrid man”, “improved man”, “superman”. A “superman” in symbiosis with artificial intelligence. What might the world look like, then? Will it still be structured according to the same criteria of power? What could be the security impact of the emergence of cyborgs capable of processing information in billionths of a second? This article aims to bring research into transhumanism and emerging technologies to the fore and to examine the potential impact of their materialization on the international security environment.

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THE FUNDING UNDER IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE

Author(s): Dănuța Mădălina SCIPANOV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this article, I set out to present the importance of allocating financial resources within the North Atlantic Alliance, as well as the costs of operating and implementing Alliance policies, which are funded by direct and indirect contributions from Member States. Thus, direct financial contributions to NATO are common funding and joint funding and indirect financial contributions come in different forms. Indirect financial contributions are by far the largest type of contribution and include Allied participation in NATO-led operations and missions. The North Atlantic Alliance regularly collects data on Allied defense spending and presents aggregates and subsets of this information. The Ministry of Defense of each Ally reports the estimated current and future defense expenditures according to an agreed definition of defense expenditures. Allocated amounts are payments currently made by allied nations or to be made during the fiscal year. The essence of the article consists that NATO funding is found in the defense budgets of Alliance member countries. Of these, the majority are national expenditures, which are practically a form of indirect contribution to NATO funding. At the same time, it can be seen that NATO is an intergovernmental organization. The Member States allocate the necessary financial resources for day-to-day operations. The Member States shall provide the necessary and available facilities for consultation, decision-making, and implementation of policies established by consensus. NATO is a apolitical alliance backed by a military structure. It provides for the common defense of member countries, cooperation with partner countries, and the implementation of Alliance policies, mainly for peacekeeping. Therefore, the novelty of this approach lies in the fact that it highlights the problems facing NATO funding today, the funding mechanism, and the construction of the common budgets of the Alliance.

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Smart Email Security Assistant

Author(s): Cristian PASCARIU,Ioan BACIVAROV / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With security incidents and breaches growing each year, email is still used as the major entry point to server malicious content that results in credential theft or malware infections enabling malicious threat actors to mount complex attacks. This paper is intended to document a new approach for detecting suspicious and malicious emails leveraging techniques such as security analytics, natural language processing to discover the intent of the email, as well as artificial neural networks to support more complex rules for classification. This solution can be used in a basic mode to flag which emails are safe and which are not, at the same time it can also be used by security analysts to gain a better understanding of the attack vectors and speed up the investigation process.

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Financing Terrorism: Economy's Dark Side

Author(s): Andreea-Mădălina VÂRTEI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the hidden depths of covert operations and clandestine dealings, the sinew of currency entwines in a sinister ballet, fueling the malevolent fires of terrorism, bestowing upon it the means to unleash havoc and anguish upon unsuspecting souls. Within the intricate web of the global economy, the haunting specter of terrorist financing looms large, its tendrils entangling a labyrinthine network of cartels funding jihadist endeavors, all entwined within the ideological struggle between material wealth and religious fervor. The aim of this study is to delve into the intricate layers of terrorist financing. The first layer involves conducting a literature review focusing on the 2000s, providing insights into the subject. Moving on to the second layer, a behavioral analysis of terrorist financiers is presented, highlighting the formation of alliances between terrorists and financiers. The third layer examines the utilization of advanced technology and intelligent materials in combating the issue of terrorist financing. Finally, the research concludes with an overview of the challenges posed by the influence of the black economy in a globalized world.

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КУЛТУРА ПО БЕЗОПАСНОСТ В АВИАЦИЯТА

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The management of civil aviation safety is one of the main responsibilities of the state. It develops, implements, implements and constantly improves strategies and processes in order to ensure control over all aviation activities, complying with all international and national standards for ensuring safe, scheduled, efficient and economical air transport.

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Teknolojik İlerlemenin Göçmen Güvenliğine Etkisi ve Sınır Güvenlik Önlemleri

Author(s): Nure SEYLAN / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Teknoloji günümüz çağdaş toplumların bir özet gibidir, her alana nüfuz ettiği gibi uluslararası göç sürecinde de kendine önemli bir yer bulmaktadır. Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya açılan sınır ülkesi olduğundan dolayı yoğun göç akış rotasında bulunmakta ve bu durum göçmenler için güçlü cezbedici yönlerinden biridir. Ancak Türkiye göç serüveni üzerinde anlatılan göçü önlemeye dair güvenlik önlemlerinin dönüşümü ve teknolojik aygıtların devreye girmesiyle klasik engelleme metotlarının değişimi makale boyunca işlenecek konular arasındadır. Göç serüveni başlamadan önce teknoloji sayesinde araştırma yapan göçmenin online olarak attığı her adım dijital ayak izi bırakmasına sebep olmaktadır.

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Örgütsel Özdeşleşme, İşe Bağlılık ve İş Performansı Arasındaki İlişkiler: Savunma Sanayii Sektöründe Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Cenk TUFAN / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

This study, which was prepared based on Social Identity Theory and Self Classification Theory, examines the relationships between organizational identification, job involvement, and job performance variables in a sector such as the defense industry, which hosts a qualified workforce and highly educated employees. It also examines the mediating role of job involvement in the relationship between organizational identification and job performance. In this study, it is assumed that employees who identify with their organizations will cause an increase in individual job performance through positive behaviors and attitudes such as job involvement. For this reason, a survey was conducted on the employees of small-scale private enterprises operating in the defense industry in Ankara. According to the findings, organizational identification affects job performance positively and significantly. In addition, organizational identification positively and significantly affects job involvement; It has been found that job involvement has a positive and significant effect on job performance. The study also concluded that job involvement has a mediating role in the relationship between the organizational identification of the employees in the defense industry and their job performance. From these findings obtained from the research, it is concluded that organizational identification and job involvement are the antecedents of individual job performance.

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GOODBYE RUSSIA! THE EMANCIPATION OF EUROPEAN ENERGY

Author(s): Zuzanna Nowak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The energy crisis in the European Union did not start on 24 February 2022, nor is it over yet. However, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has already become a turning point in the history of European energy policy and the beginning of the EU’s emancipation from Russian influence in the energy market. There is no more room for “business as usual” with Russia. Moreover, this energy divorce is accompanied by a series of measures to strengthen the EU’s resilience against any external threats to the energy system.

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THE NEW UKRAINE AND HOMO UCRAINENSIS

Author(s): Maria Piechowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2021, Ukraine celebrated the 30th anniversary of its independence. Exhibitions, concerts, commemorative meetings, and festivals were held throughout the country. Ukraine demonstrated independence, unity, and strength. The celebrations showed how Ukrainian identity, state, and society had evolved over 30 years. The point of reference was no longer Russia - and for many Ukrainians it used to be; its place taken by Europe. Ukrainians began to emphasise that they no longer wanted to live in a state belonging to the post-Soviet space, dominated by a gloomy and passive homo sovieticus; they wanted to belong, and perhaps even already belonged, to the Western world, with freedom, democracy, and human rights as their core values. The evolution has been gradual, but it is easy to identify the turning points - the Orange Revolution of 2004 and the Revolution of Dignity of 2013. The changes that were taking place triggered interference from Russia, which did not want to accept the Ukrainian turn towards the West. Ukraine’s 30th anniversary was marred by the war that had by then already been going on for seven years.

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Kriz Yönetiminden Önce Risk Yönetiminin Önemi

Author(s): Aziz Cumhur Kocalar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Ülkemizin yoğun dayanışma çabası gösterdiği bir dönemdeyiz. Doğu Anadolu fay hattının güneyinde ve çevresindeki geniş bir bölgeyi etkisi altına alan depremlerin yarattığı bu kriz döneminde, risk yönetiminin önemini hatırlama gereği yine ortada kalan ve yeterince sahiplenilmeyen bir gerçekliktir. Hâlbuki gelecek için artık bugünden sistematik önlemler alma konusunda hiç gecikme yaşanılmamalıdır.

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6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinin Altyapı ve Atık Yönetimi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Halil Uzun / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş, Gaziantep, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Hatay, Osmaniye ve Adana olmak üzere on ilde ciddi can ve mal kayıplarına neden olan Türkiye saati ile 04.17’de ve 13.24’te Kahramanmaraş Pazarcık ve Kahramanmaraş Elbistan merkezli (sırasıyla Mw 7,8 ve Mw 7,7) iki deprem meydana gelmiştir. Söz konusu depremlerde en kritik konulardan biri ilgili kırıkların Türkiye aktif fay haritası ile birbirini üzerlemeyerek farklı alanlardan geçmesidir (İTÜ, 2023). Yeni bir bilgi olarak ele alınan bu durum depreme dair tüm unsurların da farklı açılardan ele alınmasının gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

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Kapsayıcı Tasarım Bağlamında Deprem Sonrası Zihin Farklı Bireylere Yaklaşım: Fiziksel, Sosyal ve Psikolojik Gereklilikler

Author(s): Saadet Aytis / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Kapsayıcı tasarım kavramı, mekânsal erişilebilirliğin ötesinde tüm yaşamı içine alan kapsayıcı bir anlayışı ve kapsayıcı bir yaşamı ifade eden geniş anlamları bünyesinde barındırmakta; mekânsal erişilebilirlik, toplumsal erişilebilirlik, zihinsel erişilebilirlik, sosyal erişilebilirlik, dijital varlığa herkes tarafından ulaşım (Johansson vd., 2015: 418), yaşamsal bütünleştirici anlayışlar, toplumsal bütünleşme gibi kavramları kapsayan ve sadece mimari alanı değil, disiplinlerarası birçok alanı kapsayan bir yapıya sahiptir. Yaşamın genel akışı içerisinde olağan sayılan bireylerin zorlanmadan erişebildiği mekanlar, parklar, sokaklar, sosyal ortamlar, araçlar, hizmetler, kurumlar, faaliyetler ve yaşamın içindeki tüm fonksiyonlar bireylerin tamamı için erişilebilir olamamakta; özel gereksinimi olan bireylerin yaşamın her alanında var olmasının önünde çeşitli engeller bulunmaktadır.

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