Schwytać Eichmanna. Izraelskie służby wywiadowcze w projekcie narodowej historii

Author(s): Renata Tarasiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The article is dedicated to the capturing and abducting of Adolf Eichmann by the Israeli intelligence services of the Mossad and the Shin Bet in the suburbs of Buenos Aires. The story has been presented basing on the (often contradictory) accounts of the participants of the abduction that not only provide knowledge concerning the details of the action, but also speak of emotions, human feelings and frets connected with this operation. Special attention has been drawn to the role of Isser Harel who has become the legend of the Israeli intelligence by leading simultaneously both services: the Mossad and the Shin Bet, opening and closing a certain epoch in their history. The article emphasises the importance of the discussed operation in the shaping of the Israeli historical policy founded on the defeat changed into the victory. This policy was especially important in the face of the soon to be started Six-Day War which consolidated the position of Israel on the international arena.

Przyjaźń w eterze? Kooperacja w zakresie techniki specjalnej i radiokontrwywiadu pomiędzy MSW a wschodnioniemiecką Stasi w latach 70. i 80. XX wieku

Author(s): Tytus Jaskułowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The intelligence services system of the Polish People’s Republic and the German Democratic Republic, irrespective of how controversial the thesis might seem, did not develop a significant level of cooperation, mainly due to insurmountable political differences. The article discusses the problems of the relations between both services in the area of broadly understood signals intelligence (SIGINT) and operational equipment. It was possible to retrace them on the basis of the research conducted at the Polish Institute of National Remembrance and the German Stasi Records Agency. The possibility of making the comparative analysis of both sources allowed to present the forms of cooperation as well as antagonisms existing between the security departments of both states.

Recenzja monografi Mirosława Minkiny pt. Sztuka wywiadu w państwie współczesnym

Author(s): Leszek Pawlikowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Recenzja monografi Mirosława Sułka pt. Potęga państ. Modele i zastosowania

Author(s): Robert Białoskórski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Uwagi do artykułu Stephena Marrina pt. "Improving intelligence studies as an academic discipline" opublikowanego w "Intelligence and National Security" 2014

Author(s): Robert Białoskórski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2015

"Wiedzieć o agencie więcej, niż on sam wie o sobie". Rozmowa z płk. Aleksandrem Makowskim

Author(s): Beata Gałek / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2015

Federalna Służba Bezpieczeństwa a konflikt w Czeczenii

Author(s): Mirosław Minkina / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The Federal Security Service operated actively during the two wars in Chechnya. Its task was to ensure the security of the forces engaged there, prevent the penetration of Chechen agents, manifestations of terrorism and sabotage, organize operational and reconnaissance subunits in the areas controlled by militants, obtain information, interrogate refugees and find mercenaries. There is no doubt that the officers of the Federal Security Service participated from the beginning in the preparation to the start of the first Chechen war, and then in the war operations. However, there is also ample evidence that the terrorist attacks in Russia, suggesting the involvement of Chechen fighters, were in fact planned and carried out by the FSB, to provide a pretext to start the second war in Chechnya and pacify its aspirations to independence. In the media, there appeared many facts and speculations, and the nervous reaction of the authorities confirmed repeatedly the belief that secret services were involved in the attacks. Many of the operations in Chechnya, commanded by FSB senior officers, often ended in a failure. As a result of war operations, the small region in the southern part of Russia was almost completely devastated, and its system of public order and law enforcement almost vanished. In this article the author attempts the address the research problem related to the role of the FSB during the Chechen wars. The complexity of the issue of Islamic terrorism in various regions of the world demonstrates the constant need to raise this problem, which supports the strategy of ensuring security.

Koncepcja strategii wywiadu biznesowego

Author(s): Robert Białoskórski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The article addresses the theoretical problem of business intelligence strategy. The issue is closely related to the strategy of a company. In the adopted terminological convention the author proposes the main directions of business intelligence strategy assumptions based on the mission, area of operation, strategic objectives and operational work. The presented theses are of framework character and require further, in-depth studies.

Fundusze operacyjne współczesnych służb specjalnych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej – aspekt normatywny

Author(s): Mirosław Kwieciński,Krzysztof Passella / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The operational funds of secret services carrying out tasks related to state security and the protection of its interests are financed from the state budget. Information about their size is publicly available, while the details of expenditure are subject to secrecy. Legal norms equivalent to an act of the parliament cover all the regulations related to the spending of public funds, including the expenditure from operational funds. Due to the nature of the services' activity, resulting in classifying as confidential any data related to their officers, legal regulations cover also the activity of the heads of secret services acting as the tax authorities of the first and second degree.

Działalność wybranych organizacji byłych funkcjonariuszy służb specjalnych Federacji Rosyjskiej

Author(s): Kazimierz Kraj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The article presents two, selected out of many, associations of former officers of the USSR and the RF security bodies. The leading idea is to demonstrate the field of activity of former secret services officers after leaving the service. The description of the activity of the Russian organizations of veterans of security bodies (secret services) may be of interest to researchers dealing with similar issues. The knowledge of the environment of former Chekists, military intelligence or special subunits (spetsnaz, osnaz) officers may be useful in the study of modern services of the Russian Federation.

Ochrona tajemnicy w Wojsku Polskim w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Stanisław Topolewski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The protection of information being of significant importance for the functioning of the Polish state has been an important element of its policy in the field of defence and security in every period of its existence. After the rebirth of the Polish state in 1918, the protection of secrets was critical to its continuity as well as the basis of its existence. It was recognized that allowing for the disclosure of information significant to the state could be disastrous for both its functioning as well as defence capabilities.The analysis of pre-September documents concerning the protection of secrets proves that what was feared at the time was mainly (Soviet and German) espionage and subversive activity. Subversion was understood mainly as infiltration into the army of the communist and nationalist organizations. These threats were reflected in the applicable at the time military regulations and instructions concerning the protection of secrets. Efforts were made in this regard to carry out a number of various preventive undertakings, ranging from the regulation of provisions, through verification of people with access to secrets, to training and control.

Konstytucyjne aspekty działalności służb specjalnych w Polsce (prolegomena)

Author(s): Katarzyna Dunaj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The article is devoted to the selected aspects of secret services' operations in the light of the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Its aim is to answer the question about the extent to which the statutory regulation of secret services' operations in Poland meets the constitutional standards of a democratic state. First, the author draws attention to the issue of the subordination of secret services to the constitutional state authorities. Then, the secret services area of operation is characterized in the context of pursuing the state policy, especially related to ensuring internal and external security of the Republic of Poland. The final part of the article is devoted to the competence of secret services' officers connected with the interference in the constitutionally protected rights and freedoms of the individual. The author emphasizes the need to respect by secret services the fundamental constitutional values of the Republic of Poland, paying particular attention to their operation in accordance with applicable law.

Rola Wojskowych Służb Informacyjnych w systemie bezpieczeństwa Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej

Author(s): Marek Dukaczewski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

Potrzeba posiadania informacji o potencjalnym przeciwniku towarzyszyła ludziom od zawsze. Wiedza ta, zdobywana w sposób tajny, stanowiła ważne narzędzie wsparcia polityki bezpieczeństwa każdego państwa. Pozyskiwaniem tych informacji zajmowały się i nadal zajmują specjalnie powołane do tego służby specjalne. Działania tych służb, bez względu na system polityczny w państwie, mają za zadanie pozyskiwanie i dostarczanie informacji, które pozwolą na realizację procesu decyzyjnego w państwie, przede wszystkim w dziedzinie jego bezpieczeństwa i obronności.The need of possessing information about a potential opponent has accompanied people for ages. This knowledge, obtained in a secret fashion, has constituted an important tool supporting the security policy of every state. The task of acquiring this information has been entrusted to the specially qualified services. Their activity, irrespective of the political system of a state, aims at obtaining and providing information which enables the decision-making process of a given state to take place, especially with respect to its security and defence.

Polskie tradycje w zakresie przestrzegania tajemnicy państwowej oraz ich wpływ na kształtowanie się bezpieczeństwa

Author(s): Jerzy Waldemar Chłopecki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

Since the dawn of organized statehood all kinds of information related to the functioning of public authorities were kept secret. The dynamically changing international situation throughout the course of history constantly pointed to the need of verifying the existing regulations concerning the protection of classified information and adapting them to new realities. A form of such adjustment was the Classified Information Protection Act of 1999 which was meant to adjust Polish solutions to the ones applied by the NATO member states. However, progressing dynamic changes in the international environment forced further evolution of the regulations. Currently, the dominant piece of legislation in the field of classified information is the law passed on 5 August 2010. Analyzing the systems of classified information protection, we can clearly state that they are inextricably linked with national security systems and the entire range of issues related to the protection of state vital interests, as well as with national protection and defence, which is why information should be properly managed and protected.

Stopień jawności i tajności życia społecznego a bezpieczeństwo (nielojalny fortel erystyczny: argumentum ad secretum)

Author(s): Cezary Kalita / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

A secret due to its totality or the claim to totality must be limited. The public sphere should be public to the maximum, whereas, what is connected with the private sphere must remain secret (the postulate of the right to secrecy). A secret, apart from being ambivalent, is also of dual nature – ethical and aesthetic. Ethically, a secret protects good – but for its enemies, it conceals evil. Aesthetically, it has a certain charm and allure that constitutes a peculiar decoration for its holder, thanks to which it elevates its owner in the social stratification. The betrayal of a secret has, on the other hand, the pejorative undertone – it destroys its allure making it a common thing and so deprives it of the status of a rare thing value. In the public debate sometimes appears the temptation to use this nature (natures) of a secret as a disloyal eristic stratagem, i.e. the argumentum ad secretum (the argument of knowing a secret). Someone who knows a secret is treated as someone who belongs to the elite, he or she protects good and does not need to excuse oneself. Such a situation should not be acceptable in public life. Hence, it is necessary to expose argumentum ad secretum as social manipulation which obscures the public life. The mere indication of the possibility of such manipulation weakens its influence, and the only way to stop this manipulation is to disclose its mechanism.

Działalność wywiadowcza legalnych rezydentur 1. Zarządu Głównego KGB na terytorium europejskich krajów NATO w latach 1954-1991. Casus Beneluksu

Author(s): Leszek Pawlikowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The states united within Benelux remained during the Cold War, especially in the post-Stalinist era, an important area of intelligence activities undertaken by the Soviet secret services. Most of the tasks carried out by officers of the legal residencies (residenturas) of the First Chief Directorate (foreign intelligence) of KGB in the period from 1954 to 1991 were focused on obtaining information; however, their primary objective was not so much the acquisition of data on the economic or military potential of the “Small States” themselves – i.e. Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, but obtaining secrets connected with the headquarters of important international organizations located on their territory, in particular of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In the 1970s, more than 80 officers of KGB and GRU, having at least 30 active informants, operated on the territory of these three countries.

Konstytucyjne swobody obywatelskie wobec dyskrecjonalnych działań służb specjalnych

Author(s): Tomasz Kuć / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The article discusses secret services’ operational and investigative powers from the perspective of their interference in the constitutional rights and civil liberties. The author makes an attempt at defining the operational and investigative activities and drafting a classification thereof. Particular measures and methods of secret services’ confidential activities are governed by various legal regimes. They differ in terms of the degree of interference in civil liberties as well as the scope of protection of civil rights and liberties against unjustified use. Some operational methods remain under the supervision of courts and public prosecutor’s office, while others are used only at the discretion of secret services’ management. It is a burning issue in the context of retaining and obtaining telecommunications data without any external supervision. A comprehensive system of legal solutions that regulates the set of secret methods used in secret services is fundamental for maintaining a balance between the need to safeguard security and the citizens’ rights to privacy and the freedom of communication.

Ewolucja polskiego systemu prawnego w dziedzinie ochrony informacji niejawnych

Author(s): Robert Śnitko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The protection of classified information is an important field of state operations tightly linked to national security. In Poland, legal regulations concerning the domain of state secret protection have been evolving since 1928. Over the course of time, the legislators have been setting out ever more comprehensive methods and procedures applicable to the protection of classified information. According to the assessment of its authors, Classified Information Protection Act of 5 August 2010 that has been in force up until the present day has adapted the Polish system of protection of classified information to the rules and practice in force at the institutions of the European Union and its member states. As the scope of changes was comprehensive, the legislator decided to pass a brand new Act in 2010, instead of enacting its further amendment.

Recenzja monografi dr. Leszak Pawlikowicza pt. "Aparat Centralny 1. Zarządu Główngo KGB jako instrument realizacji globalnej strategii Kremla 1954-1991"

Author(s): Robert Białoskórski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

Bezpieczeństwo państwa z perspektywy wywiadowczej. Rozmowa z byłym oficerem polskiego wywiadu Vincentym V. Severskim

Author(s): Barbara Steligowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014