Паметта за мъртвите: структуриране на сакралните пространства в ранновизантийските некрополи и градове (според паметниците от територията на съвременна България)

Author(s): Iva Doseva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

This article aims to pose some questions on the formation of the Christian value system: when did the attitude towards the dead changed, when did the attitude towards life and the saintly dead undergo a major alteration? This attitude is not only the very formation basis of a certain saint’s cults but it also has a powerful impact on the structuring of the urban as well as the extra-urban and church spaces. Ejnar Dуggve calls the commencement of the process of intrusion of the city of the dead into the city of the living, a problem of the cultural history. The short review of the development of the Christian necropoles, located in the vicinity of the fortified cities, is based on archaeological evidences. Isolated cases of urban burials are not left unmentioned. Another symptom of the undergoing change is the emergence of the practice of depositio ad santos, relating the intention of the faithful to find blissful rest next to the saintly relics. The burials under the church floors form yet another aspect of the general problem. The formation of the church crypts is analysed as well as the deposition of reliquaries there as late as the mid-fifth century. Some cases are commented showing examples of varying disposition ratio between grave, relics, martyrium and church.

Les sources des citations peintes sur les phylactères des saints de la rangée inférieure de la façade de l’église de la Résurrection de Dieu du monastère de Suceviţa

Author(s): Constantin I. Ciobanu / Language(s): Bulgarian,French Issue: 1/2015

Светците епископи от наоса на църквата „Св. Георги“ във Велико Търново

Author(s): Maria Kolusheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The frescoes on the northern wall of the nave of Saint George’s Church in Veliko Tarnovo date from 1616. In the topmost register, a frieze of the images of thirteen bishops in full length has been preserved. Previous publications on the frescoes differ with regards to the saints’ identity; in the current text we aim to add to or correct these previous identifications. At the same time we offer a possible explanation for the presence of such a great number of saint hierarchs’ images outside the altar, in the nave of the temple. This is a rare feature, typical for a limited number of mural monuments that were created within three decades. Together with the frescoes at Saint George’s six examples in total exist: the frescoes in the Kurilo Monastery (1596); Seslavtsi Monastery (1616); the second layer of frescoes in the Dragalevtsi Monastery (the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century); besides the frieze in Dobarsko (1614), a similar frieze can be found in the monastery church in the village of Zhurche, Demir Hissar region (1617). Even more rarely such lines of bishops are positioned in the narthex of some monasteries: Holy Trinity Monastery near Plevlya (1592), Podgumer Monastery (1596), Ilientsi Monastery (end of 16th and the beginning of 17th century), as well as in the narthex of the Saint George’s Church in Veliko Tarnovo (first half of the 17th century).

City of Rome in the imperial era

Author(s): Milan Olejník / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

The paper is aiming to describe individual aspects of life in Rome of Caesars. The unique status of the metropolis of the Roman Empire was reflected in the privileges, but also in hardships of everyday life affecting the majority of inhabitants of Rome. Thanks to generosity of emperors and enormously rich individuals, average Romans were receiving free grain and had access to luxurious spas, to Coliseum – a place of bloody gladiatorial combats and to the largest horse racing track in the Empire. On the other side they must bear discomfort of living in high risers, without running water and canalization and suffer a constant noise of metropolis which never sleeps. In a concise manner the attention is given to the material and spiritual sphere, to the deep differences in the mode of life between rich and average Romans, with the aim to describe, at least episodically, an atmosphere of Rome in the Era of Caesars.

Members of the Merchant Guild in Košice in the Middle Ages. Contribution to the Research of Town Elites in Košice in the Middle Ages

Author(s): Miroslava Slezáková / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

Article deals with the members of medieval Merchant Guild in Košice. The fi rst mention of this corporation comes from year 1446 when the guild rules originated. They were left in medieval guild book. Records contain names of guild members, aldermen, debtors on membership fees and the supplements of guild rules. The Guild was group of wealthy and influential Košice citizens. Members called themselves Reichin Cromern (rich merchants) to distinguish from poor tradesmen. Some of them were mayors or long-standing aldermen. They paid high taxes and owned houses, gardens and fields. Many members, according to their family names, were not only traders.

Main Market Square as a Stage in the Town Theatre. An Example of Medieval Kraków

Author(s): Marcin Starzyński / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

In the following paper the history of the Kraków’s Main Market Square as a stage in the theatre of the town is to be presented. Not only will the author discuss changes of the scenography (the transformation of the structure of the buildings) in the 13th – 15th centuries, but he will also focus on the characteristics of the spectacles played on that scene, in which the entire community of the town participated: meetings of the town councillors with the urban community, public executions, greetings and last tributes to the kings – homages and funeral ceremonies, Corpus Christi processions, the preaching activity of John of Capestrano in the years 1453 – 1454 and miraculous events connected with his visit.

The Relations Between Burghers of Košice and Kings of Hungarian Kingdom by the Half of the 14th Century

Author(s): Ferdinand Uličný / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The author of the paper presents his knowledge and opinions of bilateral political relations between the burghers of Košice and the kings of the Hungarian Kingdom by the mid-14th century. It has been accrued in the ongoing research into the history of burghers and towns in Slovakia and former Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages. The author has explored this theme for over an half of century. The author´s recent findings can be broadly summarized as follows.

O domu i bibliotece El Greca

Author(s): Andrzej Witko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 47/2016

Domenikos Theotokopoulos known as El Greco up until 1589 lived in the palace of Marquis de Villeny, where he returned in 1604 and stayed there until his death (1614). The items owned by the painter were listed in two inventories composed by his son Jorge Manuel in 1614 and 1621. In the light of those sources both the equipment of the painters’ house and his library appear very modest. The library of Theotokopoulos was carefully selected paying special attention on the humanistic works. There were twenty seven books in Greek; the majority of the library included works written in Italian while the Latin books were few indeed, except some Italian translations of some works of the ancient Roman culture. Also the Spanish editions were not much in comparison with the Italian ones. His library can testify to his special interests in humanism; perhaps it shows also the profile of his education. Unfortunately after his death and after the confiscation of his goods in 1622 the library was irretrievably lost.

URARTU MİMARİ VE SANATI

Author(s): Filiz Günderen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Special/2016

The comminities who live in the high plateaus of easth Anatolia especially these who lived in Van lowland united aganist the Assyrian Kingdom in the south and this established the Urartu kingdom. The kingdom who prefer high peaked and mountainous areas as a setlement left architecturally magnificent castles the monumental rocks doors, single-room or multi-room tomb, steles that extand. Urartu kingdom took the advantages of the rich mineral resourches of the area and gave unique and excellent works of art. This sense of art, sometimes, was infulunced from near by cultures or bore distinctively eclectical traces.

LİDERLİK VE SAĞLIKLI BİR KURUM KÜLTÜRÜNE OLAN ETKİLERİ

Author(s): Hakan Çora / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2016

Leadership has an enormous affect on organizational culture, which is a set of procedures and principles that lead to the behavior of its members through words, gesticulations and interpersonal relationships; it is also the lead on the predictions of the future and promoting the trailer to change. The relationship between these concepts contributes either to repeal or reduction of productivity in any corporation. What kind of leadership styles should take a leader follow to promote a healthy organizational culture? And what are the characteristics and styles a leader should have? Is there a guiding power dedicated to have a healthy organization? And finally, to what extend ethics can play a role in constructing or demolishing a corporation?

ПРОБЛЕМА ЦЕНТРАЛИЗАЦИИ МУЗЕЙНОГО ДЕЛА В ДИСКУССИЯХ 1917 ГОДА (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ СОВЕЩАНИЯ В ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ ИСКУССТВ)

Author(s): Vitaliy Gennadievich Ananev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The paper is devoted to the problem of centralization and unification of museum affairs in the professional debates during 1917. The main issue is analysis of the archival materials of the counsel on museum affairs and protection of monuments, which was held in the spring – summer of 1917 at the Institute for History of Arts (Petrograd). The author analyzes the main reports on this problem made by such prominent museum figures as A.A. Miller, P.P. Weiner, and N.M. Mogilyansky. A connection is established between their content and the general level of museology at that time. The author establishes a link of these ideas to some initiatives in the cultural politics of the post-October period. During this period, there are two main issues in the framework of this discussion. These ideas are linked to some initiatives in the cultural politics of the post-October period. There are two main issues in the framework of this discussion during the period under consideration. The first question is creation of a government body to manage all museum affairs of the country. A.A. Miller and N.M. Mogilyansky write about the structure of museum management. P.P. Weiner argues for the body of monument protection. The second question is redistribution of museum collections, evaluation of their composition on the basis of subject matter disciplines. On the one hand, these discussions show the high level of development of museology in Russia in the early 20th century. On the other hand, they show that the discourse of museology as an independent academic discipline has not yet received sufficient development. Based on the Russian material here, we can trace the transition from the pre-scientific stage of museology to the empirically descriptive stage.

ШЕСТЬ ЗНАТНЫХ ПЕРСОВ И ИХ ПОТОМКИ ПРИ ДАРИИ I: ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ПЕРСИДСКОЙ АРИСТОКРАТИИ В АХЕМЕНИДСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ

Author(s): Vasiliy Pavlovich Orlov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The paper deals with the political history of the Achaemenid Empire during the reign of Darius I (522–486 BC). Special attention is paid to the position of six noble Persians under Darius I and their role during the subsequent period. The aim of the paper is to show what factors influenced the relationships between the Great King and Persian nobility. Therefore, we set the following research tasks in this work: 1) to define the responsibilities of the Persian nobility associated with the governance of the Achaemenid Empire; 2) to determine whether the Persian nobility could get the supreme power in the country. The following research methods were used: analogy, historical-genetic and narrative methods, as well as analysis and synthesis. The conclusion is made that the relationships between the king and his subjects is a complex multifactorial process, which had a great influence on the political system of the Achaemenid Empire. Furthermore, the relationships between the king and Persian nobility were influenced by the blood and matrimonial kinship. The author believes that the Persian king was primus inter pares and the head of six main noble clans. He ruled the nation in continual consultation with the leading members of the Persian nobility. At the same time, the king sought to strengthen the power by administrative reforms. The importance of this work lies in the fact that it shows how the balance of power between the king and Persian nobility was maintained in the Achaemenid Empire.

«ТАЙНЫЙ» АСКЕТИЗМ СВ. РАДЕГУНДЫ: КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЕ СВЯТОСТИ В АГИОГРАФИИ РАННЕГО СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ

Author(s): Nataliya Yurevna Bikeeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

This paper critically examines the hagiographical image of St. Radegund, the patroness of Poitiers, Frankish queen, and the foundress of one of the first convents, in the Vita written by Venantius Fortunatus. The author of this paper concludes that the hagiographers represented ascetic practices and, thus, saint-hood itself differently. It depends on many factors: the author’s personality, inner intentions, and self-interest; hagiographers’ social status and their potential auditory. Special attention is paid to the motif of “secrecy” in the description of the ascetic practices of Radegund, as well as to the explanation of V. Fortunatus’ attention to the aspect of the holiness of Radegund. Similar motives for secrecy are not found, either in other Vitae by V. Fortunatus or in the spiritual biographies of other holy women of the period compiled by different authors. In our opinion, this is largely explained by the following reasons: 1. Firstly, the hagiographer wanted to glorify the heroine and to establish and promote her cult. The motif of secrecy was one of the ways to emphasize the Christian virtues and humility of Radegund. 2. Furthermore, V. Fortunatus wanted to show that he knew something that was hidden from others. Thus, the motif of “secret” asceticism is used to emphasize the influence and significance of the Vita’s author. 3. Finally, the writing of the sacred biography of Radegund might have promoted V. Fortunatus’ own career. He became the bishop of Poitiers a few years after the writing of the life of Radegund, the famous and powerful queen-nun of this region.

ФЕРНАНДО ЧЕКА КРЕМАДЕС О ПРОБЛЕМЕ ИСТОКОВ РЕНЕССАНСА В ИСПАНИИ

Author(s): Natalia Vasilievna Antonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The present paper looks at the interpretation of the Early Renaissance Spanish culture by Fernando Checa Cremades (1952), one of the contemporary Spanish scholars. The research aims to introduce the peculiar concept of Spanish Renaissance created by F. Checa to the Russian academic circles. It focuses on the way the Spanish historian explains the first steps of Renaissance on the Iberian Peninsula and his views regarding various aspects of the Spanish culture during the second half of the 15th century and the early 16th century. To achieve the set objective, methods that are typically employed by historians for studying national intellectual heritage are used. The problem is considered from different perspectives in order to assess the validity and reliability of the approach. Both primary and secondary scholarly sources along with data from the scholarly debates on the subject are utilized to better understand the studied problem. The specific features of F. Checa’s conception are identified and the importance of his contribution into the Spanish and international tradition of studying the Renaissance culture is demonstrated by comparing the ideas presented by F. Checa with those expressed by Russian and European hispanists. The information provided in the present paper can be of interest both for historians and historiog-raphers, since it helps to gain an insight into the Spanish Renaissance culture and the contemporary Iberian intellectual tradition of understanding the past.

РЕЦЕПЦИЯ АНТИЧНОСТИ КАК МЕТАМОРФОЗА «ПОГРАНИЧЬЯ» В ПОЛЬСКОМ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОМ КОНТЕКСТЕ ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ ХХ – НАЧАЛА XXI В.

Author(s): Anastasia Valerievna Ashaeva,Evgenii Aleksandrovich Chiglintsev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The paper is devoted to the research of the Polish historiography of antiquity reception in the second half of the 20th – early 21st century. The appeal to Graeco-Roman antiquity in the cultural practices of the Central Eastern European region during the last decade has become a subject of research from the standpoint of regional and sociocultural studies, as well as interaction with local cultural traditions of individual countries. The historiographical experience of Poland demonstrates a certain connotation of the ancient heritage in the context of “frontier”, which characterizes the position of the entire region since 1989 and allows construction of the historical/cultural memory of the Polish society at the crossroads of cultural traditions of the East and West. The aim of the research is to identify the specifics of antiquity reception in Poland, which is reflected in the Polish academic historiography and literary tradition (Z. Herbert, J. Bohensky, and R. Kapuscinski). The task of the paper is to determine how the Polish professional academic studies of antiquity demonstrate the attitude to antiquity reception from the standpoint of self-identification and self-reflection of the community under the conditions of changes in the sociocultural situation. Simultaneously, the problem of considering reception of the ancient heritage in the Polish culture, such as in the intellectual literary tradition, is solved. The sociocultural approach to the investigated problem allows to show the forms and mechanisms of development of separate historiographic images of antiquity. The trends and approaches to study of the ancient heritage that developed in Poland make it possible to consider antiquity as the integral part of the culture of socialist Poland and such phenomena accompanying it as dissidence, anti-socialist fight, and revival of national identity, as well as turn antiquity into a tool for constructing the post-socialist historical and cultural memory and renewed pan-European identity of the Polish society in the 21st century.

Trenčiansky senátor Ján Bobocký (†1663), jeho mortuárium a najbližšie príbuzenstvo

Author(s): Peter Brindza / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

The senators belonged to the then elite population in Hungarian free royal cities. They marked by especially high-standard property situation, the interests of the municipal administration, building and a kinship “networks”. Some of these people Ján Bobocký, whose personality and family status is presented in the following study, primarily through view of everyday life and his participation in the city administration. Unique and brilliant documents of funerary practices like hatchments clearly constitute important people whose identification and description in relation to Ján Bobocký is part of the article.

Tenancy vs. Ownership Rights. Housing Rent Control in Southeast and East-Central Europe, 1918 – 1928

Author(s): Aleksandar R. Miletić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The article provides comparative perspectives on the development and dynamics of application of the housing rent control system in interwar Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Specifically, the paper is focused on institutional shortcomings and anomalies of the system which came as a result of its long-term application. The paper will shed light on development of conception of tenancy right as confronted with previous conception of property ownership.

Personifikacje cnót w dramacie liturgicznym „Ordo Virtutum” Hildegardy z Bingen i na romańskich kolumnach kościoła św. Trójcy w Strzelnie

Author(s): Debora Wiąckiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04 (31)/2016

Composed by Hildegard of Bingen in the Rhine-Hessen region in the middle of the 12th century, the liturgical drama Ordo Virtutum depicts a symbolic internal struggle for the fate of the soul between the virtues and the devil and is originally transposed into the language of low-relief found in the church owned by the Canonesses Nuns convent in Strzelno, a little town situated on the border of Kujawy and Wielkopolska regions in Poland. The aim of this article is to present how two visions of the same concept complement each other in an intriguing way, although they are expressed by two separate, yet merging languages of music linked with the text and low relief. Most of the musical and literary personifications of both Ordo Virtutum and low reliefs featuring figures in Strzelno are still comprehensible, despite being created eight centuries ago. They introduce the audience to the world of medieval sermons, theological treatises, lectures on ethics and moral theology. Both works show a holistic vision of the world, held by people of the medieval era. In that vision what is spiritual, mystical and elusive for the outward physical senses intertwines and is closely linked with what is tangible, material and directly perceptible. Hildegard’s music praised not only the works of God but also the virtues as deeply human attributes, linked with effort and choices of a free human being, capable of establishing a relationship with God. The column of virtues in Strzelno introduces to the sacred sphere a multitude of figures that become an icon of widely accessible perfection. It seems that both artists aimed at educating their audience as beauty was supposed to ennoble by giving the strength to the truth so that it could lead to good, also the ultimate good — God.

MOSKOVA’da YAŞAYAN AZERBAYCANLI YAZARLARIN YARATICILIĞININ BAZI ÖZELLİKLERİ

Author(s): Abuzar Bagirov / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2016

The article examines some of the features of creativity of Azerbaijan writers-Muscovites. Their literary works is characterized as an inseparable part of the national literary process. Their diverse creative activity in Moscow literary circles is evaluated. Important theoretical aspects of the concept of literary environment as a literary-historical and literary-theoretical position are discussed.

XV. YÜZYIL AZERBAYCAN-TÜRK YAZILI ANITLARINDA BUDUN BETİMSEL SÖZ VARLIĞININ EKSİ

Author(s): Aynur Kadimaliyeva,Çinara Kahramanova / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2016

In investigating the words used in Azerbaijani-turkish written monuments of XV century, the importance of the ethnographic vocabulary is special. The ethnographic vocabulary reflects the history, national-spiritual values, traditions, customs, various ceremonies, as well, ethnic opinions and the presence of the Turkish peoples. In this respect, the comparative investigation of the words used in this vocabulary related to the ceremonies, religious beliefs, about food, clothes, and etc. is important in finding out modern Turkish peoples’ similarities or different aspects in the material and spiritual cultures. To our mind, investigation of these words in the old Turkish language monuments, above all, can contribute even a little to solving some problems due to ethnic history of the Turkish people, formation in terms of resources, their relations with one another and their cultures. We must specially emphasize the importance of the descriptive words while investigating the words used in the monuments of XV century. The ethnographic vocabulary of the Turkish peoples reflects their history, national-spiritual values, traditions, customs and various ceremonies, as well, ethnic worldviews. The historical-descriptive information in The Middle Ages Turkish-language sources, especially in the vocabularies plays an important role for the present.