La violencia verbal entre marido y mujer en los siglos XVI y XVII

Author(s): Jesús M. USUNÁRIZ / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2019

A pesar de la actual preocupación social existente por el maltrato contra la mujer, la violencia psicológica, especialmente la agresión verbal, no ha sido objeto de tanta atención como el la violencia física o sexual; quizás por ser aquella más sutil, quizás por ser menos visible o apreciable en el entorno social, al ser palabras espetadas en la intimidad del hogar; quizás por haber sido minimizada por ese mismo entorno. Este texto quiere abordar el análisis de abuso verbal en la España de los siglos XVI y XVII, a fin de establecer comparaciones ―sin caer, en la medida de lo posible, en anacronismos―, sobre actitudes y procedimientos de los actores protagonistas y de reparto en episodios de violencia en el matrimonio.

RADNIČKA KULTURA KAO UPORIŠTE DRUŠTVENOG SJEĆANJA: PRIMJER TVORNICE DALMATINKA U SINJU

Author(s): Jozefina Ćurković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2020

This paper presents a case study of the thread and cotton yarn factory Dalmatinka in Sinj, focusing on workers’ culture as the backbone of collective memory within the local community. Starting with the history of this industrial plant, through the elaboration of the concept of labor in the context of socialist Yugoslavia, the study identifies several narrative elements as the basis for the construction of workers’ memory. Based on their accounts, the relationship between workers and the factory is explored through the concepts of life history and life story and in relation to the construct of the socialist man. Following these conclusions, the paper concentrates on contemporary interpretations of Dalmatinka’s immaterial heritage. An analysis of a civil initiative project, aimed at reevaluating the factory’s contribution to town’s infrastructural, economic and cultural development, indicates a sustained presence of Dalmatinka in the collective memory.

Chuvash ‘Paganism’ at the Turn of the 21st Century: Traditional Rituals in the Religious Practice of Volga-Urals Chuvash Groups

Author(s): Ekaterina Iagafova,Valeria V. Bondareva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Traditional rituals formed the basis of ethnic Chuvash culture, and are still relevant in today’s festive and ritual culture, primarily among Chuvash ‘pagan’ ethnoreligious groups. Today among the unbaptised Chuvash there is, with varying degrees of preservation, a set of ideas about the spirits of nature and the patron deity of different fields of life, practice of ritual prayer and sacrifice, and festive culture. The focus of ritual practice is the cult of the Supreme God Tura (Tură) and the ancestors, who during the calendar year appear in a single complex and in strict sequence. Traditional rituals play an essential role in the funeral and memorial rites and customs of the Chuvash. Thus, ‘pagan’ elements are characteristic not only of the unbaptised Chuvash, but also of some local groups of Christians and Muslims, for example ritual mourning of the dead, weekly commemoration on Thursday evenings until the ritual of ‘seeing off the soul’, ritual singing, sacrificing and ‘feeding’ souls of the dead on remembrance days, and other rituals and their elements. These ‘pagan’ elements in the culture of the Orthodox Chuvash and Chuvash Muslims living in ethnically mixed villages with Russians, Mordovians and Tatars both constitute the basis of their ethnic and cultural identity as Chuvash and contribute to the preservation of their ethnicity. Chuvash ‘paganism’, despite centuries of influence from Russian Orthodox and Muslim Tatar traditions, has a moderating influence over contemporary modernisation and is an element in religious practices of Chuvash confessional communities that is an important resource for the formation and development of ethnic and cultural identity.

Migrant and Autochthonous Traditions within Udmurt Folksong (on the Example of the Siberian Udmurt)

Author(s): Nikolai Anisimov,Irina Pchelovodova,Ekaterina Sofronova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This article investigates, for the first time, the local musical tradition of the Udmurt of Chainsk district (Tomsk oblast). The overwhelming majority of migrants in this region arrived from the Sharkan district of the Udmurt Republic, in Siberia, at the beginning of the 20th century. For a long time they kept their original culture in an ethnically alien environment. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, their singing tradition started to fade under the influence of different factors (such as the disappearance of Udmurt rituals and festivals, as well as mixed marriages). The aim of this article is to compare the ‘Chainsk migrational’ singing tradition to the ‘Sharkan original’ musical tradition. The main collection of audio recordings covering the Chainsk district Udmurt musical tradition is conserved in the archives of the Udmurt Research Institute at the Russian Academy of sciences. It is comprised of fieldwork material gathered by researchers from the Institute in 1974 and 2006. We discovered new sources of audio and video recordings of the singing tradition in this territory, which allowed us to integrate more song samples. The analysis of both traditions reveals the basic genres of ritual singing, each of which has been examined from the point of view of the topic of the poetic text, the mood structures, and the metro-rhythmic and melodic peculiarities of their development.

Klejnot Kraju. Od Pedagogium do Gimnazjum Fundacji Mariackiej – ikonografia

Author(s): Ewa Gwiazdowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2020

The Gymnasium of the Marian Foundation since the beginning of its existence as a cathedral school until the 20th century was considered the most significant school in Szczecin. It operated under the patronage of the rulers of Pomerania and for a long time had a status of a higher education school, which has been mirrored in the pictorial history of the school. Its iconography dates back to the last quarter of the 16th century and was developing until 20th century. It consists mainly of the works of graphic art, often preserved as the archival photographs of the plans, survey drawings, project drawings, artistic and illustrative drawings, documentation and occasional graphics, as well as the photographs themselves. It is worth noting that in the 19th century many commemorative ceramic objects were also made. These sources differ in the level of accuracy. Materials from the modern period (16th – 18th centuries), besides the survey drawings, are less reliable. The accurate representations of the school were made in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, the sources as a whole provide knowledge of the school’s form and its changes during centuries, complete the information from the written sources, and ensure a wide-ranging understanding of the topic.

Kuratorium Gimnazjum Akademickiego w Szczecinie 1667–1805

Author(s): Paweł Gut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2020

Established in 1667, the Academic Gymnasium in Szczecin was a continuation of the tradition of the princely Pedagogium. Also, like in the Griffins times, the school and the foundation which financed it were supervised by a schoolboard of four persons, comprising the representatives of the province administration and the Pomeranian Estates. The role of the schoolboard was defined in the Gymnasium Statute. It included controlling the administration of the Foundation’s estate, its revenues, as well as the administration of the school, employing professors, admitting students to the establishment, supervising them, and supervising the didactic process. In the 18th century, in the framework of the Prussian absolute monarchy, the activity of the schoolboard was limited by the numerous interventions of the central authorities in Berlin, which most often took the final decisions concerning the Gymnasium and the Marian Foundation.

Dijana Jelača, Maša Kolanović, Danijela Lugarić, eds., The Cultural Life of Capitalism in Yugoslavia: (Post)Socialism and Its Other

Author(s): Kenta Suzuki / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2020

Review of: Suzuki Kenta - Dijana Jelača, Maša Kolanović, Danijela Lugarić, eds., The Cultural Life of Capitalism in Yugoslavia: (Post)Socialism and Its Other (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), xvii+359 pp.

A Critique of Alexander Samoilovich (1880– 1938) and the Process of an “Imperial Visitor’s” Evolution

Author(s): Anton Ikhsanov / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2020

The modern epoch is connected to the increased pace of intercultural interaction. In numerous spheres of human activity, the communication field between representatives of different cultures has become a part of everyday life. The necessity to provide an academic study of this phenomenon has led to the emergence of a specific branch of science titled “intercultural communication” and has changed the direction of anthropological studies, the methodology of history, and sociology. However, the basis for this change of approach was not only a “cultural turn” and an attempt to enrich the “toolkit” by the newest methods of social sciences. One of the foundations for this shift to a new field of studies was self-reflection by historians and anthropologists. According to Maria Todorova, the ability to acknowledge the possibility of a scholar’s self-transformation by contact with the Other (and the dual nature of this process) is an ultimate indicator of this development by any branch of science. Asian and African studies are not exceptions.

Piese de armament african din colecția Muzeului Național al Banatului (sec. XIX-XX)

Author(s): Zoran Markov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The collection of weapons of the National Museum of Banat in Timişoara currently includes ten pieces attributed with certainty to the African space, all ten objects falling into the category of cold weapons. Even though it is numerically small, the Timişoara collection includes five different types of cold weapons: 1. A Kaskara-type Sudanese broadsword; 2. A Shotel-type Ethiopian sword and a Mandingo-type West African sword; 3. Two GaboneseFang daggers, one Congolese Konda dagger and one Sudanese Khanjar dagger; 4. Two Marutse-Mambunda battleaxes; 5. A Zande-type Central African arrow quiver. The Timişoara collection covers a vast geographical area, from Sudan and Ethiopia in the east, to Mali and Gabon in the west, and from the central part of the continent, respectively the Congo area, to the south-eastern extremity of Black Africa. The Timişoara collection includes both weapons of Islamic influence, in the geographical area that separates the north of the continent from sub-Saharan Africa, and pieces typical of Black Africa, attributed to indigenous tribes who lived in the central and southern part of the continent. Islamic influence, especially Persian, is found mainly in Sudan, in Northeast Africa, where many types of cold weapons made after the Iranian model were used at the end of the nineteenth century. A special feature of African pieces is related to the materials and techniques used to make them. In the northern half of the continent, predominantly Muslim, the skins of various reptiles were used to cover the scabbard and handles (the most extravagant pieces are those covered in crocodile skin), and some less used metal-chemical techniques practiced in Europe (a process in which the calligraphic inscriptions were embossed on the surface of the steel). Among the weapons from the Black African area, the most spectacular pieces are the Gabonese daggers, which stand out with an extravagant design and superior quality of the materials used. Of the ten African weapons in the NMoB collection, two are purely ceremonial pieces, not designed for use on the battlefield. The two Sudanese weapons, the Kaskara broadsword and the Khanjar dagger, have many characteristics typical of ceremonial pieces: blunt edges, thinness and fragility of the blades, scabbards made of cardboard reinforced with textile material, then covered in crocodile skins. Regarding the dating of African weapons in the NMoB collection, we can propose a general dating ranging from the 19th century to the first decades of the following century. We also have more accurate dates of some of the pieces. is is the case of the two Marutse-Mambunda battle axes, picked up by the Czech explorer Emil Holub during his South African expeditions in the second half of the 19th century. The two pieces are also the oldest African weapons in the NMoB collection, having been inventoried in the fall of 1894. In terms of provenance, along with the Holub donation, we must also mention the batch of weapons inventoried in 1968 (Fang daggers and Zande arrow quiver), but also the parts purchased in 2009 (the Mandingo sword and the Konda dagger).The ten African weapons, which are part of the group of exotic pieces in the NMoB collection, illustrate the richness and diversity of Romanian museum collections in the military field. Unfortunately for scientific research, the collections of exotic weapons present in Romanian museums, although spectacular and attractive, are far too little known in the international specialized literature.

Завладяването на Търново като митичен сюжет

Author(s): Nikolay Aretov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

This paper deals with the different images of one key event in Bulgarian history – the conquest of the capital city of Tarnovo by Ottomans (1393). Some of the main texts about it could be traced in hagiography, in folklore, in historiography and textbooks, and in literature are discussed. The focus is on the interpretations from the 19th century and on examining them as a network and in the context of some other similar events (e.g. the conquest of Constantinople, 1453, the Battle of Kosovo, some local military clashes, etc.), in the quest of a common mythical base beneath them presenting the conquest of an important city by foreign infidel barbarians. Some characteristics, typical for Bulgarian culture are discussed. Among them, the absence of reports for a great battle, the important role of the Patriarch and relatively small role of the last King, etc. The counter-discourse about the decline of the kingdom is also noticed in the context of the creation of the canonic image of the event that appeared relatively lately. The most prominent author in this counter-discourse was the poet Hristo Botev.

Spory o pojęcie dzieciństwa i podmiotowość dziecka od średniowiecza do czasów nowożytnych

Author(s): Katarzyna Doliwa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article presents the controversy around the concept of childhood and subjectivity of a child in past centuries - in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. One of the analyzed issues concerns the existence in medieval culture of understanding the child as a being different from an adult. According to the widespread view, formulated in the 1960s and 1970s by Philipp Ariés, childhood in the Middle Ages was not noticed, it was not considered a separate, important stage in human life, a period governed by specific rules, different from important principles of the adult community. The child entered the adult world very early and assumed the role assigned to him. The discovery of childhood did not take place until the 16th and 17th centuries, when it began to be recognized that the child was and should be the subject of special treatment. Ariés' view of the non-existence in the Middle Ages of the sense of separateness of childhood is criticized by some medievalists - they accuse the French researcher of technical defects and an analysis of unrepresentative, too scarce source materials. According to the adversaries of Ariés, the analysis of childhood in the Middle Ages cannot be based on the modern definition of this term, just as considering the relationship "children - adults" in the Middle Ages cannot refer to contemporary categories. Opponents of the thesis about the non-existence of the concept of childhood in the Middle Ages argue that this epoch had its own vision of it, but it was a vision definitely different from the present one. The early modern period bring a new approach to childhood and the subjectivity of a child - the seventeenth century, in addition to the approach that the child placed at the center of family life, promotes an attitude that places particular emphasis on the child's development and fulfilment of its mental needs, while the eighteenth century brings a "romantic" vision of the child when it becomes - as a bearer of exceptional qualities and a creature of extraordinary sensitivity - a role model for adults. The development of education has certainly contributed to the formation of a subjective approach to children; the evolution of the attitude towards children in the human mentality finds its fullest reflection in the development of education and school institutions. Today, the concepts of childhood and the subjectivity of a child are the subject of complex interdisciplinary research - scientists from various fields of science combine their efforts to develop the most complete concept of childhood, corresponding to the challenges of modern times.

Francuscy emigranci w pruskiej kolonii Wymysłów w latach 1797–1800

Author(s): Anna Łysiak-Łątkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2020

Folwark Wymysłów was part of the land property Pabianice which until 1795 belonged to the Cracow cathedral chapter. As a result of the 2nd and 3rd partitions of Poland, it was seized by Prussia and included in the then established South Prussia which became a territory of the Prussian settlement action. The seized land properties were divided into farms and organized into new colonies. Wymysłów was one of such settlements, established as a result of parcelling out Folwark Wymysłów. However, it was not populated with the typical Prussian settlers. Frederick William II of Prussia in 1796 gave consent that the land divided in Wymysłów might be settled by the French emigrants who were leaving their country because of the revolution (1789–1799). It was a group of aristocrats one of whom was Stanislas Jean de Boufflers. Granting land to the members of French aristocracy served not only the Prussian policy of settlement of the seized lands, but also implemented one of the principles of the policy of the Prussian authorities towards the emigrants from France, namely separating the refugees in order to prevent them from forming larger groupings in one place. It was also the effect of the contacts established by Stanislas Jean de Boufflers with the King of Prussia. The article describes the rise of the colony Wymysłów as a result of the Prussian settlement action, the emigration policy, and the principles of establishing and running new settlements. It also discusses the questions of the French emigration as a collective and individual experience seen in the context of the revolutionary legislature.

OCJENE I PRIKAZI

Author(s): Nevena Krstić,Aiša Đulizarević-Simić,Hasan Kaleši,Teufik Muftić,Milan Adamović,Muhamed A. Mujić,Fehim Nametak,Salih Trako,Marija Đukanović,Fehim Spaho / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16-17/1970

The review of: 1) Ad-duktūr 'Abd ai-Muhsin Tahā Badr, Tatawwur ar-riıwāya al-ara-biyya al-hadita fl Misr (1870—1938), Maktaba ad-dirāsāt al-adabiyya, Dar al-ma’arif, al-Qāhira, 1963. str. 483, 8° 2) Anthologie de la littérature arabe contemporaine, Les essais. Choix, présentation, traduction et introduction par Anouar Abdel — Malek Éditions du Seuil, Paris; 1969, str. 484. 3) Tāhā Husein. Instituta universitario orientale. Napoli 1964, pp, VII—XI + 309, 8°. 4) Arabsko-russkij i Russko-arabskij voennyj slovar' Sostaviteli I. Š. Danilov, V. I. Ryžkov, M, T. Anisimov pod redakciej I. S. Danilova Voennoe izdateistvo Ministarstva oborony SSSR, Moskva — 1965, str. 704. 5) Introduction à In littérature arabe par Gaston Wiet. Paris 1986. str. 337. 6) Русско-арабский учебный словарь 16 000 слов. Составил Г. Ш. Ша-братов с приложением очерка морфологии и фонетики русского языка Издательство »Советская Энциклопедия';. — Москва, 1964. формат 70 X 108/16. Печатных листов 74, 75 (102,4). 7) А. А. Ковалев, Г. Ш. Шарбатов, Учебник арабского языка. Издательство литературы на иностранных языка Москва, 1980. 8) Prof. dr Fuad Köprülü: Edebiyat Araştırmalart. Türk Tarih Kurumu, VII seri, sayı 47, Ankara, 1966. pp. 472. 9) VIII. Türk Edebiyatının Emeni Edebiyatı üzerindeki Tesirleri (Utjecaji turske književnosti na ermensku književnost) (239—269). 10) IX. Milli Edebiyat Cereyanının ilk Mübaşirleri (Prvi vjesnici nacionalne književnosti) (271—317). 11) Bahaeddin Ögel, Islamiyetten önce Türk Kültür Tarihi. Orta Asva Kaynak ve Buluntularına Göre TTK yayınlarından VII seri — No 42 T T K basımevi. Ankara 1062., 403 Strane formata 27 X 24 Cm 12) Anthologie de la poésie turqe, (XIII—XX siècle). Textes choisis, présentés et traduits par Nimet Arzik, Izdanje Gallimard, Paris-Mesnil-Ivry, 1968, 166 str. 13) Stanford J. Shaw: Ottoman Egypt in the eighteenth century, Cambridge, Harvard University press, 1962; P 61 + 20; 8*. (Naporedna naslovna struna i arapski tekst: Nizamname-i Misr of Cezzar Ahmed Pascha). 14) Bahriye Uçok, Islam Devletlerinde kadın hükümdarlar. Ankara Univertisesi İlahiyat Fakültesi İslam Tarihi Kürsüsü, Ankara 1965, 208 s. 15) Cengiz Orhonlu: Osmanli imparatorluğunda derbend teşkilati. Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınlan No 1209. Istanbul 1967. str. XXIII,+ 175. 16) Bisera Nurudinović, Bibliografija Jugoslovenske orijentalistike – Bibliography of Yugoslav orientalistics, 1945-1960. Orijentalni Institut. Posebna izdanja, knj. VI, Sarajevo 1968. str. 242. 17) English-arabic dictionary of political, diplomatic and conference terms, M. Mansour, M. A., Mc Graw-HII book company, Inc. New York, Toranto, London 1961, pp. XV + 353 + ll. 18) VII. Türk Edebiyatında Aşic Tarzınin Menşe ve Tekâmülü (Postanak i razvoj poezije ašika u turskoj književnosti) (195—238).

DRUŠTVENI ŽIVOT U SISKU U VRIJEME DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA

Author(s): Hrvoje Klasić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2000

Social life in Sisak during WWII (April, 1941- May 1945) had not stopped, but had adjusted to the new circumstances. War and change of authorities had imposed new criteria and priorities. With the destruction of the largest part of archival materials after the war, the most important source of information was the weekly "Hrvatske novine", which had been published from 1925 to 1945. At the beginning of the WWII Sisak had a little less than fifteen thousand inhabitants and was a strong economical and craftsmanship center, what had affected the development of the social life. During the wartime years numerous sport and musical events, movie projections, performances and ceremonies, lectures and other similar activities had been taking place. This was supposed to serve as a proof for the normal functioning of the city. However life was not developing in a completely normal manner, but was restricted to wartime circumstances (lights being turned off, curfew, bombarding ... ) and the actions by the new authorities. into the new order some Sisak associations and politically undesirable individuals (like the Communists) did nat fit in, as well as members of some ethnic minorities (like the Serbs and the Jews).

FRA PETAR KLARIĆ UR., ŽUPA DUBRAVICE U PROSTORU I VREMENU

Author(s): Pavao Knezović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2000

Review of: Pavao Knezović - Župa Dubravice u prostoru vremenu (urednik fra Petar Klarić), Dubravice 2000

JOHN W. BOYER, CULTURE AND POLITICAL CRISIS IN VIENNA. CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM IN POWER, 1897-1918

Author(s): Stjepan Matković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2001

Review of: Stjepan Matković - JOHN W. BOYER, CULTURE AND POLITICAL CRISIS IN VIENNA. CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM IN POWER, 1897-1918, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1995., 702 str.

Текстовата традиция на старобългарския превод на Слово за Усекновение на Йоан Кръстител (BHG 859)

Author(s): Hristina Davidkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2 (12)/2020

The Homily In decollationem Praecursoris et Baptistae Joannis, et in Herodiadem (BHG 859/CPG 4570), which is often attributed to John Chrysostom, was translated in the early Old Bulgarian period. The present article examines the text-critical tradition of the Old Bulgarian translation based on three copies of the Homily on the Beheading of St. John the Baptist which are preserved in calendar collections. Differencies in text completeness and lexical variants are traced in the three sources. The analysis shows that the Jagicev Zlatoust contains the most individual features and ms Cetinje 50 has the least deviations from the prototranslation. The last mentioned copy shares a lot common variant readings with the Mihanović homiliary, which leads to the idea that they belong to the same branch of the manuscript tradition, although they do not originate from the same prototype.

Що треба да прави един учител, за да ползува учениците си със своите наставления

Author(s): Georgi A. Kardzhiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1 (13)/2021

Поглед към ранната история на българското морско образование посредством нейното документално наследство

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

Мухйиддин Абдал – един духовен проповедник от алевийско-бекташийската общност в Източните Балкани под османска власт

Author(s): Nevena Gramatikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2019

There are key names among the representatives of the Alevi-Bektashi poetic tradition, whose life and work have been closely related to the Balkan Ottoman provinces, and more specifically, today’s northeast and northwest Bulgarian territories. In this sense, these are poets who originated from the community itself here, or settled here and became an integral part of the emerging Balkan Alevi-Bektashi community. Among them are key names of people who are related to this religious-mystical poetic tradition, for whom we can find nothing in the Ottoman biographical collections, but who are important for the functioning of this tradition here. Muhyiddin Abdal belongs exactly to this group. In this article, for the first time in the Bulgarian scientific literature, an attempt is made to present the information about the personality of Muhyiddin Abdal. His religious-mystical affiliation is commented on and attention is paid to the research interest in him in the Turkish scientific literature. Information is given about the cult center associated with his name and located in Eastern Thrace near the village of Hacı danişmend (region of Lâlâ Paşa, Edirne vilayet, Turkey). The most widely considered are the religious-mystical and ethical views, represented in his verses, some of which are given for the first time in Bulgarian translation. The thesis is argued that Muhyiddin Abdal belongs to an Islamic mystical tradition, intertwined with Alevism, Bektashism, Calendarism and Hurufism. The study emphasizes on the two key motives in his verses – the cult of Ali ibn Abu Talib and the cult of Man as a higher creation of God and the Universe. The verses presented in the article are extracted from two notebooks with nefesi (religious-ritual songs), written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, found by us in the village of Sevar (Ceferler), region of Razgrad, and from a dozen notebooks with nefesi written in Turkish Latin belonging to representatives of the Alevi-Bektashi community in the villages of Sevar, Mıdrevo, (Mesimahlesi), Bisertsi (Kasçılar), Ostrovo (Ada köy), Razgrad area. In conclusion, the verses of Muhyiddin Abdal play a key role in affirming the Alevi beliefs and the Hurufi and mystical views that are adapted to them in a specific interpretation in the Eastern Balkans and in particular the northeastern Bulgarian territories in the Ottoman period. The ideas presented in them about Man quite deservedly raise him to the level of his predecessor Yunus Emre – a standard of humanism in Türk (respectively Turkish) religious-mystical poetry.