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Policies for an Ageing Workforce

Author(s): / Language(s): English

We are all growing older. On average, life expectancy increases by three months every year. Seen over the span of the last century, this is a testament to enormous social progress. But since we are living longer, we also need to work longer so that the proportion of life spent in employment remains more or less constant. This is the basic premise for maintaining not only our pension systems but also the welfare state, solidarity between generations, and the social fabric.

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Why has the crisis been bad for private pensions, but good for the flat tax? The sustainability of ‘neoliberal’ reforms in the new EU member states

Author(s): Miroslav Beblavý / Language(s): English

In this paper, we examine two questions related to the sustainability of the major, neoliberal, economic and social reforms in the new EU member states, namely the flat income tax and private pension pillars. First, we look at the relationship between the political consensus/controversy at the time major policy reforms were passed and the future sustainability of these reforms after a change of government. Second, we explore what we call a paradox of reverse sustainability, where by the flat income tax has been more politically resilient during the global financial and economic crisis than private pensions, even though ex ante expectations and the literature would lead us to expect the opposite. The paper shows that controversy at the time the reforms were passed had no effect on subsequent sustainability, and the levels of partisanship and public support with regard to a specific reform seemless important than the political costs and benefits. We also find that despite their apparent neoliberalbent, the two policies are versatile enough to be shaped towards a variety of policy goals, allowing their introduction and retention in a variety of economic and social circumstances. In other words, even though private pensions and particularly the flat tax have powerful political connotations, they are by no means policy strait jackets.

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Agricultural and Rural Labour Markets in the EU Candidate Countries of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey

Author(s): Štefan Bojnec / Language(s): English

This paper provides an overview and comparison of labour markets in agricultural and rural areas inthe three candidate countries for the EU membership: Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey. We analyse and compare the labour market structures and the factors drivingthem. The analyses are based on the available cross-section and time-series data on agricultural labour structures and living conditions in rural areas. Considerable differences are found among the candidate countries in the importance of the agricultural labour force, between rural and urban labour, and in poverty and living conditions in rural areas. Agricultural and rural labour market structures are the result of demographic and education processes, in addition to labour flows between agricultural and non-agricultural activities, from rural areas to urban ones and migration flows abroad. Declines in the agricultural labour force and rural population are fore seen for each of the candidate countries, but with significant variations between them.

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Dva doma. Hrvatska radna migracija u Njemačku kao transnacionalni fenomen

Author(s): Jasna Čapo / Language(s): Croatian

Der vorliegende Band analysiert Umstände und Folgen der kroatischen Arbeitsmigration nach Westdeutschland in den 60er und 70er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts. Bekannt unter dem Begriff Gastarbeitermigration wurde diese Wanderung in der ersten Zeit als vorläufige Beschäftigung der vornehmlich jüngeren männlichen Population mit niedriger Berufsqualifikation realisiert, in der Folge entwickelte sie sich aber zu einem längerfristigen Verbleib sowie Nachzug ganzer Familien nach Deutschland. Das Buch enthält Kapitel über Migranten und ihre Nachkommen, die sogenannte transnationale Generation in Deutschland. Die Grundlage für das Buch lieferten die mit Kroaten in Deutschland geführten Gespräche in der Zeitspanne von 2002 bis 2017. Dabei werden Schlüsselthemen und Metaphern erörtert, die aus dem Leben der Kroaten im Aufnahmeland (damaliges Westdeutschland) und dem Herkunftsland (damaliges Jugoslawien, heute Kroatien und Bosnien und Herzegowina) entspringen, aber auch jene, die sich aus dem transnationalen sozialen, jenseits der staatlichen Grenzen geschaffenen Raum herleiten.

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№50 Trends and Gaps in the Academic Literature on EU Labour Migration Policies

Author(s): Marie De Somer / Language(s): English

This paper provides an overview of the ‘state of the art’ in the academic literature on EU labour migration policies. It forms part of the research agenda of Work Package 18 of the NEUJOBS project, which aims at reviewing legislation and practices regarding the labour market inclusionand protection of rights of different categories of foreign workers in European labour markets. Accordingly, particular attention is paid to the works of scholars who evaluate the status of rights of third-country national workers in relation to labour market access, employment security, social integration, etc., in European legislation on labour immigration. More specifically, the review has selected those scholarly works that focus specifically on analysingthe manner in which policy-makers have addressed the granting of rights to non-EU migrant workers, and the manner in which policy agendas – through the relevant political and institutional dynamics – have found their translation in the legislation adopted.

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№60 Why come here if I can go there? Assessing the ‘Attractiveness’ of the EU’s Blue Card Directive for ‘Highly Qualified’ Immigrants

Author(s): Katharina Eisele / Language(s): English

This paper analyses the attractiveness of the EU’s Blue Card Directive – the flagship of the EU’s labour immigration policy – for so-called ‘highly qualified’ immigrant workers from outside the EU. For this purpose, the paper deconstructs the understanding of ‘attractiveness’ in the Blue Card Directive as shaped by the various EU decision-making actors during the legislative process. It is argued that the Blue Card Directive sets forth minimum standards providing for a common floor –not a common ceiling: the Directive did not, as originally envisaged by the European Commission, create one European highly skilled admission scheme. This raises questions regarding its concreteuse. A critical focus is placed on the personal scope of the Blue Card Directive and the level of rights offered, and a first comparative perspective on the implementation of the Directive in five member states is provided.

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№67 The US Labour Immigration Scheme – All about being attractive? EU Perceptions and Stakeholders’ Perspectives Reviewed

Author(s): Katharina Eisele / Language(s): English

Labour immigration schemes that effectively attract qualified immigrant workers are a policy priority for many governments. But what are ‘attractive’ labour immigration schemes and policies? To whom are (or should) such policies (be) attractive? In Europe, the US is often portrayed as one of the most ‘attractive’ countries of immigration – if not the most ‘attractive’. This paper aims to analyse and provide a better understanding of the elements of the US immigration system that are supposedly attractive to foreign workers, by examining key features of the current and prospective US labour immigration rules. The paper finds that ‘attractiveness’ in this policy context is a highly malleable and flexible concept: What might be ‘attractive’ to one key stakeholder might not be to another.

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№95 Money Talks. Mapping the funding for EU external migration policy

Author(s): Leonhard Den Hertog / Language(s): English

This paper examines the role of funding in the EU’s external policies on migration, borders and asylum. Academic analysis has looked extensively into the political and legal resources of the EU in this area,but surprisingly little attention has been paid to the role of funding in the governance of this cooperation with third countries. The objective of this paper is first to understand what EU funds are involved and which actors are setting priorities for funding in the field of migration, borders and asylum. This is a highly technical field of EU governance, characterised by complex political and legal dynamics. The funding landscape is fragmented and incoherent, with limited coordination, but this incoherence can be understood in light of the broader political, sociological and institutional struggles that come to the fore in the setting of priorities for funding. This paper argues that a certain degree of incoherence is an inevitable characteristic of EU governance in this field. The bigger issue is the challenge posed to accountability by this EU funding.

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Whose Citizenship to Empower in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice? The Act of Mobility and Litigation in the Enactment of European Citizenship

Author(s): Anja Wiesbrock,Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English

The Stockholm Programme and the European Commission’s Action Plan implementing it have positioned the freedom, security and justice of ‘European citizens’ at the heart of the EU’s political agenda for the next five years. Yet, who are the ‘citizens’ about whom the Council and the European Commission are so interested? At first sight it would appear as if only those individuals holding the nationality of a member state would fall within this category. This paper challenges this assumption,however, and argues that as a consequence of litigation by individuals before EU courts and of the growing importance given to the act of mobility in citizenship and immigration law, the personal scope of the freedoms accorded to European citizenship already covers certain categories of third country nationals (TCNs). Through an examination of selected landmark rulings of the Court of Justice in Luxembourg, the paper demonstrates how the requirement of being a national of an EU member state is progressively becoming less important when defining the boundaries of the European citizenry.

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Assessing EU Policy on Irregular Immigration under the Stockholm Programme

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The relationship between EU policy and the rights of undocumented migrants remains in tension. The status and treatment granted to undocumented migrants continues to be ‘invisible’ in EU policy strategies and responses. This is so despite the wide recognition and evidence of the vulnerability and insecurities these persons face in their access to fundamental rights. The ‘policy gap’ between current European policy-making under the third multi-annual programme on the Union’s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice – the Stockholm Programme – and the results emerging from social science research funded by EU institutions has been assessed and evidenced elsewhere. This collection of papers aims at moving the debate forward by substantiating these findings with the experiences and knowledge of a selected group of EU umbrella (civil society) organisations and practitioners representing key institutions in Europe on fundamental human rights.

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The Cost of Non-Europe in the Area of Legal Migration

Author(s): Sergio Carrera,Julia Guerin,James Dennison,Meena Fernandes,Nadzeya Laurentsyeva,Zvezda Vankova,Lina Vosyliūtė / Language(s): English

This Research Paper is a contribution to a wider cost-of non-Europe assessment in the Area of Freedom Security and Justice requested by the European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties that can be found here. The research takes stock of the state of play in European Union cooperation in the area of legal immigration. The Research Paper identifies gaps and barriers of current sectorial and fragmented EU legal immigration acquis. It assesses their economic impacts and impacts at individual level in terms of fundamental rights protection and non-discrimination laid down in international, regional and EU human rights and labour standards. The research highlights the need for ‘more EU’ in upholding equal treatment standards between third country workers with EU nationals in relation to working and living conditions. The Research Paper elaborates on the potential benefits, cost drivers and feasibility of different policy options for the EU ranging from: better enforcement, to the gradual extension of EU legislation towards other labour market sectors or bringing back to the idea of a Binding Immigration Code. The research concludes that EU internal market, national administrations as well as EU and Third Country Citizens would benefit from more homogenous policy approach in the area of legal migration.

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Mothers – Grandmothers – Daughters? Reconciling Labour Market Integration with Care Responsibilities in Brno

Author(s): Steven Saxonberg,Martina Kampichler,Miroslava Janoušková / Language(s): English

This book presents a case study of how social policies influence women in the labour market in the Czech municipality of Brno. This study is based on research that we conducted as part of the EU financed project “Impact of local welfare systems on female labour force participation and social cohesion,” which has been shortened to the acronym FLOWS. The project’s goal was to analyze “how local welfare provision affects the labour market participation of women, and how female employment in turn affects the life course (of women and men), structures of inequality, social cohesion and hence the sustainability of the European social model” (FLOWS 2010: A1: 3).

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Sindikati između rada i kapitala

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Slovenian,Serbian

This edited volume seeks to address the current issues of trade unions, trade unionism and labour, of its present and of its future. It is divided into three parts: I. Workers’ dilemma - the crisis of the trade union; II. Trade unions and workers: case studies of BiH, Croatia and Serbia and III. Trade unions in the social teachings of the Catholic Church. The book offers sociological, historical, philosophical, and political science and activist views on labour, trade unions and capital. Contributions use case studies, surveys, interviews, content analysis, discourse analysis, and analysis of documents to bring new and relevant findings. The articles also propose some solution models to the current crisis. This collection holds valuable lessons for both union leadership and membership.

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Simpozij - Menadžment u zdravstvu s posebnim osvrtom na kardiovaskularne bolesti

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The Committee for Cardiovascular Pathology of the Department of Medical Sciences of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina over the past years organized following symposiums which resulted with publications of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH): 1. Symposium: “I work with heart”, ANUBiH, 2010; 2. International Symposium “Pulmonary Artery Hypertension”, ANUBiH, 2011, Book no: CXXXIX/39; 3. Symposium: “The Risk Factors for Development of Cardiovascular Diseases”, ANUBiH, 2011, Book no: CXLI/40; 4. Symposium: “Congenital Heart Defects”, ANUBiH, 2012, Book no: CL/42; 5. International Symposium: “Perspectives in Paediatric Cardiology” (Dubrovnik), ANUBiH, 2012, Book no: CLI/43; 6. Symposium: “Rhythm disturbances in children and adults”, ANUBiH, 2013; 7. International Symposium: “Acquired Heart Disease”, ANUBiH, 2014, Book no: CLVIII/45; 8. International Scientific Symposium: “Fetal medicine: from Leonardo da Vinci up Today”, ANUBiH, 2015, Book no: CLIX/46; 9. International Symposium: “Mitral Valve Diseases in Children and Adults”, ANUBiH, 2017, Book no: CLXVIII/49...

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Zadržavanje mladih u Kantonu Sarajevo: analiza determinanti i prijedlog strateških mjera

Author(s): Muris Čičić,Melika Husić-Mehmedović,Maja Arslanagić-Kalajdžić,Lejla Turulja,Selma Kadić-Maglajlić,Alina Trkulja,Amra Avdagić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian

Mladi predstavljaju temelj razvoja svakog društva. Međutim, današnja generacija suočava se s višestrukim izazovima. Prema Evropskoj uniji (2018), postoji realan rizik da današnja generacija „mladih“ neće imati mogućnosti i prilike poput svojih roditelja i sve se više suočavaju s nesigurnom budućnošću. Sve to je rezultat tehnoloških promjena, demografskih trendova, diskriminacije, socijalne isključenosti, lažnih vijesti i populizma, a efekti ovih trendova na radna mjesta, vještine ili način na koji funkcionira demokratija još su nedovoljno istraženi. Nezaposlenost mladih je u porastu širom Evrope, posebno u manje razvijenim zemljama. Nivo nezaposlenosti danas treba promatrati u kontekstu: i) povećane fleksibilnosti tržišta rada koja mladima otežava osiguranje stabilnog zaposlenja, ii) širenja visokog obrazovanja, koje je slabo usklađeno s promjenjivom strukturom vještina koje zahtijevaju poslodavci, iii) migracijom mladih, koja je obimnija, selektivnija i raznolika, kao i iv) nasljeđima porodične radne povijesti koji stvaraju nove oblike polarizacije za mlađe generacije (O’Reilly et al., 2015). Istovremeno, mladi su jedna od najdinamičnijih društvenih grupa koja pokazuje veću sklonost promjeni prebivališta, poslova i odnosa u poređenju s drugim dobnim skupinama. Odluke o migraciji uglavnom su povezane s godinama, i to na način da se vjerovatnost migracije smanjuje kako ljudi stare (Van Dalen & Henkens, 2013). Kao posljedica toga, migracije mladih su danas u porastu, i to posebno u zemljama u razvoju, gdje migracije predstavljaju strategiju za unapređenje životnih šansi i izbora (Heckert, 2015).

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Pretpostavke i pravci unapređenja kvalitete života i kreiranja stimulativnog okruženja za povratnike

Author(s): Muris Čičić,Mirko Pejanović,Lejla Turulja,Maja Arslanagić-Kalajdžić,Selma Kadić-Maglajlić,Melika Husić-Mehmedović,Amra Avdagić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian

Cilj Studije Pretpostavke i pravci unapređenja kvaliteta života i kreiranja stimulativnog okruženja za povratnike jeste analiza ukupnog zadovoljstva građana BiH kvalitetom života, te općeg blagostanja, kao i dovođenje rezultata u kontekst emigracijskih aspiracija i želje za napuštanjem zemlje. Pored toga, obzirom na stanje izazvano pandemijom COVID-19, studija adresira i pitanje uticaja pandemije na kvalitet života i opće raspoloženje građana BiH. Studija sadrži analizu stavova građana BiH o nekoliko dimenzija kvaliteta života koja je bazirana na namjenski prikupljenim primarnim podacima iz 2020. godine na uzorku opće populacije BiH te povratnika u BiH (oni koji su živjeli van BiH i vratili se u proteklih 10 godina). Na bazi prikupljenih I analiziranih podataka, te u skladu s literaturom, studija predlaže mjere koje su najčešće relevantne na nižim nivoima vlasti (npr. lokalni ili kantonalni), budući da se temama kvaliteta života i povratka najčešće bave ti nivoi vlasti. Tako da se predlaže tzv. top-down pristup u kojem će se mjere spuštati s nacionalnog ili entitetskih nivoa, za unaprijed definisanu i planiranu svrhu, na kantonalni, odnosno lokalni nivo. U Studiji je prepoznata važnost posebnog tretmana i kreiranje posebnih mjera kojima će se targetirati mladi kada su u pitanju emigracije. Uslijed permanentne krize u socijalnom i političkom razvoju bosanskohercegovačkog društva i države, populacija mladih se nalazi u veoma nepovoljnom socijalnom, ekonomskom i psihofizičkom stanju. Zbog toga je kod mladih, više nego kod drugih društvenih skupina, izražena motivacija za emigriranje u evropske države, članice Evropske unije. U Studiji su izdvojene mjere koje se odnose na mlade, kao što su: praksa podrške poduzetništvu mladih, subvencioniranje rješavanja stambenog pitanja mladih, stipendiranje đaka u srednjim školama i studenata na visokoškolskim ustanovama, politike kreditiranja studenata pod povoljnim uslovima.

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KVALITET POSLA I MOBILNOST TRŽIŠTA RADA U SLOVENIJI

Author(s): Tjaša Redek,Pavle Boškoski,Marko Pahor,Polona DOMADENIK / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Labor markets in the last two decades have undergone significant changes and transformations caused by economic cycles, demographic changes, technological trends as well as changes in individuals' preferences regarding work-life balance and job quality. In addition to the importance of employment opportunities, the importance of creating better jobs is increasingly being mentioned. One of the determinants of an individual's well-being is the quality of one’s job. Job quality is a complex, multi-faceted, and to some extent, also an intangible concept. This paper investigates what the characteristics of occupational and job mobility in Slovenia are and whether the mobility increased job quality, if measured by tangible factors, primarily wages and employment type. The empirical analysis relies on the data from the Statistical Register of Active Population in Slovenia. Generally speaking, mobility across occupations, improving education level and changing jobs, contract types or employers should generally help the individual improve his or her labor market position. The preliminary results suggest that there is moderate mobility in the labor market, being higher among the young, among men, and also among specific levels of education. However, a change or mobility did not always have positive effects. A shift to a permanent job contract and an increase in the education level helped improve individuals’ well-being, especially in terms of wages. A change in occupation or field of education did not necessarily have the same effects.

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Od incydentów do pracy zdalnej. Przedpandemiczne doświadczenia pracujących z domu w czasie lockdownu

Author(s): Piotr Binder / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper attempts to analyze one of the aspects of social change, which is the progressive process of making work more flexible. The starting point was the thesis assuming that remote work's technical and organizational components and the practice of performing some professional duties remotely were popularized long before the pandemic. However, it was not indicated by the pre-pandemic measurements of forms of employment such as teleworking. The empirical basis of the text was 49 semi-structured qualitative interviews with people working remotely at the beginning of the pandemic. The presented analyzes were inspired, on the one hand, by the concept of teleworkability, which makes it possible to go beyond the binary stationary-remote opposition, and on the other, by the boundary theory, which sensitizes to changes taking place at the intersection of professional and private spheres. The analysis results are grounded in data typology of pre-pandemic experiences of remote work. Its interpretations indicate that remote work components gradually penetrated employees' lives, resulting in more flexible spatial and temporal frameworks while violating the boundaries between work and private life. These processes were also a source of valuable experience for employees forced to work remotely at the beginning of the pandemic. The spectrum of professional contexts in which these changes have been observed indicates a broader cultural background of transformations in the work sphere.

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Migration Stratifications in the Italian Labour Market: The Case of the Veneto Region

Author(s): Davide Girardi,Ilaria Rocco / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Italian migratory scenario has been characterised, especially during the last decade, by dynamics of change that have profoundly modified its features. These changes have affected both the structure of the immigrant component present in Italy and the social context, with a reciprocal conditioning and strengthening of the two aspects (Osservatorio Regionale sull’immigrazione del Veneto, 2010; 2021).

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Air Force Enlisted Accessions: Determining the Relationship between Applicant Characteristics and United States Air Force Standardized Testing

Author(s): Reuben Rodriguez,Diana Garza,Adam Guerrero / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The United States military is the largest employer of high school graduates, with about 180,000 new applicants joining each year. The United States Department of Defense and its service-specific recruiting services are tasked with recruiting the next generation of military personnel to fill in their ranks. In a competitive job market, understanding the background of a diverse market pool is vital to recruiting the right people for the right job. This study examines the relationship between applicant characteristics and initial qualification testing scores for United States Air Force applicants in South Texas and Eastern Louisiana. Applicant characteristics are defined as race, gender, age, and family income. This study aims to evaluate the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) test scores for applicants who successfully shipped to Basic Military Training in the fiscal year 2019. Adjusted gross income (AGI) or income levels were gathered from irs.gov, and applicant data was obtained from the Air Force Recruiting Service 341st Recruiting Squadron headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. No personal identifying information is used in this study. Independent variables included in the study are gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status, as well as by family income. The dependent variable is the standardized ASVAB test scores for Southern Texas and Southeastern Louisiana Air Force applicants. This study addresses gaps in the literature by focusing on the impact of applicant characteristics and their effects on the ability to become prospective applicants to serve in the United States Air Force.

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