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Viis tõdemust filosoofia tõlkimisest

Author(s): Bruno Mölder / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 06/2014

This paper presents five practice-based reflections on the translation of philosophical texts into Estonian. It is mainly the translation of analytic philosophy that is taken into consideration. The main claims of the paper are the following: 1) The variety of philosophy itself should not be overlooked when discussing the translation of philosophy; 2) Special terms should be translated consistently but only in the contexts wherein these words occur as terms; 3) Translating philosophy cultivates the language to be used for doing original philosophy in the native language; 4) The language of translation should make sense and be free from exaggeration and gratuitous „showing-off” on the part of the translator; 5) The translation of philosophy is not the same as the doing of philosophy, but it is also valuable. By way of examples, some difficult cases (such as the terms ‘mind’ and ‘physical’) are discussed in more detail.

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Множествената реализируемост и нейните критици

Author(s): Anton Donchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

Hilary Putnam, one of the most famous analytical philosophers of the 20th century, died in 2016. His intellectual legacy extends to many areas of analytic philosophy and, beyond philosophy, to mathematics and computer science. The present article is focused on his particular contribution to the philosophy of mind – the thesis of the multiple realizability of mental states. Multiple realizability is among the most influential arguments in the debate on the mind-body problem and on the relationship between psychology and “the more fundamental” natural sciences (neuroscience, physiology, biology, physics, etc.).The article presents a brief overview of multiple realizability. In the first part, the author introduces the concept, and in the second part presents a reconstruction of the main argument of multiple realizability, as well as the most frequent applications of the concept in the philosophy of mind. In the third part, some of the most influential critiques of multiple realizability are reviewed.

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Егоизъм или алтруизъм – фалшивата дилема

Author(s): Ivan Katzarski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The paper presents a critical analysis of some basic assumptions in sociobiology. Its main hypothesis is disputed that altruism is in fact just a form of egotism. Critique reveals the internal inconsistency as well as the methodological unfeasibility of the hypothesis. On that basis, the idea is supported that the egotism – altruism opposition is a false dilemma. Social organisation presupposes primary transindividual relationship the features of which are also subject of examination.

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Б. Ръсел и проблемът за индексичността

Author(s): Martina Mineva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 6/2018

The article presents a critical analysis of the Russell-Strawson debate of the 1950s, focused both on the problem of definite descriptions; but the author also discusses the expressions currently defined as indexicals. The article presents a critical review of Russell’s views on egocentric particulars (his term for indexicals) in his An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth (1940) and Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948). Тhe article traces his theoretical insights, that can be thought of both in the spirit of the “wisdom” (criticized by Russell himself ) of Wittgenstein’s later works, and as closely approaching Strawson’s problematic of ordinary language. Among these insights are the notion of implicit egocentricity (1948) as well as of variable denotation, a notion introduced much earlier, in the manuscript of On Meaning and Denotation (1903), and that offers a possibility for rethinking the distinction between attributive and referential uses of definite descriptions that Keith Donnellan presents in Reference and Definite Descriptions (1966). In this context, the author emphasizes the productivity of the thesis suggested by Strawson regarding the direct link between the problem of indexicality and that of definite descriptions.

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Неопределеността на превода и лингвистичната антропология (част 2)

Author(s): Sergey Gerdzhikov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

Quine’s thesis regarding indeterminacy (linked to relativity) of translation passes into the thesis regarding the inscrutability of reference, developed within the framework of a philosophical project in which natural science is seen as the only form of empirical knowledge (naturalism). Following the tradition of analytic philosophy, Quine uses speculative (thought) experiments, such as that of the radical translator (a linguist interpreter in a foreign culture and lacking a mediator). If we accept Quine’s approach and naturalism project, and his theses about reference and translation, we can check the extent to which his experiments and analyses have meaning and validity in linguistic anthropology and to what extent linguists themselves use and criticize them. Developed as a speculative experiment and debate regarding natural language, Quine’s thesis makes sense in the framework of analytic philosophy, but, like other purely philosophical theses, is fictional and poorly referred to the empirical situations of translation in linguistic anthropology. I apply here some relevant conclusions regarding indeterminacy, which are drawn from my Philosophy of Relativity (Gerdjikov 2008).

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Prekrupni Edip

Author(s): Gilles Deleuze,Félix Guattari / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 28/2018

Pismo ocu, na koja se oslanjaju žalosna psihoanalitička tumačenja, je portret, fotografija, potajno ubačena u stroj posve druge vrste. Otac ima pognutu glavu…: ne samo zbog toga što je on sam kriv nego zato što sina čini krivim i ne prestaje da mu sudi. Sve je očeva greška: ako imam seksualne poteškoće, ako ne uspijevam da se oženim, ako pišem, ako ne mogu da pišem, ako hodam oborene glave po svijetu, ako sam trebao napraviti neki drugi svijet beskrajno pust. No to pismo je suviše zakasnilo. Kafka veoma dobro zna da ništa od toga nije istinito: njegova nesposobnost za ženidbu, njegovo pisanje, privlačna snaga njegovog intenzivnog pustinjskog svijeta ima savršeno pozitivne motivacije sa stanovišta libida i nisu nekakve izvedene reakcije iz odnosa s ocem. Reći će on to tisuću puta, a Max Brod će podsjetiti na slabost edipovskog tumačenja čak i dječjih konflikta. [...]

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A Fair Version of the Chinese Room

Author(s): Hasan Çağatay / Language(s): English Issue: 96/2019

By the Chinese room thought experiment, John Searle (1980) advocates the thesis that it is impossible for computers to think in the same way that human beings do. This article intends firstly to show that the Chinese room does not justify or even test this thesis and secondly to describe exactly how the person in the Chinese room can learn Chinese. Regarding this learning process, Searle ignores the relevance of an individual’s pattern recognition capacity for understanding. To counter Searle’s claim, this paper, via examining a series of thought experiments inspired by the Chinese room, aims to underline the importance of pattern recognition for understanding to emerge.

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Doświadczenie iróżnica. Status przedmiotu badań itożsamość badaczy w studiach o niepełnosprawności

Author(s): Klaudia Muca / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

Muca discusses the position and identity of the researcher in the field of disability studies. Her critical analysis of categories and attitudes, undertaken in the spirit of the philosophy of science, and her references to the history of disability studies allow her to identify two basic categories in the position and identity of researchers: experience and difference. The experience of disability is a marker of difference, which affects relations between the actors in the research process, especially between people with and without disabilities. The difference associated with having or not having this experience has been and still is important for the development of critical and emancipatory disability studies.

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MORALITY, AT THE CONFLUENCE BETWEEN THE LEGAL AND THE NON-LEGAL NORM

Author(s): Raluca Antoanetta Tomescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Morality is probably one of the oldest rules of conduct that have been imposed on members of a community, in order to establish and ensure a good coexistence. Prior to the emergence of the legal norm, it evolved with human society, being subject to continuous paradigm shifts, in a permanent attempt to reflect as accurately as possible the evolutionary trends of human communities. Although it does not yet benefit from a concrete definition or a precise limitation, morality is, first of all, the object of study of ethics, as a philosophical discipline, but when it interferes with the legal norm, inevitably a theorizing from its legal perspective becomes imminent. Plurivalent subject, but also constant of our social life, morality remains one of the most complex and controversial topics, not only in legal doctrine, but also in philosophy.

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The Metaphysics of the Incarnation in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy of Religion

Author(s): Marek Dobrzeniecki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents the latest achievements of analytic philosophers of religion in Christology. My goal is to defend the literal/metaphysical reading of the Chalcedonian dogma of the hypostatic union. Some of the contemporary Christian thinkers claim that the doctrine of Jesus Christ as both perfectly divine and perfectly human is self-contradictory (I present this point of view on the example of John Hick) and, therefore, it should be understood metaphorically. In order to defend the consistency of the conciliar theology, I refer to the work of, among others, Eleonore Stump, William Hasker, Peter Geach and Kevin Sharpe. As a result, I conclude that recent findings in analytic metaphysics provide an ontological scaffolding that explains away the objection of the incompatibility of the doctrine of the hypostatic union. In order to confirm this conclusion such metaphysical topics as properties attribution (what it means for an object to have a property), relation of identity (what it means for an object x to be identical with object y), and essentialism and kind membership (what it means for an object to belong necessarily to a kind) are scrutinized in detail.

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Wolfgang Huemer and Ingrid Vendrell Ferran (eds.), Beauty: New Essays in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art

Author(s): Iris Vidmar Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 63/2021

Book-Review: Wolfgang Huemer and Ingrid Vendrell Ferran (eds.), Beauty: New Essays in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art, München: Philosophia, 2019, 434 pp. (Iris Vidmar Jovanović)

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(In)distinct Languages: Revisiting the Dualism of Literal and Literary Meaning in Roman Jakobson and Donald Davidson

Author(s): Aleksandar Mijatović / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

The paper traces the relationship between the literal and literary language that is found in structuralism and analytic philosophy. The paper’s gist provides a comparative account of Roman Jakobson’s and Donald Davidson’s notions of poetic language and their relation to the general idea of language as it is given in their work. In reconsidering Jakobson’s and Davidson’s arguments, I propose abandoning the dualistic hypotheses of the oppositions between literal and non-literal language, and between literal and literary language. I contend that the notions of first and literal meanings are necessary for other types of interpretation. The dualistic hypothesis requires the cascade model, which displays a bottom-top transition across hierarchically arranged levels of meanings. Instead, I outline the multilayered structure of language with two thresholds: mimetic and semiotic. Therefore, the cascade model should be replaced with the palimpsest model of concurring, merging, and blending layers of meanings.

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Philosophical practice with corporal actions

Author(s): David Sumiacher / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The paper provide some elements and perspectives regarding how it’s possible to carry out philosophical practices through corporal actions. To understand this and to be able to do it out first, we must understand some general assumptions and principles around a broad understanding of philosophy and philosophical practice. After laying these foundations, I will focus on three great ways of performing corporal actions as part of the work that is done in philosophical practice. The first has to do with the sensory uptake of the other. In this way we enormously enrich the flow of elements that we use for working with others and the development of working hypotheses. A second type of corporal actions that we can incorporate into philosophical practice has to do with the performance of bodily actions by the practical philosopher. In this case, we use our action, gestures and expressions as a way of promoting, deepening and intensifying philosophical processes that are developed through dialogue or in any way. Lastly, a third way of including corporal actions in intersubjective philosophical interactions has to do with requesting the performance of specific corporal actions from others or performing them in conjunction with them. The variety of possibilities and achievable routes in this case is immense, but here we have an indisputable potential for philosophical work with others, which is built in principle from the grasp of circumstance and the philosophical process that is developing. In each case I will be considering a broad vision of philosophical practice that includes the work of philosophical counseling, philosophy for/with children, philosophical workshops and applied philosophy in organizations.

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IS INTERACTION JUST A DYNAMICAL PROCESS?

Author(s): Mihai-Alexandru Petrișor / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In this article I argue for a pluralistic vision of interaction and social cognition in general: we should imagine the landscape of types of interactions as a line segment whose ends represent radical positions (purely inferentialist or purely simulationist theories on one end and radical embodied cognition on the other) on which different types of interactions fall. The closer to any extreme a particular type is, then the more likely it is to be better explained by the theory the extreme point represents. In order to delineate the controversy that stems from different conceptualizations of the same phenomenon and to articulate my position, I criticize Gallagher’s radical claims of embodied cognition as constituting social interaction. The main point that I make regarding his theory is that, even though it provides a satisfactory explanation for types that correspond to motor-perceptual processes, it only manages to metaphorically describe cases of interaction that involve articulated language use and, generally, semantically charged actions. Given that a serious researcher should be interested in accurate predictions or descriptions, it follows that Gallagher’s account is not all-encompassing, and, given the many virtues of other theories, we should adopt a pluralistic point-of-view.

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Beyond the Skin Line: Tuning into the Body-Environment. A Venture into the Before of Conceptualizations

Author(s): Anne Sauka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article explores embodied critical thinking (ECT) for engaging with the enfleshed and trans-corporeal self on an affectual and experiential level. By discussing three exemplifying affectual instances that expose the experiential level of processuality, emergence, and intercarnality, the article shows the methodological use of ECT as a fruitful approach to developing embodied ontologies and a toolkit for the experiential reflection of one’s enfleshment, as tuning into the body-environment.

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Popperovo riešenie štyroch problémov indukcie

Author(s): Miroslav Karaba / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2021

In the first chapter of his book Realism and the Aim of Science, Karl Popper establishes a close connection between the problem of induction and corroboration. In doing so, he formulates a family of four problems of induction. The presented paper after short insight to some Popper´s methodological rules analyzes these four problems of induction, namely how can we distinguish between good and bad theories; the problem of rational belief; the problem of tomorrow; and the problem of regularities. Although Popper was convinced that he had solved the problem of induction completely logically, methodically as well as epistemologically, and a metaphysical solution is not necessary, we tried to show that neither did he solve the problem as he claims, nor he implicitly use a principle of induction, as some of his critics claims.

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Why phenomenology could not commit the linguistic turn?

Author(s): Anastasia Medova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Frege and Husserl are traditionally regarded as the precursors of the linguistic turn; however, the importance of their ideas for this event still is not fully comprehended. This article contributes to such comprehension: the principles of the linguistic turn in its analytical interpretation provided by Rorty are applied as an indicator revealing the commonality and difference of Frege's and Husserl's positions regarding key issues of their concepts. The connection of the philosophers' ideas with the linguistic turn is viewed in the context of their interpretation of predicativity, propositionality, contextuality of meaning, and ways of categorization. The analysis conducted gives rise to distinguishing between Frege's and Husserl's referential schemes. It is based on the differences in the characteristics of the connection between perception and predication. In conclusion, the arguments against Frege's and Husserl's involvement in the linguistic turn are emphasized. These arguments stem from the idea of the primacy of sense over language fundamental for both philosophers who proceed from the fact that certain a priori logical relations underlie utterances or other acts. There is a more solid argument which does not allow considering Frege's and Husserl's legacies as its source. This argument consists in the fact that they regard sense as an objective, communicable, and universal phenomenon independent of its carriers, not inherently linguistic, and pre-logical which is due to its intentional nature according to Husserl and logical “indecomposability” of concepts according to Frege.

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Проблематика реальности в современных антиреалистических философских теориях (критический обзор)

Author(s): Vera Serkova,Vera Lobastova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The article analyzes literature addressing the problem of reality in modern anti-realist theories. The purpose of the review is to expand the circle of researchers, including not only representatives of analytical philosophy, but also those of the phenomenological tradition, since the principle of phenomenological reduction corresponds to the general conceptual attitude of anti-realists, and in methodological terms, phenomenology more consistently implements the program of anti-realism. The principle of anti-realist philosophy is shown as exemplified in solutions of the “difficult problem of consciousness” within analytical philosophy and also in the development of a phenomenological attitude. Such a combination of two, by far the most respectable, philosophical schools makes it possible to more accurately determine the contribution of theorists of both directions to the theory of reality, to identify problematic nodes, internal disagreements and points of intersection of the ideas of phenomenologists and representatives of analytical philosophy in understanding the nature of reality. The works of modern researchers of the problems of reality R.Berghofer, V.Vasyukov, Ya. Ishihara, V.Ladov, L.Makeeva, R.Pils, A.Fursov, D.Chalmers and many others, as well as the works of E.Husserl, W.Quine, H.Putnam’s works, which have become philosophical classics, allow us to clarify the ideas about reality that have developed in the anti-realist discourse from different sides. New studies of the principle of phenomenological reduction by Yu. Himanka and the origins of the formation of phenomenological philosophy by N.V.Motroshilova make it possible to clarify the contribution of phenomenologists to the anti-realist tradition.

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Implicitness of Lógos and Explicitness of Logics in Ancient Philosophy

Author(s): Nijaz Ibrulj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

We consider semantic and syntactic transformations of the concept of "the logical" in the ancient philosophy in the form of crypto-logos, para-logismos, dia-logos, and syl-logismos. We interpret Heraclitus' concept of Logos as a cryptologos through which intuitive insight (epístasthai gnóomen) reveals hidden or implicit harmony (harmoníe aphanés) in nature (phýsis) as a conceptual unity of ontic opposites (tà enantía). In Pramenides' paraconsistent concept of the identity of Being and thought, we point to para-logical hypotheses about the One that are carried out through antithetical deductions of thought and which maintain the dynamics of the ontic determinations of being (ón) in the statics of the conceptual determinations of Being (tò eînai). As the beginning of the explicative granulation of ''the logical'' we consider Plato's concept of the dialectical skill (dialektikè tékhne) of dividing concepts of genus into species and sub-species that logically represent ontic opposites in problem-formulated questions. Finally Aristotle's concept of lógos as a statement-making sentence / proposition (lógos apophantikós) made explicit the Being (tò eînai), or the Being as Being (tò ón hê ón), in semantic and syntactic figures and modes of syllogistic inferences in which ontological (eînai), ontic (ón), conceptual (logikôos) and linguistic (légomenon) correspondence is shown. We conclude that with these changes in the concept of lógos, the path has been taken from the hidden or implicit Truth of the phenomena of nature and the world (pân) to explicit truthfulness of propositions as the unhiddeness (alétheia) of Being trough the semantical and syntactical visibility of the logical structures of being, thought and language in scientific knowledge based on demonstration (apoódeiksis).

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Wittgenstein and LaMDA

Author(s): Karlo Gardavski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This paper is based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's (late) teaching on language and meaning, and its aim is to show how we can avoid the amorphization of artificial intelligence or interpreting the work (the question of giving meaning) of AI as similar to or the same as the work of a human being. The way of determining the meaning of certain linguistic units performed by an AI and a human differs because the languages they operate with have a different set of rules or criteria that are indicators of what a certain linguistic entity means. The core of AI in terms of meaning is its logical base, according to which it operates/calculates/manipulates the given information. On the other hand, a human being finds his/her criteria in the language activity performed in the language communities.

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