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The Supremacy of IBE over Bayesian Conditionalization

Author(s): Seungbae Park / Language(s): English Issue: 103/2023

Van Fraassen does not merely perform Bayesian conditionalization on his pragmatic theory of scientific explanation; he uses inference to the best explanation (IBE) to justify it, contrary to what Prasetya thinks. Without first using IBE, we cannot carry out Bayesian conditionalization, contrary to what van Fraassen thinks. The argument from a bad lot, which van Fraassen constructs to criticize IBE, backfires on both the pragmatic theory and Bayesian conditionalization, pace van Fraassen and Prasetya.

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On Necessary Individuals and Ways (sic!) for Them to Be: Celebrating 10-Year Anniversary of Modal Logic as Metaphysics

Author(s): Pranciškus Gricius,Timothy Williamson / Language(s): English Issue: 103/2023

Timothy Williamson, the Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford, is one of the leading figures in the contemporary analytic philosophy. His areas of research include philosophy of language, epistemology, logic, metaphysics, and metaphilosophy. Professor Williamson has authored over two hundred articles and numerous books, including such modern classics as Vagueness (Routledge 1994), Knowledge and its Limits (Oxford, 2000), The Philosophy of Philosophy (Wiley-Blackwell 2007, 2nd up-dated ed. 2021), and Modal Logic as Metaphysics (Oxford, 2013).

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A WORLD AND ITS DOUBLE

Author(s): Violeta Bercaru Oneață / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

The study values certain outstanding elements of C.G. Jung's Psychological Analytics like the transfer or the frontier in the ongoing display of the profound layer of the human mind – the unconscious- ; Leibniz monadism concept as well as the generative capacity of the monade in Jung's vision on the other hand to produce an abstract cosmogony that this study finds as being similar to the concept of the multitude. The double face medal like of the unconscious and the generative valence of the monade to produce multitudes are landmarks trying to explain the creative facts formation, among which the study focuses on the Poetical Function of the language.

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Дедукция на категориите в една дефиниция за изкуство

Author(s): Ivan Kolev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

In contemporary literature, the most authoritative on the definition of art is the institutional theory that emerged as a response to the radicalizations in modern art associated with ready-made, pop art, conceptualism and other movements. In familiar versions of institutional theory, the participants in the so-called “artworld” (Arthur Danto's term) are enumerated “rhapsodically”, to use Kant's famous expression. In this context, the article is an attempt to “deduce the categories” by which art is defined, using the categorizing positions of the participants in this “artworld”. In order to justify the approach and to relate the problematic to traditional philosophical issues, a brief overview of the “doctrine of categories” (Kategorienlehre) is given.

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Gibt es so etwas wie weibliche und männliche Werte?

Author(s): Susanne Moser / Language(s): English,German Issue: 2/2022

The aim of the paper is to answer a question that has often been raised but not thoroughly explored, namely, whether there are masculine and feminine values. In axiology values are mostly considered in a gender-blind way, while in feminist critique, e.g., in difference feminism, there is a valorization of the feminine but a differentiated axiological consideration is not undertaken. By the use of the hermeneutic method of interpretation and linguistic analysis, as well as of an axiological and feminist critical approach, the paper will unfold some ambiguities, and respectively the possible answers of the question, by showing the crucial importance of the value system, which defines the order of discourse and thus legitimizes or puts in question the sociocultural order.

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Aristotle's First Philosophy as Analytical Epistemology

Author(s): Nijaz Ibrulj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

We analyze metaphysical foundations of the logical and epistemological construction of knowledge in Aristotle's First Philosophy. The possibility to define this construction as analytical epistemology is deduced from the fact that Aristotle used the term substance (ousía) in many equivalent expressions and different semantic roles, but with the same meaning. The basis for that is a semantic convertibility (antístrephein) of the concept of substance (or "what is", or the "essence" of being) in each of the fields of knowledge. Here we have listed the four most general aspects of the meaning of the term substance ( ousía) and expanded them to ten aspects in their specific use in the physical, logical, linguistic and ontological domains. Because of all of the above, we define Aristotle's First Philosophy (pròte philosophía) as analytical epistemology, as a system of knowledge and cognition based on a system of many senses of the term substance or conceptual conversions of the term ousía. In doing so, we observed these models of conversion of the meaning of the term substance through four predicative forms: synonymous, homonymous, paraonymous and analogical, which are based on four aspects of the concept of identity as logical sameness: that which is the same / identical (tò autón) because it belongs to the same genus (génos ), or belongs to the same / identical (tò omôion) species (eîdos), or has the same /identical (tò íson) number (aríthmos) or same/identical semantical relations (tò análogon). It can be seen that conceptual analogy (analogía) is the basis of all semantic transformations through which the concept of substance (ousía) goes in analytical epistemology.

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THE STUDY OF NOTES AND NOTEBOOKS: SOME EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND ONTOLOGICAL ISSUES

Author(s): Anton Crișan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The aim of the present paper is to situate the recent attempts devoted to the study of the phenomena of knowledge management in a larger epistemological context. More precisely, I intend to ascertain the entire affair from the perspective of the philosophy of the humanities. This involves understanding it as an endeavor concerned with the search for regularities. As a result, key notions figuring in the repertoire of this kind of undertaking, primarily those of notes and notebooks, are scrutinized for the purpose of revealing their theoretical function. This points towards some ontological issues, such as the idea of taking notes as cultural kinds, namely something analogous to the idea of natural kinds.

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Literary Interpretation is Not Just About Meaning

Author(s): Peter Lamarque / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2024

The paper proposes a radical change of focus for understanding the fundamental purpose and value of literary interpretation. It criticises an orthodox view in analytical philosophy of literature, according to which theories of meaning in the philosophy of language, in particular Gricean or speech act or other pragmatic theories, offer the most illuminating way to grasp the relevant principles of interpretation. The argument here is that the application of such theories in this context is not just wrong in detail (this or that theory needs revising) but wrong in principle. The focus is wrong. The importation of philosophy of language distorts the essential character of interpretation, which should be seen as involving not so much meaning as value, not individual sentences but whole works, not obsessed with authorial intention but focused on the protocols of reading

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EKSPRESIVIZAM KAO NORMATIVNI DRUŠTVENI FUNKCIONALIZAM: VITGENŠTAJN I SELARS

Author(s): Nikola Jandrić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2022

In the text it will be attempted to prove the existence of a tradition of expressivism in the form of normative social functionalism as the common denominator for the position or positions taken by the later Wittgenstein and Wilfrid Sellars in regards to questions of objectivity and normativity of lingustic meaning, presented as answers to the problem of rule following. Sellars formulates the problem of rule following at approximately the same time as does Wittgenstein. Also, Sellars’ answer to this problem, as does Wittgenstein’s will call upon meaning as determined by the practices of use of lingustic expressions. It is claimed that the tradition that clusters the authors culminates in inferential pragmatism of Robert Brandom. Apart from the above, the paper also discusses the differences between the positions of the said authors, the most prominent of which is manifested in the different consequences of their contrary metaphilosophical attitudes.

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RAZLOZI, RACIONALNOST I MOTIVACIJA

Author(s): Voin Milevski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2019

According to one of the most influential and popular theories in the contemporary theory of action, an agent S is motivated to perform a certain act A if and only if she endorses some set of reasons R on the basis of which it follows that she should perform A, and given that she does not suffer from some sort of practical irrationality (e.g. depression, weakness of will, psychopathy, mental or physical exhaustion etc.). At least at first glance, this theory – which is known as the rationalist motivational internalism – appears to be uncontroversial and unproblematic. Yet, over the past ten years, this popular position has faced numerous very serious objections. In the course of this work, I intend to present some of these objections, in order to justify the claim that the concept of practical irrationality – i.e. the concept that plays the central role in this particular version of internalism – should be left out from the philosophical explanation of motivation. I will then attempt to defend the conclusion that the rationalist motivational internalism represents a completely inadequate theory of motivation.

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INDUKCIJA I KATEGORIZACIJA: JEDAN MODEL RAZVOJA JEZIKA

Author(s): Aleksandra Zorić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2019

According to one of the models of explanation of the development of verbal and linguistic competence, inductive reasoning provides a more adequate description of this development compared to various theories of innateness. The basic function of induction consists in concept formation and acquisition, i.e. in categorizing the world of our surroundings. Research has shown that pre-school children become aware of various ways in which categories are interrelated, and they are also using different principles for grounding their inductive reasoning. The main form of inductive reasoning from the standpoint of language learning is called category based induction. Category based inductive reasoning is the subject of many analyses which aim to pinpoint its origin and explain its further development. Some authors have maintained that the bias towards this type of reasoning is conceptually primitive, i.e. that it is not the result of language learning. In effect, it is the precondition of language learning as it enables the categorical mastery. Others have presupposed that children are biased when considering words as something that refers to kinds. When categorical information is passed through words the children are spontaneously making categorically grounded conclusions. The question of the origin of category based induction is still largely open. Is it an innate ability or the product of development? If it is the product of development, are there some components on which such reasoning is based, that are innate in a certain way? What is the exact relationship between categorization and induction? Is categorization prior to induction or is it the product of it? This is just to name a few of philosophically interesting questions with which the proponents of this model are faced. The model itself sheds new light on some classic problems of the philosophy of language in general, and on some key aspects of Quine’s position in this discipline, in particular.

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NIKO I NIŠTA: O ZNAČENJU NEGATIVNIH NEODREĐENIH ZAMENICA

Author(s): Miroslava Trajkovski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2018

In the paper, I deal with the comparison of the use of negative indefinite pronouns in languages with double negation with their usage in languages without double negation. In languages with double negation referential usage prevails, while in languages without double negation quantificational usage is prevalent. Double negation is often considered to be inconsistent with the understanding of quantification in standard logic. I show that languages in which negative indefinite pronouns are used are not logically weaker than languages in which this is not the case. Moreover, I show that the languages with double negation clearly distinguish between the referential and quantificational usage of negative indefinite pronouns, so that the grammar of these languages prevents referring to nonentities.

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LUISOVSKA ANALIZA OBJEKTIVNIH VEROVATNOĆA: RAZJAŠNJENJE PROBLEMA PODRIVAJUĆIH BUDUĆNOSTI

Author(s): Nenad Filipović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2018

David Lewis’ interpretation of objective probability has two essential parts: Humean supervenience and Best system of laws. According to his interpretation, probabilities, along with the other nomic phenomena, supervene on the actual facts. Lewis also famously formulated the Principal Principle, which should show the connection between objective and subjective probabilities. However, years later, Hall, Thau and Lewis himself came to conclusion that the principle and Lewis’ interpretation of probability are not compatible. The main reason for that is the problem of so called undermining futures: Lewis named the problem „Big Bad Bug“. A popular way to solve the problem was to change the principal principle. In this article, I will argue that the origin of the problem is not compatibility of the principle and Lewis’s interpretation of probability, but that the problem is in the interpretation itself. Changing the principle, I argue, will not conclusively solve the problem.

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SEMANTIČKA (NE)OSETLJIVOST: RELEVANTNOST KAPELANOVIH I LEPOROVIH LINGVISTIČKIH TESTOVA U DEBATI U VEZI SA KONTEKSTUALISTIČKIM TEZOM O ZNAČENJU POJMA ZNANJA

Author(s): Jelena Pavličić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2018

The emergence of contextualism in epistemology has set off a philosophical debate over the semantic nature of the concept of knowledge, that is to say over whether the meaning of that concept is invariant or context-sensitive. While some proponents of contextualist view defend the notion that the meaning of knowledge is indexical in its nature, Herman Cappelen and Ernie Lepore argue that there exist only a few expressions which possess this semantic trait, and that knowledge expressions are not among them. Evidence in support of their position, according to the authors, is provided by linguistic tests. In this article we examine whether linguistic tests provide a reliable indicator of the semantic nature of the concept of knowledge.

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THOUGHTS AS SUCH

Author(s): Vojislav Božičković / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Sainsbury has contested the widespread view that Fregean senses as individuated by modes of presentation are capable of being individuated independently of the needs of semantics. He also holds that there are meanings as something similar to Fregean senses but individuated by a combination of the demands of a reported speech and a Fregean test in terms of rational cotenability (Sainsbury 2002, p. 155). In so doing, he claims that meanings can be finer-grained than senses (modes of presentation). But, in arguing in favour of this view, Sainsbury seems to individuate senses as modes of presentation on an independent basis. Having noticed this, my key point will be that, whether he individuates these modes on an independent basis or not, it is mysterious what role such modes are supposed to play. Following this, we shall see that the demands of a reported speech are of no help in establishing the point that Sainsbury wants to make. On the other hand, on the account that will I suggest senses as modes of presentation are introduced to play a specific role.

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EKSTERNALIZAM MISAONOG SADRŽAJA I SUBJEKTOVA TAČKA GLEDIŠTA

Author(s): Vojislav Božičković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

In relation to perception-based demonstrative thoughts, I argue that, their intentions notwithstanding, Fregean and non-Fregean anti-individualists alike fail to provide a theory of content that explains the subject’s cognitive perspective. I propose an individualist alternative that meets this requirement in conformity with the view that difference in thought-contents needs to be transparent, as does their sameness, if thought-content is to serve to explain the subject’s cognitive perspective.

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KONTEKSTUALIZAM I EKSTERNALIZAM U EPISTEMOLOŠKOJ TEORIJI MAJKLA VILIJAMSA

Author(s): Filip Čukljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

In this paper I shall deal with the relation between the contextualist and externalist elements in the epistemological theory of Michael Williams. I shall claim that Williams did not clearly explicate the true nature of that relation. Firstly, I shall briefly present Williams’ contextualist theory. Then I shall expose Brian Ribeiro’s objection to Williams according to which externalism, and not contextualism, plays a key role in his theory. I shall argue against this objection. On the other hand, contrary to Williams, I shall claim that externalism is not a necessary consequence of contextualism. Williams’ theory is just an externalist version of the basic contextualist standpoint. Another, Wittgensteinian version is also possible. Finally, I shall show that Williams’ theory is not obviously better then Wittgensteinian one.

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RAZLIKE IZMEĐU KVAJNOVE I GIBSONOVE INTERPRETACIJE PROJEKTA NATURALISTIČKE EPISTEMOLOGIJE: KONSEKVENCE GIBSONOVOG NATURALIZMA

Author(s): Miloš Bogdanovic / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

In this paper we will try to point out differencies between Quine’s and Gibson’s interpretation of the naturalized epistemology project. Namely, although his claim is that genetic approach which Quine advocated is the best strategy there is to investigate the relation between evidence and theory, and that externalizing of empiricism that it requires is one of Quine’s major philosophical contributions, apart from the fact that they would be in conflict with some strongly held intuitions, we think that assumptions on which Gibson’s project is based would have to be essentially different from Quine’s. In other words, contrary to Quine’s position within which we have possibility of staying on more moderate, and in our opinion, more plausible bihavioristic line of approach, we will try to show that one of the consequences of Gibson’s interpretation is that in Gibson’s case, that possibility is ruled out. On the other hand, this should enable us to draw some more radical conclusions about the nature of Quine’s epistemological project.

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FIKCIONALNI ENTITETI KAO ARTEFAKTI: NEKI PROBLEMI TEORIJE EJMI TOMASON

Author(s): Andrej Jandrić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

Amie Thomasson has developed a theory of fictional entities, according to which they exist as contingent abstract objects. In her view, fictional characters are cultural artifacts just as the works of fiction they feature in. They are doubly dependent objects: for their becoming they depend on creative intentional acts of their author, and for maintaining their existence they depend on preservation of a copy of any fictional work they appear in. Thomasson claims that her theory has the advantage of vindicating the common beliefs about fictional entities embodied in the study, evaluation and interpretation of literature. However, I argue that, under this theory of fictional entities, no account of reference of fictional singular terms − neither the descriptive, nor the causal, nor Thomasson’s preferred hybrid account − can accommodate all the aspects of our literary practices.

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TRI PARADOKSA I RAZUMNO ZAKLJUČIVANJE

Author(s): Vladan Đorđević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

In a previous paper of mine I offered solutions to three paradoxes, two of which were solved in Stalnaker’s famous paper ’Indicative Conditionals’ in terms of his distinction between valid and reasonable inference. In a sense my solutions to the two paradoxes are very similar. In this paper I explain why, despite the similarity, I looked for a different solution and new distinctions. After explaining the similarity, I argue that my distinctions point to a more basic phenomenon, which I try to show by applying the distinctions to problems that cannot be solved in terms of Stalnaker’s distinction. The third paradox is one such problem. Beside that, each of the paradoxes, originally formulated in terms of indicative conditionals, can be formulated in terms of counterfactual conditionals. I solve these cases in exactly the same way, while Stalnaker’s distinction is not applicable to them.

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