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СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТЬ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ: КАК РАБОТАЕТ АРИСТОТЕЛЕВСКАЯ ИДЕЯ ПРАВОСУДНОСТИ?

Author(s): Valeria Petrenko,Irina Enns / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The article presents the contemporary socio-philosophical edition of “justice” as the reception of Aristotelian ideas of the purposeful and equal distribution. Ways of a tematization of the “justice” in liberal-philosophical and hermeneutical tradition are analysed on the example of John Rawls and Riker’s positions. The methodological bases of the analysis and representation of this phenomenon are noted as continuations of logic of ancient topics of “justice”. The discourse of justice serves as an area of categorization of duties and obligations, and the sphere of social pragmatics. The authors believe that the specifics of the position proposed by J. Rawls is that his theory of justice is an attempt of transcendental foundation of socialality. The transcendental apriori in Paul Ricoeur′s hermeneutics works differently. He postulates the importance of a peaceful life measurement. In the transcendental dimension justice perceives the source of moral prescriptions in the idea of the Other and manifest itself as an intentional object. In the domain of law justice corresponds to legal prescriptions and application of the rights makes “justice” – in the spirit of Aristotle – the predicate of a specific legal decision.

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ФРАНЦУЗСКАЯ СОЦИОЛОГИЯ ИСКУССТВА О КОНФОРМИЗМЕ: ОТ КРИТИ- КИ К ПРАГМАТИКЕ

Author(s): Ekaterina Nemenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2013

The article examines the history of using the concept of conformism in French social theory and sociology of art. The specificity of the field of art based on the values of the private, individual, disinterested puts it in the special situation among objects of social sciences. If critical sociology seeks the “nature” of art in the social, the pragmatic turn proposes to pass to the description of construction the values of the world of art. The subject of conformism in the art gives an unexpected turn in the discussion between critics and pragmatists and leads to an understanding of the plurality of the regimes of valorization and justification that function in the field of art. Conformism appears to be an instrumental category that allows actors and researchers who follow them to move between different plural regimes.

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Юрген Хабермас в контексте моделей социально-политической самореализации западных интеллектуалов

Author(s): Vasily Lvovich Chernoperov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The article deals with the issue of German professor Jurgen Habermas’ social self-actualization in the context of outlined by the scholar three alternatives of European intellectuals political involvement: «powerless people», «independent experts», «outsiders-nonconformists».

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Intentionalism versus The New Conventionalism

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Intentionalism versus The New Conventionalism

Author(s): Daniel W. Harris / Language(s): English Issue: 47/2016

Are the properties of communicative acts grounded in the intentions with which they are performed, or in the conventions that govern them? The latest round in this debate has been sparked by Ernie Lepore and Matthew Stone (2015), who argue that much more of communication is conventional than we thought, and that the rest isn’t really communication after all, but merely the initiation of open-ended imaginative thought. I argue that although Lepore and Stone may be right about many of the specific cases they discuss, their big-picture, conventionalist conclusions don’t follow. My argument focuses on four phenomena that present challenges to conventionalist accounts of communication: ambiguity, indirect communication, communication by wholly unconventional means, and convention acquisition.

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Cooperation with Multiple Audiences

Author(s): Marilynn Johnson / Language(s): English Issue: 47/2016

Steven Pinker proposes a game-theoretic framework to help explain the use of veiled speech in contexts where the ultimate aims of the speaker and hearer may diverge—such as cases of bribing a police officer to get out of a ticket and paying a maître d’ to get a table. This is presented as a response to what Pinker sees as the failure in H. P. Grice’s infl uential theory of meaning to recognize that speakers and hearers are not always cooperating. In this paper I argue that Pinker mischaracterizes Grice’s views on cooperation, and use this to refine a positive picture of what sort of cooperation is demanded by Grice’s Cooperative Principle. This positive picture serves to insulate the Gricean framework from objectors— including Pinker—who overstate the obligations entailed by the adoption of the Cooperative Principle. I then argue that the cases Pinker presents are best treated by recognizing that in each instance the utterance is formulated with two intentions towards two different audiences and detail a resulting revision to Pinker’s game-theoretic framework that reflects this proposal. I conclude by demonstrating how this proposed game-theoretic framework of cooperation with multiple audiences can be used to model the costs and benefits of other types of discourse, including political speech.

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Библейские реминисценции в пьесах Ивана Вырыпаева Июль и Бытие №2

Author(s): Elena Kurant / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2013

The article makes an attempt to analyze the writing strategy of one of the leading representative of the contemporary literary process: the dramatist, actor, film and theater director Ivan Vyrypaev (based on his mono-drama July and drama Genesis 2). The text of the Bible has been part of literary discourses for centuries. It also appears in the works of Ivan Vyrypaev: as reminiscences and paraphrases, or as the principles of Semitic rhetoric in the plays (reflected in poetic parallelism, para-taxis, etc.). This method is not only a sign of the author’s formal researches, but also imposes the principles of ‘involved reading’ on the audience. This kind of subjective and even subversive reading of the Bible seems to be part of contemporary culture, which seeks to re-explore the metaphysics of the modern world through intuitive exploration of religious experience. In the works of Vyrypaev, the Bible is a cultural concept deeply rooted in the realities of everyday life. Thus, Vyrypaev plays a game with tradition, which oscillates between the categories of privacy and versatility in the attempts to rediscover humanity in the modern world.

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Intensional profiles and different kinds of human minds. “Case studies” about Hungarian imperative-like sentence types

Author(s): Gábor Alberti,Judit Kleiber,Zsuzsanna Schnell,Veronika Szabó / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper offers such description of some imperative-like sentence types in potential well-formed Hungarian utterances which includes a parallel representation of the linguistically encoded intensional profiles of the sentence types and actual information states in potential interlocutors’ minds. In our representational dynamic pragma-semantics framework ℜeALIS, we demonstrate the intensional profiles of the five basic and two “fine-tuned” sentence types as members of a system enabling addressers’ of utterances to express their beliefs, desires and intentions concerning the propositional content of the given utterances as well as the addressees’ and other people’s certain beliefs, desires and intentions (concerning the propositional content, too, or each other’s thoughts). We also provide “case studies” in which actual beliefs, desires and intentions in potential interlocutors’ minds are compared to the linguistically encoded intensional profiles of Hungarian imperative-like sentence types. In this context, the listener’s task is to calculate the speaker’s intentions (and hidden motives) on the basis of the mismatches that this comparison reveals. The paper concludes with an insight into our attempts to model the mind of individuals living with Autism Spectrum Disorder. This latter sub-project is relevant since our framework provides solutions to pragmatic-semantic phenomena “at the cost” of undertaking the complex task of actually representing the structure of the human mind itself – which is not impossible but requires an adequate decision of the level of abstraction and the components to be used.

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Some Remarks on the Mill-Frege Theory of Names

Author(s): Nicolás Lo Guerco / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

In a recent paper García-Carpintero (2017) argues that proper names possess, in addition to their standard referential truth conditional content, metalinguistic descriptive senses which take part in semantic presuppositions. The aim of this article is twofold. In the first part I present an argument against García-Carpintero’s presuppositional view, which I call the collapse argument. In short, I argue that the view has the unwelcome consequence of making contexts of use and felicitous contexts of use collapse. If this is correct, a presuppositional account of the metalinguistic descriptions allegedly associated with proper names proves incorrect. In the second part I sketch an alternative Millian strategy which is able to account for the evidence which allegedly supports the presuppositional view.

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THE EVOLUTION OF LIBERAL PUBLIC DISCOURSE; THE "BEGINNINGS" OF THE LIBERAL POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Sabin Drăgulin,Ancuţa Braşoveanu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The creation of the state and of the Romanian nation can be analysed not only by studying historical events but also by studying the language used by the relevant political actors of the moment. This study aims to analyse from a rhetorical pragmatic perspective, considering the context, argumentation, rhetorical figures, and key words, archaisms and neologisms, three speeches namely: C.A. Rosetti in 1848 at the opening of the "Peasant Commission", Mihail Kogalniceanu on the "Unification of the Principalities" in 1857 and Vasile Boerescu on "Union" in 1859. The analysis will highlight the evolution of political discourse in the 19-th century, focussing on these three instances because they are significant for the early moments of the creation of the state and of the Romanian nation.

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OBJECTIVITY AND THE GREAT MAN THEORY IN HISTORIOGRAPHY

Author(s): Chukwuemeka Nnachi Oko-Otu,Chukwudi G. Chidume / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

The debate on objectivity and the great Man’s theory in historical writing is of remote origin. Prominent historians and scholars have adumbrated different sides of this debate. The objectivity debate questions the historian’s ability to present an entirely unbiased interpretation of historical facts and historical events in epistemology. It assesses the extent to which the historian resolves the “insider problems” in the reconstruction of a past which he (the historian) is a part of and also the degree to which the historian is influenced by his environment in the interpretation of historical facts. Simply put, objectivity in history evaluates the extent to which the historian reconstructs the past. The great man’s theory on the other hand interrogates the selective focusing of history on the activities and exploits of great Men. It raises the question of a complete and comprehensive history of mankind. Carr’s emphasis on Ceaser’s crossing the Rubicon while many had crossed it before Ceaser buttresses the selectiveness of historical events and the great man’s theory. This paper examines the notions and dialectics of objectivity and the great man’s theory in historical writing and provides an explicatory critique on both concepts reflecting the views of modernist and postmodernist historians.

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L’HÉTÉRO-REFORMULATION OU LA NÉGOCIATION DU SENS. INTERACTION VERBALE ET ARGUMENTATION DANS UN DÉBAT TÉLÉVISÉ SUR L’IDENTITÉ ET L’INTÉGRATION

Author(s): Houda Landolsi / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2022

Hetero-reformulation as a negotiation of meaning strategy. Verbal interaction and argumentation in a televised debate on identity and integration issues. This paper approaches the question of interaction through the phenomenon of reformulation, or more specifically hetero-reformulation, in a televised debate involving issues of identity and integration. The analysis will show that in a reformulation, semantic equivalence between the source utterance and the reformulated utterance does not necessarily imply argumentative co-orientation; and that the paraphrastic reformulation may also indicate a lack of commitment to the utterance. Reformulation enables speakers to negotiate not only the content of the utterances and the direction the debate will take, but also the types of interactions within which they unfold.

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WHISTLEBLOWER’S REGULATION – LEGAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EU DIRECTIVE TRANSPOSITION INTO NATIONAL LAW

Author(s): Alexandrina-Augusta Bora / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This article is analysing the legal perspective on whistleblowing, at European and national level, focusing on the scientific studies’ results and theories, emphasizing nuances which worth discussing in order to a better understanding of the social phenomenon and of individual psychological decision process for reporting a wrongdoing or the suspicion of a possible breach. We are also arguing that current whistleblower regulations must take into account both the European directive and recent research in this field, pointing out some question which are raising from the lack of the ethical and cultural focused research of Romanian society perspective on whistleblowing, considering also the recent past experiences of Romanians with ‘political police’ actions in years of communism. We are establishing a few research direction which we conclude that could bring the knowledge to drawing a more relevant and applicable whistleblowing law.

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Why phenomenology could not commit the linguistic turn?

Author(s): Anastasia Medova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Frege and Husserl are traditionally regarded as the precursors of the linguistic turn; however, the importance of their ideas for this event still is not fully comprehended. This article contributes to such comprehension: the principles of the linguistic turn in its analytical interpretation provided by Rorty are applied as an indicator revealing the commonality and difference of Frege's and Husserl's positions regarding key issues of their concepts. The connection of the philosophers' ideas with the linguistic turn is viewed in the context of their interpretation of predicativity, propositionality, contextuality of meaning, and ways of categorization. The analysis conducted gives rise to distinguishing between Frege's and Husserl's referential schemes. It is based on the differences in the characteristics of the connection between perception and predication. In conclusion, the arguments against Frege's and Husserl's involvement in the linguistic turn are emphasized. These arguments stem from the idea of the primacy of sense over language fundamental for both philosophers who proceed from the fact that certain a priori logical relations underlie utterances or other acts. There is a more solid argument which does not allow considering Frege's and Husserl's legacies as its source. This argument consists in the fact that they regard sense as an objective, communicable, and universal phenomenon independent of its carriers, not inherently linguistic, and pre-logical which is due to its intentional nature according to Husserl and logical “indecomposability” of concepts according to Frege.

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Cybernetic Epistemology

Author(s): Juho Lindholm / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Mainstream analytic epistemology conceives knowledge as representation: as true justified (un-Gettiered) belief. Such representation is conceived as independent of practice, its justification to consist in experience, and experience as mere observation. Such notion of experience is too narrow to take the epistemic value of experimentation into account. But science is emphatically experimental. On the other hand, John Dewey defined experience as organism–environment interaction. Such interaction is bidirectional and hence experimental by nature. It involves feedback. Cybernetics studies feedback systems. Hence, cybernetic epistemology is a consequence of Dewey’s definition. Cybernetic epistemology maintains that knowledge is practice, that is, an (approximately and relatively) invariant pattern of potential organism–environment interaction, rather than something independent of practice. In this article, I will make a case for cybernetic epistemology. It seems to dispense with the representational notion of knowledge and to provide an original justification for process ontology.

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Theoretic determination

Author(s): Erik Kõvamees / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2023

The objective of his chapter is to introduce, define, and describe the notion of so-called theoretic determination. Following its elaboration, the latter should be understood as a five-step process (procedure, protocol, practice) that in the end purports to clarify whether a given product of thought may be classified as a theory or simply a theorization, whether or not a theory (once classified as such) may be classified as an architectonic theory or a non-architectonic theory, and finally, how formal an architectonic theory (once classified as such) is on the basis of its underlying logic. The five steps of theoretic determination are (1) delimiting the underlying criteria to be used in the determination, (2) specifying whether the criteria are being applied descriptively or prescriptively, (3) determining whether or not a given product of thought may be considered a theory or a theorization, (4) determining whether a confirmed theory is architectonic or non-architectonic, and (5) determining the formality of an architectonic theory on the basis of its underlying logic (consisting of syntactical, semantical, and pragmatical considerations). Steps (3)–(5) of theoretic determination involve making use of the so-called theoretic continuum, a notion which will also be introduced, defined, and described in the chapter at hand. The basic academic interests of Kõvamees involve establishing a new prison semiotics on the basis of the semiotics of culture (see, for example, “Prisons as total institution semiospheres”, 2020, Sign Systems Studies). More generally, the academic obsession is with the Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School, the semiotics of culture as such, and the individual works of Juri Lotman.

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EKSPRESIVIZAM KAO NORMATIVNI DRUŠTVENI FUNKCIONALIZAM: VITGENŠTAJN I SELARS

Author(s): Nikola Jandrić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2022

In the text it will be attempted to prove the existence of a tradition of expressivism in the form of normative social functionalism as the common denominator for the position or positions taken by the later Wittgenstein and Wilfrid Sellars in regards to questions of objectivity and normativity of lingustic meaning, presented as answers to the problem of rule following. Sellars formulates the problem of rule following at approximately the same time as does Wittgenstein. Also, Sellars’ answer to this problem, as does Wittgenstein’s will call upon meaning as determined by the practices of use of lingustic expressions. It is claimed that the tradition that clusters the authors culminates in inferential pragmatism of Robert Brandom. Apart from the above, the paper also discusses the differences between the positions of the said authors, the most prominent of which is manifested in the different consequences of their contrary metaphilosophical attitudes.

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Норма, онтология, концептуальная схема: Нормативное хайдеггерианство в философском И историческом рассмотрении

Author(s): Ilia Onegin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

This article reconstructs the normative strategy of interpretation of Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time in modern analytical philosophy, and also proposes a theoretical framework for understanding this strategy as a historical phenomenon. The article describes the development of the normative direction in the interpretation of Heidegger’s fundamental ontology. Its first branch—the socio-normative, or the neopragmatist one—is associated with such philosophers as John Haugel and and Robert Brandom. The second one—the ethico-normative, or postneopragmatist one—branch is represented by StevenCrowell and Sacha Golob. It is shown that the first group of normativists focused mainly on implicit social norms and structures of conformity, while the second—focuses primarily on Kantian ethics and Christina Korsgaard’s interpretation of Kant, as well as on the inferentialist philosophy of language of Robert Brandom. The conceptual schemes used by each of the representatives of these approaches are reconstructed. The connections of different approaches within the framework of the normative direction with each other are shown. The concept of a relay race is proposed, which can describe normative Heideggerianism as a historical phenomenon. It is shown that the development of normative Heideggerianism can be characterized as theoretical progress in relation to the accuracy of the interpretation of Heidegger’s texts. The grounds for the comparative “progressiveness” of different normative approaches in the updates of the basic normative conceptual scheme that they involve are clarified. Itis also shown that the progress of the normative conceptual scheme in the direction of flexibility and adaptation to Heidegger’s text is fraught with a loss of meaningfulness of the very concept of norm. Itis argued that the concept of norm, despite the loss of its empirical content, can be used to translate Heidegger’s concepts for pragmatic reasons.

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Cecchetto, D. (2022). Listening in the Afterlife of Data. Aesthetics, Pragmatics, and Incommunication

Author(s): Monika Jaeckel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Review of: Cecchetto, D. (2022). Listening in the Afterlife of Data. Aesthetics, Pragmatics, and Incommunication. Duke University Press.

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GRAJSOVA ANATOMIJA: DISEKCIJA ZNAČENJA I NAMERA U PRAGMATICI KOMUNIKACIJE

Author(s): Aleksandra Zorić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2024

While pragmatics focuses on speech acts and what we do when we speak, semantics deals with the conventional meaning of an expression and its contribution to the meaning of sentences. Using Grice’s ideas, speech acts could be defined as the communicative intention associated with the utterance of a certain linguistic form. Successful communication necessitates respecting the syntactic and semantic rules of the language, conveying our intended message, and ensuring the listener understands our intention. Grice’s analysis focuses primarily on the speaker’s intentions and what he calls the speaker’s meaning. The differences between the conventional and the speaker’s meaning can be explained by starting from a general principle of human behavior. People participate in communication with the expectation of achieving certain outcomes, and in order to achieve them, they adhere to certain strategies that they also expect from others. This results in cooperation between speakers. Bearing in mind the possibilities that this kind of analysis opens up for us, we will consider some of the cases of its application.

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Existential resilience of human being in the wartime everyday life

Author(s): Dmytro Shevchuk,Kateryna Shevchuk,Mykola Zaitsev / Language(s): English Issue: 65/2023

The article is devoted to the analysis of existential resilience in the everydayness of war. Authors pay attention to the main concepts of everyday life in the philosophy of the 20th century, especially in phenomenology (E. Husserl, A. Schütz and T. Luckmann, B. Waldenfels, H. Lefebvre). Also, the specific features of everydayness in war times are analyzed. Authors state that the everyday life of war has a certain peculiarity, which can be explained using the concepts of “boundary situation” and “state of exception.” In a certain sense, the appeal to these concepts emphasizes the paradoxical nature of the everydayness of war since here there is a kind of departure from everyday life, the assertion of a state of exception, which is full of existential danger and at the same time a more significant concern for one’s existence. “Existential resilience” can manifest itself in many aspects according to different dimensions of human existence. Authors focus on two aspects of “existential resilience” in the conditions of the everydayness of war, which is full of experiences of the state of exception and boundary situation. The first aspect concerns overcoming the horror of war and anxiety about saving a life; the second is related to maintaining moral sensitivity and avoiding the trap of the banality of evil. Moreover, the existential resilience observed during times of war is intricately intertwined with the sacred and religious dimensions.

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