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Coordinating with Language

Author(s): Jessica Keiser / Language(s): English Issue: 47/2016

Linguistic meaning is determined by use. But given the fact that any given expression can be used in a variety of ways, this claim marks where metasemantic inquiry begins rather than where it ends. It sets an agenda for the metasemantic project: to distinguish in a principled and explanatory way those uses that determine linguistic meaning from those that do not. The prevailing view (along with its various refinements), which privileges assertion, suffers from being at once overly liberal and overly idealized. By parsing the most prominent aims we use language to achieve, noting their relations of dependence and the specific type of uses they involve, I arrive at a novel metasemantic account: facts of linguistic meaning are determined by locutionary action.

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Природата на естетическия опит

Author(s): George Herbert Mead / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

The main topic of the article is the practical and pragmatic coinciding, on the one hand, of the world of physical objects and on the other, of the world of contact and meaning that one finds in the surrounding physical reality. In this context, aesthetic experience is seen as a fundamental link which lends unity and homogeneity to every human experience and activity, whether collective or individual, through joy, pleasure, delight, the aesthetic attitude, the discovery of meaning and values that complement the purely “technical” element in experience. The very nature of aesthetic experience is rooted in reveries, vague yearnings – but whether these will add the aesthetic final touch to experience, or will remain at the level of the fragmentary and private sphere, unsharable and impossible to co-experience with society, depends entirely on how they are applied in everyday life.

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The future orientation of culture and the memory of the past in the making of history

Author(s): Elżbieta Hałas / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2017

The article describes the semiotic approach developed by Boris Uspenskij to study the historical process. Uspenskij’s semiotics of history is integrally bound with the Tartu-Moscow School’s programme of cultural semiotics and is rooted in the fundamental premises of that programme, which he helped to shape. These premises contain a complex ontology of culture, encompassing three levels: cultural memory, sets of cultural texts, and semiotic systems, which model both the image of the world and programmes of action. Uspenskij’s analytical model of semiotics of history highlights the pragmatic aspect of the process of historical communication: the agency of its participants as carriers of culture and sign users. This article presents the role of reflexivity in the historical process, associated with reconstruction of the meaning of the past and prospective shaping of the future. Making history means constantly renewing the narrative about past events, which determines the future course of history in the present. Uspenskij presents opposite cultural tendencies in the historical process, associated with different types of semiosis, as symbolic conflicts. The article shows the role of symbolism and symbolic politics in the processes of making history in the model of semiotics of history. This model makes it possible to link together research on cultural memory, time, communicative action and symbolism.

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O intuicji w analitycznych teoriach prawa

Author(s): Maciej Dybowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Contemporary analytic theories of law attempt to provide hermeneutic answers to the metaphysical question about the nature of law with intuition playing a pivotal role in these attempts. It is doubtful, however, whether intuition can meet metaphysical and hermeneutic expectations of such theories. The article points out divergent ways of understanding intuition in analytic theories of law. Moreover, such theories face a dilemma of choosing between the „hard” ontology of law, to which intuition would have a privileged epistemic access, and „soft” ontology which entails multiple types of intuition. If collective consciousness, to which the intuitions that constitute the concept of law allegedly belong, is indeed the metaphysical foundation of contemporary analytic theories, they are hardly discernible from empiricism. A promising complementary approach to such a way of theorizing about law— where the vocabulary of intuitions is prioritized—can be provided by analytic pragmatism extending analysis to the practices in which words acquire their meanings.

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Trys filosofijos mokymo kryptys Lietuvos vidurinėje mokykloje

Author(s): Lilija Duoblienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2004

This article deals with the analysis of contemporary way of teaching. Traditional concept of method in our days very often is replaced by others concepts: game, play, those are using to signify the process without awareness results in advance. The main task of this article was to investigate the teaching situation in Lithuania: content of philosophy, the ways of teaching and methodology of textbooks. Some conclusions were formulated: there are three evident tendencies, judging from the organized seminars, publications and textbooks available.

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DŽONO DIUJI PEDAGOGINĖ SISTEMA

Author(s): Stasė Valatkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/1996

J. Dewey was one of the most prominent representatives of pedagogy of action, who supported the idea of a new "active" school.

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Overlooking Conventions: The Trouble with Devitt’s What-Is-Said

Author(s): Belén Soria,Esther Romero / Language(s): English Issue: 57/2019

In his forthcoming book, Overlooking Conventions: The Trouble with Linguistic Pragmatism, Michael Devitt raises, once again, the debate between minimalism and pragmatism to defend the former. He claims that, by taking some overlooked conventions into account, a semantic notion of what is said is possible. In this paper, we claim that a semantic notion of what is said is not possible, especially if some overlooked compositional conventions are considered. If, as Devitt defends, verbal activity is more linguistically constrained, compositional linguistic rules should be included in his catalogue of overlooked conventions and this entails an important challenge to the minimalist claim that the semantic view of what is said can handle all context relative phenomena. In this paper, we argue that, when conventions concerning compositionality are not overlooked, modulation should be added to the two qualifications (disambiguation and saturation) accepted by Devitt in the constitution of what is said. Thus, what is said is not always literally said and the traditional semantic view of what is said cannot be saved.

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WHEN WORLDS COLLIDE: DIVINE RULE AND USURPATION IN RICHARD II AND KING LEAR

Author(s): Denis Kuzmanović / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2015

Ruminations on power run through many of Shakespeare’s plays, but when it comes to the interplay of the divine right to rule and uprising, Richard II and King Lear seem especially pertinent. Initially, there are some obvious differences: the first is a history play (although it has some elements of tragedy as well) while the second is a tragedy; the first is set at the end of the fourteenth century while the second is placed in Britain’s pre-Christian, pagan past; Richard is deposed fairly young while Lear gives away his kingdom voluntarily as an old man; Richard has no heirs while Lear has three daughters, etc. However, if we look at the two plays closely, there is a similarity in each king’s downfall. It stems from the conflicting natures of two worlds, i.e. viewpoints: that of the divine rule of monarchs in a traditional and cosmologically determined order, and that of usurpation, pragmatism and disregard for customs (or basically, revolution).

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O pierwszeństwie interpretacji przed ontologią. Przyczynek do krytyki realizmu w filozofii nauk społecznych

Author(s): Maciej Kassner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

The article is devoted to the critical discussion of realism and interpretative approach in the philosophy of social sciences. The thesis of the paper states that interpretation is prior to realist ontology in three ways. First, to understand science (including natural sciences) we need to interpret culturally specific practices of various communities of inquiry rather than pursue general metaphysical questions about the nature of reality. Second, from an interpretative perspective general image of social and political reality is seen as an outcome of interpretative struggle between various ideological traditions. Finally, according to interpretative approach research practice in social and political disciplines is not predetermined by prior ontological assumptions. Due to this fundamental openness of social inquiry it is better to interpret it in terms of Gadamerian metaphor of hermeneutic circle or pragmatic metaphor of problem-solving.

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Ignorance as an Outcome of Categorizations: The “Refugees” in the Polish Academic Discourse before and after the 2015 Refugee Crisis

Author(s): Anna Horolets,Adriana Mica,Mikołaj Pawlak,Paweł Kubicki / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2020

The article addresses the issue of the so-called refugee crisis in Europe from the perspective of ignorance studies and seeks to establish the mechanisms whereby ignorance is created through categorizations. We depart from the proposal of Proctor and view ignorance as either “native state,” “lost realm,” or “strategic ploy.” In all three, ignorance is an unalienable part of social action. The case of Polish academic research on refugees before and after 2015 is explored in order to establish who ignores what, when, and why, when categorizing, and to analyze the relationship between ignorance and social action. In the Polish refugee field, the crisis of 2015 was the moment when the refugee issue stepped out of the shadows and attracted the attention of the public and policymakers. The analysis of the category “refugee” in Polish scholarship before 2015 demonstrates that the category was based on culturalization and idealization; thus, the socio-political and pragmatic aspects of the group’s characteristics and actions were systematically ignored, and the ignorance worked as a “lost realm.” After 2015, a new body of scholarship emerges in which the category “refugee” acquires negative connotations with security threat or fakeness. In the new scholarship, ignorance is a strategic framing that sets the category of “refugee” outside the humanitarian issues. We claim that the new categorizations follow the logic of culturalization and moralization typical of the previous period. Strategic ignorance inherent in the categorizations that dichotomize “good” and “bad” refugees, or “refugees” and “migrants,” unlocks the potential for political action.

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Rortyjev neopragmatizam kao model prevladavanja konflikta

Author(s): Karlo Gardavski / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2020

The theme of this paper is to present a way of looking at the phenomenon of conflict within a multicultural world through the perspective of Richard Rorty’s neopragmatic philosophy. Modern society and its heterogeneity of different groups of people may require one system under which this heterogeneity would be homogenized; however, this requirement may be imposed only by one group, which can lead to conflict due to disagreement with other groups. The reason for these conflicts should be sought in their background, and that is the ignorance of one's own finiteness (or teleological understanding of human existence: teleology that is transhistorical, essentialist, etc.). Man is the mirror of his cultures, he creates them. In order to be able to create a society without conflict, it is important to be aware of contingencies, which will enable a communication environment whose ultimate requirement is solidarity, i.e. the humanistic standard of a neopragmatic model.

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TOWARDS THE ARTISTIC WAY BRÂNCUȘI – ”MĂIASTRA" - "THE ROYAL WAY OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT"

Author(s): Aron Jinaru,George Niculescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01 Supp/2020

MAIASTRA IS AN EXAMPLE OF INSPIRATION. SHE RELATES TO A ROMANIAN FOLK TALE ABOUT A GOLDEN BIRD WITH MIRACULOUS POWERS. THE ESSENCE OF BRÂNCUȘI'S WORKS COMES FROM ROMANIAN FOLKLORE. THE ARTISTIC WAY BRÂNCUȘI – „MAIASTRA” PRESENTS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE A WAY OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT. HIS EXAMPLE OF A PASSIONATE SELF-TAUGHT PERSON AND CONVINCED OF THE MISSION OF HIS DESTINY, REPRESENTS A SOURCE OF INSPIRATION FOR YOUNG PEOPLE PASSIONATE ABOUT THEIR OWN PROFESSION. BRÂNCUȘI'S PRAGMATIC PHILOSOPHY AND HIS CAREER EQUIVALENT TO HIS PASSION ARE ARGUMENTS FOR STUDY IN UNIVERSITIES FOR THE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIONATE AND DEDICATED YOUNG PEOPLE. THE ARTISTIC WAY OF BRÂNCUȘI OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT IS AN ARTISTIC WAY IN THE SENSE OF " TO LIVE YOUR LIFE AND ENJOY THIS LIFE AS A WORK OF ART" AND / OR "CONCEIVING AND BUILDING YOUR LIFE AS A WORK OF ART". HIS BRILLIANT WORKS, DOUBLED BY A PRAGMATIC PHILOSOPHY, PLACED HIM IN THE GALLERY OF THE GREATEST SCULPTORS IN THE WORLD OF ALL TIME.

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Holism and Atomism in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Author(s): Krystian Bogucki / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2021

The aim of my paper is to describe and evaluate different conceptions of holism in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. I distinguish three readings of holistic elements in this work: i) Minimal Holism (E. Anscombe, M. Black, D. Pears); ii) Moderate Holism (J. Conant, C. Diamond, G. Ryle); and iii) Radical Holism (G. Bar-Elli, M. Kremer, P. Livingston). The conclusion is that the most viable option is the Moderate Holism since it embraces the logico-syntactial notion of use, rejects anachronistic interpretation of Tractatarian ontology and allows us to see that the holistic elements are complementary to the initial atomism of the work. Moreover, I point to the consequences of the topic for the overall reading of Wittgenstein’s early and late work.

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Істина і неконсеквентність: парадокс Лєшка Колаковського

Author(s): Iryna Bondarevska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 6/2019

In the philosophical works of Kolakowski, the concept of inconsistency is a guideline that moves the subject closer to truth. Truth disappears when consistency prevails, that is a logic, a method, a tradition of thinking. And there is no need to reject the sequence in general, as there is no need to follow it. But there is a conflict between Kolakowski as the Thinker and Kolakowski as the Human Being. The first one tries to find the best way to describe the world with concepts, the second one wants to gain a comfortable existence in the world. The first needs doubt, the second wants to feel certainty. The philosopher as the Human Being wants to have a firm belief in those things the Thinker can only be hopeful of. The purpose of the article is to show how the Human Being and the Thinker compete in Kolakowski’s works, as their understanding of truth and the ways to it are different. Kolakowski’s paradox is that the inconsistency of the mind should advance us towards the truth, but it reinforces doubts whether truth is possible in general. If you replace the inconsistency with faith, the prospect becomes even foggier. Consequently, the author concludes that Kolakowski stayed in the state of uncertainty regarding how to solve the conflict. Theoretically, he prescribes the need for faith but does not explain how to practically combine faith and doubt in one head. The Thinker often wins with the Human Being and then retreats and comes back again. The Thinker and the Human Being are not an identical opposition to rational and irrational. It is a conflict which concerns the two subject guidelines: will to know and will to exist.

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Unutarnji poslovi književnih figura

Author(s): Sunčana Tuksar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2021

Uloga književnih figura je da svojim strateškim položajem i diskurzivnim taktikama unutar filmskog konteksta konstruiraju koncepte šireg društvenog značaja. Film počiva na pretpostavkama retoričkih regulacija pa je čitanje filma neizostavno pragmatično svojstvo pri utvrđivanju oblikovanja i učinaka koje pri tom ima na publiku. Stoga u odnosu fikcionalnih uloga jasno dovodim u vezu odnos fikcije i fakcije, uz neizbježnu referencijalnu ulogu figura na relaciji filmski lik — gledatelj. Figure zauzimaju svoje tipične pozicije te njima pokreću skrivenu komunikaciju s gledateljem. [...]

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EXPÉRIMENTER LA PENSÉE EN SCHÉMAS-IMAGES. DES ADOLESCENTS S’INTERROGENT « D’OÙ VIENNENT LES PENSÉES ? »

Author(s): Anda Fournel,Jean-Pascal Simon / Language(s): French Issue: 2 Suppl./2021

Experimenting Thinking in Image Schemas. Teenagers are Wondering “Where Do Thoughts Come From?”. An intellectual view of philosophy as an activity focusing on understanding abstract concepts and their relationships deprives philosophical exercise of the participation of the body and senses. If we reject the mind-body dualism, as Dewey, Johnson, etc. did, then we are constantly engaged in interactions with the world and others, and can thus consider the act of thinking from our own experiences. Inspired by an experimentalist conception of school and life, as well as the method of inquiry developed by Dewey, the Philosophy for Children program provides an inquiry process that invites participants to conceptualize and reason philosophically in a collaborative manner. Do these practices implement an embodied cognition? To find out, we selected a discussion as a case study and analyzed it based on the observation that the issue to be discussed by the participants - “where do thoughts come from?” contains two image schemas: path (come from) and source (where). We have noted a variety and a significant number of expressions (“they come from within”, “they come from what happens outside”, etc.) whose analysis enhances a better understanding of how an experience of understanding the origins of our thoughts fits into the discourse and contributes to a collective conceptualization of “thinking”.

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From Habermas to Derrida: A Weak Form of Secular Universalism

Author(s): Giorgi Tskhadaia / Language(s): English Issue: 100/2021

In this article, I argue that a universalistic thrust of secularism should not be located in a Habermasian deontological liberal principle of the priority of universal morality over particularistic ethical doctrines. I show that Habermas cannot plausibly demonstrate that this principle can be invariably applied across different cases. However, in order not to succumb to parochialism, the failure of the deontological model should not prompt us to give up on the search for a universalistic drive behind secularism. To this end, I advocate a Derridean critique of religion and secularism as an alternative solution. By deconstructing the Kantian dichotomy of faith vs. knowledge, Jacques Derrida shows that secularism is, paradoxically, both a concrete socio-political regime and a possibility for a radical change.

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Abstract Expressionism as Anti-Aesthetics

Author(s): Lev Lafayette / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Beginning with a definition of “bullshit” in academic vernacular where standards of verification are broken down, general examples are provided in aesthetics and politics. A highly successful example of bullshit in the art industry is explored, that of abstract expressionism in the US, noting its support from the CIA. Reviewing the context and style illustrates that abstract expressionism is an anti-aesthetic produced by parasites, an easy target for such bullshit manipulation.

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Extending Cognitive Pragmatics: Social Mechanisms of Mind Transformation

Author(s): Daniel Żuromski,Anita Pacholik-Żuromska,Adam Fedyniuk / Language(s): English Issue: 58/2022

In this article we propose an extended approach in terms of Cognitive Pragmatics (CP) to the explanation of the development of the higher cognitive processes. Therefore, we explain in terms of CP how linguistic and pre-linguistic social practices shape the mind. CP, as we understand it here, presents a broader transdisciplinary position covering developmental psychology, primatology, comparative psychology, cultural psychology, anthropology and philosophy. We present an argumentation for the thesis that CP provides an explanation to the origins and developmental mechanisms of some of the higher mental functions unique to humans. Thus, we want to extend the notion of CP beyond its standard definition by emphasizing the transformative component of communicative acts. In our approach, CP first and foremost examines the cognitive mechanisms underlying social pre-linguistic and linguistic communication. Secondly, it explores how this communication reorganizes and transforms cognitive abilities and processes. We would like to extend the tasks of CP as well, because its goal is not only to describe cognitive processes that enable communication, but also to explain the social mechanisms of the transformation of mind and cognition. We provide an example of the said mechanisms of the development of higher cognitive functions through the account of metacognition.

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EVROPA I DUHOVNO UTEMELJENJE ZAPADA: KAKO PREVLADATI RADIKALNI MATERIJALIZAM?

Author(s): Želimir Vukašinović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 9/2022

The paper tends to emphasise the importance of the spiritual foundation of Western culture which, essentially, contradicts the conditions imposed by a dominance of radical materialism. It is recognised that the idea of education is transformed in accordance to the interest of market economy, which separates European nations from strength of spiritual-historical existence of Western culture. This condition justifies Husserl's evidence that contemporary European science is in crisis as it loses its transcendental foundation. For this reason, it is necessary to ask: On what basis can the West be understood as the West at all? What forms of renunciation of platonism led to a dominance of radical materialism? What is the meaning of metaphysical idealism and how to understand its completion in Hegel's philosophy? In the context of these questions, an understanding of the basic features of the post-humanism, marked by Nietzsche's words „God is dead“ and Heidegger's re-turn to the Greeks, is conceived here. Finally, it is pointed out that only a philosophical historical restitution of the idea of Europe leads to a true community of European nations.

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