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Социальная политика СССР в период Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг. : гендерный аспект

Author(s): Olga Anatolevna Khasbulatova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The article is devoted to the gender aspect of social policy during the Great Patriotic War 1941—1945. On the base of the wide set of documents the author demonstrates the process of women getting involved in all spheres of economy with the exception of high ranked positions in the government and army. The gender tendency in employment policy was the involvement of women to the professions which were traditionally considered male. The successful labor of women on the front and in the interior demonstrates that division of professions to “women’s” and “men’s” can be characterized as biological determinism. The family policy was the policy of the strengthening of the state regulation of family. The author shows that state policy in stimulating birth rate and strengthening family values was accompanied with limitations of family rights for its independent development. State education policy broke the principles of gender equality as well. In the public administration the gender policy was also determined by conditions of the war time. The author concludes that the essential trait of Soviet social policy during the Great Patriotic War was gender pragmatism.

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ФАНТАСТОВЕДЕНИЕ И ТЕОРИЯ ЖАНРОВ

Author(s): Artem Aleksandrovich Zubov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

Science fiction studies is a relatively young branch of the humanities that has emerged in the middle of the 20th century. Currently, science fiction studies is a vast network of interdisciplinary research that concentrates on functionality and poetics of fantastic (or, as John Clute has promoted since 2007, ‘fantastika’) literature, cinema, video games, comics etc. Search for genre identity is one of the main concerns of the genre theory in both academic methodology and science fiction studies. Scholars commonly single out three main approaches in the genre theory: essentialism, structuralism, and pragmatism. None of the approaches is universal, i.e., they are all characterized by both benefits and certain limits. While the former two approaches are influential and established analytical paradigms, the latter one is a recent analytical invention. Pragmatism of the genre theory is interdisciplinary per se – its methodology is based on social sciences, sociology of literature, cultural studies, and discourse studies. Pragmatism derives from a number of branches of the humanities in order to solve fundamental problems of the literary theory, particularly the problem of genre genesis. This paper is an attempt to delineate contours of the genre theory in science fiction studies from essentialism to pragmatism.

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ЖАНРЫ СТИХОТВОРНОЙ ПАРОДИИ И ЭПИГРАММЫ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ А.Г. АРХАНГЕЛЬСКОГО И А.А. ИВАНОВА

Author(s): Lev Dimitrievich Galkin,Artem Eduardovich Skvortsov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

The paper considers comparison of the literary methods of two most prominent Russian satiric poets, A.G. Arkhangel’skii and A.A. Ivanov. Their literary heritage was analyzed by the researches only separately and not in full. Comparison of the authors has been done for the first time. Both satirists did a lot for the evolution of the genres of verse parody and epigram. The development of these genres in the first part of the 20th century went under the sign of A.G. Arkhangel’skii, the second part – under the sign of A.A. Ivanov. A.G. Arkhangel’skii is considered to be the founder of the genres of parody and epigram in Soviet literature. A.A. Ivanov cannot be called his direct follower, for he just took the vacant place of a parodist in the late Soviet literature. The literary strategies of A.G. Arkhangel’skii and A.A. Ivanov were different. A.G. Arkhangel’skii parodied only undoubtedly prominent or widely popular authors. Unlike him, A.A. Ivanov was ready to parody every poet, both famous and unknown if he found that their poems had some failed lines, expressions or images. Many of A.A. Ivanov’s addressees became known all over the country only after their lines had been stated by the satirist as an object of parody in the popular TV-show “Vokrug Smekha” (Around the Laughter). A.G. Arkhangel’skii in his works bore in mind the classical system of genres and thought his goal was to understand the literary-artistic world of the satirized author. Both best and third-best litterateurs became objects of his smart and witty analysis. Therefore, A.G. Arkhangel’skii implemented the philological approach in his parodies and epigrams. A.A. Ivanov, having developed in the Soviet time when many previous achievements of the native culture had been long forgotten or dismissed, found his main goal in withstanding ignorance, imitation, banality, and playing familiar terms with classics. Such approach should be characterized as guarding and enlightening. The epigrams and parodies of A.A. Ivanov were not mere literary gestures, but also had some didactic functions. The only criterion for both standard and taste was the parodist’s individual point of view. Thus, the balance between playing jokes and moralizing was not always observed.

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Sceptyczne tropy Wittgensteina i transcendentalizm

Author(s): Witold Marzęda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

The article concerns the rule-following paradox, which, according to Saul Kripke, was formulated in “Philosophical Investigations” (PI) by Ludwig Wittgenstein. The article indicates that an interesting starting point for the discussion of the paradox may be the concept of structure from Principia Mathematica and used in the Tractatus. It makes it possible to show how extracting a set of rules and a set of actions designated by them (which together form structure) can lead to paradoxical consequences and difficulties, as well as to identify three sceptical clues based on famous paragraph 201 of the PI. These are: (1) An action can be coordinated with a rule only for a finite number of steps. (2) A specific rule can be coordinated with any action. (3) A specific action can be coordinated with any rule. In order to analyse the first of them, the author evokes Wang’s finitism paradox. The second and third clue refer to the semantic difficulties identified by Saul Kripke in his famous book Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language and to the problem of recognition of the sign, which Kripke does not mention and which makes the scepticism of the clues more radical. Wittgenstein’s paradox was already implicitly present in the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant, as well as in the later discussions on the foundations of logic and mathematics — in the works of Ernst Schröder and David Hilbert, who pointed out the necessity of the principle of recognition of the sign as a kind of protection against doubt. Although transcendental philosophy, from its Kantian origins, was to be an alternative to both skepticism and dogmatism, transcendentalism is not the only possibility to escape the paradoxical sceptical consequences that Wittgenstein presented. Another solution may be to reject the distinction between rules and actions.

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Postulat more geometrico w filozofii matematyki Charlesa S. Peirce’a

Author(s): Hanna Michalczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

W tekście przedstawiona została ogólna charakterystyka filozofii matematyki Charlesa S. Peirce’a (1839–1914), ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem relacji między matematyką a metodeutyką (metodologią). Związek ten jest o tyle interesujący, że w świetle filozofii nauki Peirce’a metodeutyka jest nauką normatywną, jedną z gałęzi logiki (semiotyki), wskazującą reguły prowadzenia badań naukowych, którym matematyka winna czynić zadość. Z kolei, zważywszy na formalne rozwiązania proponowane przez Peirce’a, a obowiązujące w „królestwie nauk” – matematyka poprzedza metodeutykę, jest pierwszą wśród dyscyplin poznawczych. Na tle relacji, która łączy matematykę i metodeutykę, wyłania się interesująca reinterpretacja metodologicznego postulatu René Descartesa, głoszącego konieczność uprawiania filozofii metodami matematycznymi, pozwalającymi na osiągnięcie wiedzy ścisłej i pewnej, a wyrażonego krótko w słynnym more geometrico. Śledząc meandry matematyczno- metodeutycznego związku, można wyczytać, jak Peirce – zasadniczo krytyk kartezjanizmu – uwspółcześnił naukową wskazówkę Kartezjusza. The paper gives a general characteristic of the philosophy of mathematics of Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914), with particular attention to the relation between mathematics and methodeutic. This relationship is specially interesting in the light of Peirce’s philosophy of science, which says that methodeutic is a normative science, one of the branches of logic (semiotics) and it defines the rules of scientific research, that also mathematics should complies with. On the other hand, according to the formal construct proposed by Peirce and apply in the “realm of science” – mathematics (“the Queen of the Sciences”) is the first among all scientific disciplines therefore it precedes methodeutic. While studying the relationship between mathematics and methodeutic, emerges an interesting reinterpretation of a methodological postulate of Rene Descartes, who proclaiming the necessity of doing the philosophy according to the mathematical methods; the only ones, as Descartes was convinced, that make it possible to achieve a real (“clear and distinct”) knowledge. He expressed this principle briefly, in the famous: more geometrico. Following the twists and turns of mathematics – methodeutic compound we can easily find how Peirce – essentially a critic of Cartesianism – modernized the scientific (methodological) rule of Descartes.

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Феноменологията на човешкия живот според Арент

Author(s): Luisa Paz Rodríguez Suárez / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

This article tries to show the phenomenological sense of the Arendtian investigation on the human life and to what extent it is constituted as a postmetaphysical philosophical anthropology, an interpretation that would be closely linked to her notions of action and identity.

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Философското познание в информационната епоха

Author(s): Anna Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Since contemporary society of Western civilization is grounded on the pragmatic attitude toward knowledge, the demand for usefulness does not surpass philosophy as well. Social changes in the so called “information age” reignite the old historical question about the value of philosophy, this time in a different cultural context. The article challenges the common vision of philosophical work as purely intellectual and explores two main aspects of the practical implications of philosophical knowledge in modern day. The first aspect is the epistemic value of criticism in the information-overloaded environment of contemporary life. The second is the role of philosophy as a guardian of free thinking and the spiritual autonomy of public consciousness, provided by the constant moral awareness and farseeing of the practicing philosophers.

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Добрият философ

Author(s): Nickolay Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2014

It is an essay on the characteristics of a philosopher’s personality. For the author making philosophy is a creative art.

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Дехуманизация и антихуманизъм в съвременната култура

Author(s): Momchil Shivachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2014

Human – this is the most complicated and unique creation of the immense universe! In one way or another, Homo sapiens has always been a main topic of the various scientific branches, even not only of the humanitarian ones. In attempts to study itself, humanity has always, in each separate era, shaped its original and specific cultural horizon. During the Renaissance ages, writers, poets, artists, musicians and creators as a whole, viewed and perceived the perfect human as a ”wreath of nature”. But unfortunately today this “pedestal” has been brutally destroyed. We can blame this kind of negative state mostly on the American type of culture which is very widely spread and copied by the rest of the nations. In this sense, the cultural messages of the USA have long been provoking humanity’s value consciousness and also suggesting a large number of dehumanization and anti-humanism examples. In this way, the above specified negative issues could be summarized in at least five cultural trends:

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Измерения на дискурса (Философстването като дискурс, дискурсът като философстване)

Author(s): Hristo Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

Philosophy has always been a model and paragon of discursive knowledge.In its essence it is a dialogue of humans with nature, society, the others and with themselves and is characterised by reflexiveness, orderliness,universality and democratism. At present discourse is a dominant procedure not only in linguistics, ethics, social studies, etc., but it is also turning into a prevalent form of social self-control in political and human relations which is a fulfilment of the meaning and purpose of philosophy.

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Нихилизмът – негативната диалектика на Фридрих Ницше

Author(s): Rosen Rachev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

Human life is an endless sequence of problem situations and ways to overcome them. Friedrich Nietzsche proclaims doubt and nihilism as forms of existence in problem situation. They are the foundation of the reassessment of all values. This reassessment is oriented to traditional, approved and wide spread principles and norms in society. The skepticism is an initial position and a transitional stage of denial. If someone denies something without thinking of it, he acts emotionally. Friedrich Nietzsche is a nihilist because his attitude is based on doubts, which are rationally motivated. In this paper the arguments are derived from his books” Human, All Too Human”, and “The Gay Science”. There are a lot of similar arguments in other Nietzsche’s books that will be discussed in next papers

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Границите на Кантовия категориален синтез

Author(s): Dimitar Tsatsov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2012

The article offers a discussion of the (im)possibility to apply the categories of transcendental analytics to objects beyond the possible experience as things in themselves, God and freedom.

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Деветдесет години след Фреге. Готлоб Фреге – живот и дейност

Author(s): Kamen Lozev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

The paper surveys the main events of Frege’s life and explains why he is considered to be the father of Modern logic and Philosophy of language. Special emphasis is put on Frege’s first work Begriffsschrift and its importance for logical thinking. Frege’s failed attempt to ground Arithmetic entirely on Logic is considered in the light of Russell’s efforts to develop and eventually complete the logicist programme. The most famous concepts of Frege’s philosophy of language – Sinn and Bedeutung – are sketched in the end of the article.

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THE SECRET OF GENIALITY (IV)

Author(s): Robert Djidjian / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

We continue to publish, in a series, the book THE SECRET OF GENIALITY (Yerevan, Armenia,Noyan Tapan Printing House, 2002) by our colleague Robert Djidjian, not only because we all must know the philosophical research and creation (in our domain of epistemology and philosophy of science and technology) from a wider geographic area than that provided by the established fashion in virtue of both extra-scientific reasons and a yet obsolete manner to communicate and value the research; but also because the book as such is living, challenging and very instructive.The title of the book is suggestive enough to make us to focus on an old problem: the dialectic of the insight, of the discovery –its psychology moving between flashes of intuitions and knowledge stored in memory– and its logic of composition of knowledge from hypotheses to their demonstration and verification. The realm of science is most conducive to the understanding of this dialectic and the constitution of the ideas which are theproofs of what is the most certain for humans: the “world 3”, as Popper called the kingdom of human results of their intellection, and though transient and perishable in both their uniqueness and cosmic fate, the only certain proof of the reason to be of homo sapiens in the frame of multiversal existence. Therefore, the power to create is the secret of the human geniality, and how to create science is a main part of this secret.

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Prescription for a New Model University for the Humanities

Author(s): Jamey Hecht / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This article starts from general remarks on education which is regarded as largely a physical, interpersonal process for extending one’s knowledge of our collective human repertoire and shows how that changed, temporarily, with the postmodern combination of information technology, social complexity, and cheap energy. But the first requires the other two, and as they fade, premodern forms of pedagogy and scholarship may return – unmoored (but for the Humanities) from the deep past and from professionalization’s Byzantine administrative labyrinth. The next part of the essay investigates today’s hegemonic neoliberal arrangements that must vanish with the market they developed to exploit; in this case, ‘nostalgia’ will lament the lost energy-abundance and social complexity that virtual education required. Instead, loose coalitions of teachers may form subscription-based universities where learning – not credentialling, nor capital accumulation – is central. The article finally sketches these trends and offers a general plan for a resilient, low-tech, low-energy Humanities university, as complex societies like the United States continue to reckon with the abrupt forms of decline that we call ‘collapse’.

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Върху някои системо-творчески черти в есетата на Мишел дьо Монтен

Author(s): Kosta Bentchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

A short survey is conducted on the “architectonic” concepts lying behind the variety of Montaigne’s essays. This, according to the paradigmatic scheme for movement from the subjective (Spirit) through the objective (space) and their culmination into historicity (fate). Some elements of nominalism and pragmatism are being identified, along with elements of representationism in the field of epistemology. Special attention is drawn to the spatial characteristics of human emotional life according to the author, as well as to his ideas that supposedly stand close to deism and stoicism.

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STEREOTYPES ET MAXIMES : RESSEMBLANCES ET DISSEMBLANCES

Author(s): Mihaela Chapelan / Language(s): French Issue: 32/2023

The present article sets out to explore the issue of stereotypes from a literary perspective. Long before the notion was conceptualized, fiction capitalized on an abundant repertoire of stereotypes, thus proving that, despite the ethical dilemmas posed by it, the process of stereotyping can also be artistically fruitful and valuable. This goes against the commonly held assumption that stereotypes are merely encouraging intellectual laziness. Our research will be based on an analysis of the literary genre of the maxim. We will highlight the fundamental characteristics that allow us to draw analogies between this genre and stereotypes. Using a pragmatics approach, we will focus more particularly on the process of decontextualization, followed by a generalizing recontextualization, which appears to be at the core of both phenomena.

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Diagram, diagrammatics, and diagrammatology in semiotics

Author(s): Karl Joosep Pihel / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2023

The objective of Pihel’s chapter is to introduce the concept of the diagram, as found in contemporary semiotics, especially after a renewed interest in its role in Charles S. Peirce’s epistemology and logic, spearheaded by scholars such as Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen and Frederik Stjernfelt. This entails a re-evaluation of both diagrams and iconicity in Peirce’s thought, but also their role in modern semiotics, where the concept of the diagram can be seen to bridge Peircean semiotics and iconicity with studies on discrete symbolic systems such as natural language, bridging the gap with Saussurean semiotics, and between semiotics and cognitive linguistics and sciences, which rely on a similar schematism as being inherent to cognition. The chapter proceeds by giving an overview of Peirce’s conception of the diagram-sign and its role in his semiotics and sign-typology. Following that undertaking, the chapter considers conceptual parallels between diagrams and other developments in modern semiotics and humanities. Finally, it considers an alternative conception of the diagram concept, as found in works by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Pihel’s main academic interests are in music semiotics, Peircean semiotics in general, and the study of diagrammatic signs in music in particular. He has divided his time and interest between both practice and theoretical study of music and semiotics, having previously written on the modelling of space and motion in music, and on the narrative analysis of classical music. More recently, he has devoted time to Deleuzean and continental philosophical thought.

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O niezbędności humanistyki w zinstrumentalizowanym świecie. Humanistyka jako projekt kształtowania wrażliwości

Author(s): Magdalena Szpunar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 48/2024

In the text, the humanities are understood as the only realistic counterbalance, but also resistance to the dominance of instrumental mind. Devaluation and marginalization of the humanities herald cultural regression and cultural autism of individuals. The humanities are treated as an important project for the formation of sensitivity, social integration, but also emancipation, the creation of a common universe that protects society from atomization. The humanities makes us realize that despite its focus on pragmatism and efficiency, the most important thing always is and has to be the human being. Although it can sometimes be inconclusive, although it leaves many things open, uncompleted, this is where its strength lies, breaking us out of certainties, breaking the hegemonic discourse of what is oppressive, speaking up for the human being.

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Recenzie: Liviu Iulian Cocei: Homo ironicus. O abordare antropologică a ironiei filosofice, Editura Eikon, Bucureşti, 2022

Author(s): Ivan Ivlampie / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2022

The book Homo ironicus explores the anthropological dimension of irony, starting from philosophical questions – Who are we, who are our ancestors, how deep are our origins – questions asked by every curious individual about their own genealogy, but which are especially the major questions of humanity. In this second case, the spectacle of the searches and answers is fascinating.

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