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Dwa oblicza emancypacji podmiotu

Author(s): Piotr Augustyniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2016

The article discusses the duality of the phenomenon of emancipation of the human subject; this duality is one of the dimensions of the contingency of man. By duality I understand two discrepant and contradictory modes of being, which the emancipation of the subject can evoke. The first mode is being that consists in rising above the self through creativity, while the second is solidifying oneself, which lacks a creative element. The starting point for this analysis is a review of two approaches to this duality: 1) the dissonance between the romantic idea of authenticity and the contemporary self-actualisation, outlined by Taylor; and 2) the difference between the superman and the last man in Nietzsche’s thought. The second part of the article presents the reasons for this duality from an existential and ontological perspective (Heidegger) and from a psychoanalytical perspective (Freud). Both the drive-based structure and the existential-ontological structure of the human subject determine the not fully predictable (i.e. contingent) direction of self-development, which – regardless of the subject’s will – can take two fundamentally different routes.

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„Kim przez swe życie stajemy się dla innych”. Myślenie i miłość, filozofia i polityka w życiu Hannah Arendt i Martina Heideggera

Author(s): Jacek Grzybowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article presents the biographies and philosophical views of two German thinkers of the twentieth century—Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger. Two world wars during the lifetime of one generation, not crowned neither with the final triumph of peace nor respite, formed, but in a very different way, these two philosophers. Hence the philosophy and politics influenced their life path, choices, decisions and pains. How did it happen, however, that Hannah Arendt came the way from theoretical to political philosophy, becoming one of the most important voices of political philosophy in the twentieth century, while Martin Heidegger, although made a dramatic attempt to create in his philosophy the foundations for a policy stuck in his hermetic language, unable (and after the war, not having had validation of life) to analyze on the basis of philosophy the political issues? Taken reflection is an attempt to answer the question of why the Jewish thinker became a philosopher of politics, and the German philosopher, although he wanted the metaphysics as a historical metapolitics of the nation has never had the right to do it. What was the source of the variability of these two thinkers? Was it only a difference of characters? Or maybe somewhere at the roots of their life choices lied the ideas they have lived and preached? Maybe that's why Heidegger after the war, chose the escape, unwilling or unable to deal with who Adolf Hitler turned out to be, what was the final solution, Auschwitz, genocide, while Arendt remained faithful to thinking and love showing people of twentieth century the origins of totalitarianism.

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Umysł a kosmos

Author(s): Thomas Nagel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The essay outlines the main argument of Thomas Nagel’s influential book Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature is Almost Certainly False (Oxford University Press 2012). According to the argument the physical sciences in their present form cannot adequately account for our conscious life and are thus incomplete. This should not lead us to accept some form of theism, however, but to a search for a broader, more adequate conception of nature.

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Wynaleźć feminizm na nowo. Recenzja wystawy Wszyscy ludzie będą siostrami

Author(s): Joanna Bednarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

The aim of the article is to demonstrate the relevance of the ‘All Men Become Sisters’ exhibition as an artistic statement important for Marxist feminism, the analysis of global economic networks and new materialism – perspectives invoked in many of the artworks presented at the exhibition.

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ORIGEN IN RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY: FROM GREGORY SKOVORODA TO NIKOLAI BERDYAEV

Author(s): Alexey Kamenskikh / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Observing the history of reception of Origen’s intellectual heritage by Russian theologians and philosophers of the past few centuries, some key moments and figures are discernible. Those figures are Grigory Skovoroda (1722–1794), Vladimir Solovyov (1853– 1900), Sergei Bulgakov (1871–1944), Nicolay Berdyaev (1874–1948) and George Florovsky (1893–1979). Surely, the history of Origen’s reception in Russia cannot be reduced to them alone: translations were made of Origen’s works and special investigations were conducted into some aspects of his theology. But those authors’ significance for our outline is determined by (1) their key role in the evolution of Russian theological and philosophical thought and – at the same time – (2) by the fact that those authors’ own intellectual evolution and/or (3) their ideas’ reception by their contemporaries proceeded in close connection with the problem of Origen. So the process of reception of Origen’s intellectual heritage in Russia was substantially conditioned by the controversies raging around the key representatives of the so-called “Russian religious philosophy.”

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Intentionalism versus The New Conventionalism

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Intentionalism versus The New Conventionalism

Author(s): Daniel W. Harris / Language(s): English Issue: 47/2016

Are the properties of communicative acts grounded in the intentions with which they are performed, or in the conventions that govern them? The latest round in this debate has been sparked by Ernie Lepore and Matthew Stone (2015), who argue that much more of communication is conventional than we thought, and that the rest isn’t really communication after all, but merely the initiation of open-ended imaginative thought. I argue that although Lepore and Stone may be right about many of the specific cases they discuss, their big-picture, conventionalist conclusions don’t follow. My argument focuses on four phenomena that present challenges to conventionalist accounts of communication: ambiguity, indirect communication, communication by wholly unconventional means, and convention acquisition.

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Cisza, która brzmi inaczej. O przyjaźni Bataille’a i Blanchota

Author(s): Michał Krzykawski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

This article deals with silence in which one may see the main feature of friendship between Georges Bataille and Maurice Blanchot and the basis of literary friendship further developed by Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Nancy. Since silence is analysed here as something that one can keep but also pass over, friendship somehow appears as the effect of overcommenting and can be interpreted as mythologem. The shape of the latter largely results from comments by Blanchot and other commentators who invoke him. In consequence, taken from Bataille, the notion of friendship loses its significance and comes to assume different meanings, including contradictory ones. Friendship between Bataille and Blanchot starts when a biographical fact turns to a literary fact and then comes back as a as form of thought. This article aims at revising the philological value of the latter in order to reveal what silence may hide.

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Das Monster als literarische Randfigur

Author(s): Anna Ottlik / Language(s): Polish,German Issue: 7/2014

Artykuł poświęcony został literackiemu obrazowaniu zjawiska monstrum. Tekst szkicuje tło historyczne i zmierza do ustalenia miejsca monstrum we współczesnej literaturze. Rozważania zaczynają się od próby ustalenia istoty zjawiska, po czym następuje część poświęcona relacji brzydoty i monstrualności. Przemyślenia te opierają się głównie na Historii brzydoty Umberta Eco. Dla badaczy wyznaczniki piękna są możliwe do ustalenia, bo piękno jest związane z jakimś wzorcem, brzydota natomiast jest nieskończona, jak mówi Eco, w związku z czym nie ma ideału brzydoty. Następnie autorka próbuje znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, jaka rola przypada przemysłowi w kreacji monstrualnych postaci. Niezaprzeczalnym faktem jest obecny boom tego tematu w literaturze, będący konsekwencją komercjalizacji kultury. Ważnym aspektem artykułu są refleksje na temat kanonu literackiego, decydującego o tym, czy dane dzieło należy do kultury wyższej czy niższej, i w dużej mierze przyczyniającego się do marginalizowania niektórych utworów. Kwestionowanie kanonu jest zjawiskiem twórczym i potrzebnym, gdyż błędem byłoby twierdzić, że tradycyjny kanon literacki trwał niezmiennie przez wieki. Tak nie było, choćby dlatego że wraz z kolejnymi epokami pojawiały się nowe dzieła, które uznawano za godne „kanonizacji”, jak na przykład Faust Goethego, który to dramat z popularnej opowieści dla ludu stał się niemieckim klasykiem kanonicznym. W końcowej części artykułu znalazło się podsumowanie rozważań o historycznych przemianach monstrum w literaturze.

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Curiosity and Ignorance

Author(s): Ilhan Inan / Language(s): English Issue: 48/2016

Though ignorance is rarely a bliss, awareness of ignorance almost always is. Had we not been able to develop this powerful skill, there would have been no philosophy or science, nor advanced forms of religion, art, and technology. Awareness of ignorance, however, is not a motivator; but when it arouses curiosity that is strong enough, it causes what may be called an “epistemic” desire; a desire to know, to understand, to learn or to gain new experiences, which is a basic motivator for inquiry. This makes the relationship between curiosity and awareness of ignorance all the more important. One can however fi nd very little on this relationship within the philosophical literature. In this essay this is what I wish to explore. After a brief discussion of the question of whether awareness of ignorance is a precondition for curiosity, based on my earlier work (The Philosophy of Curiosity, Routledge, 2012) I attempt to show that corresponding to the two forms of curiosity that I call “objectual” and “propositional”, there are also two forms of ignorance. This will refute the prejudice that awareness of ignorance must always have propositional content and therefore must always be about truth. I further argue that awareness of ignorance that does have propositional content can be of two different varieties: truth-ignorance versus fact-ignorance. One may simply be ignorant of whether a proposition is true or false (truth ignorance); one may, on the other hand, know that a proposition is true but still be ignorant of the fact that makes it true (fact-ignorance). I then show that awareness of ignorance, whether it is objectual or propositional, can always be translated into what I shall call awareness of inostensibility. An important moral to be drawn from this discussion is that reaching truth, even when it is coupled with certainty, does not always eliminate one’s ignorance and therefore cannot be the ultimate goal of inquiry.

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The hermeneutics of conversation: Silence, epiphany and the irreducibility of conversion

Author(s): Małgorzata Hołda / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2016

The article focuses on the hermeneutics of conversation. Its aim is to demonstrate the nature of a hermeneutic conversation as triggering a true possibility of understanding. I propose to see silence, epiphany and conversion, with its irreducible character, as significant components of a hermeneutic conversation. Thus conceived conversation leads to an unveiling of the unknown and generates a genuine possibility of an encounter between the self and the Other. The encounter rests on two indispensable attributes: reciprocity and trust. A genuine conversation in the hermeneutic sense, propelled by these two constituents, exerts a cathartic, transformative and formative power. Not only does it lead to understanding in which the speaking partners are involved, but it entails a potent unearthing of the self, a discovery of one’s identity. This study is based on Hans-Georg Gadamer’s premise of the universal character of understanding. Gadamer’s hermeneutics regards understanding as the fundamental category of our being- in-the-world. The article illustrates the workings of the hermeneutic conversation with an analysis of J. Joyce’s “The Dead.”

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Nihilizam i postmetafizičko mišljenje

Author(s): Abdulah Šarčević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 04/1998

Uistinu nama izgleda da je opravdana riječ o strašnoj istini, o onom nepodnošljivom krajoliku koji odavno prelazi u kulturu, u sublimirane, više forme ljudskog egzistiranja. Tako, naprimjer, moderni arhitekt koji raspolaže neslućenim sredstvima, uvijek ima pred sobom zadatke koji proizilaze iz vlastitog vremena i njemu pripadnog pojma obitavanja, istine; i on sa svojom umjetnošću stoji "u službi ovog kontinuiteta između jučer i sutra". Ljudske snage, međutim, u svakoj vrsti djelovanja i stvaranja, u modernom životu, izručene su moćima i jednostranostima tehničke forme civilizacije na koju je prije svega usmjereno naše postojanje; i niko ne može predvidjeti ishod toga u 21. stoljeću. Svako je danas izručen nekoj formi potuđenja: i umjetnik i radnik, i političar, i filozof; moći mišljenja i uvjerenja, opažanja i nadanja, suočena su s tim usudom svjetske civilizacije čije je porijeklo u Evropi.

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Čovjek u svijetu ciničnog uma (II)

Author(s): Vojin Simeunović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01/1999

Suprotno Sloterdijku Habermas smatra da je Hegel svojom Jenskoin filozofijom nadmašio svoje stajalište iz Fenomenologije duha i Enciklopedije, te da teze iz Jenskih predavanja mogu biti dobra osnova za njegovu Teoriju komunikativnog djelovanja. Teoriju koja na području stvarnog života i neporecivih oblika egzistencije traži istine i zakonitosti, neprolazni um i konstituciju smisla života uopšte. To je područje jezika, rada i interakcije (međusobnih odnosa) koje se ne da izvoditi iz nekih temeljnih pretpostavki i osnova datih po sebi. To nije područje na kome se iskazuje i objektivira apsolutni duh, nego obrnuto: to je polje neponovljivih istina na kome se udomaćuje sve u ljudskom svijetu pa tako i ono što je Hegel nazvao apsolutnim duhom. Ali značaj Hegelovih jenskih spisa je prvenstveno u tome što je ova "tri dijalektička obrasca”, pojmio kao međusobno nezavisna i heterogena među kojima nema nužne dijalektičke veze. Svaki ima svoju "logiku” i svoju zakonitost.

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De Man i američka kulturna ljevica

Author(s): Richard Rorty / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 07/1996

Paul de Man je bio jedan od najomiljenijih i najutjecajnijih učitelja u posljednje vrijeme. Prvenstveno je on bio taj koji je odgovoran za pravac koji danas zovemo "dekonstrukcijom". Specifični okreti koje je izveo iz određenih Heideggerovih i Derridinih tema predstavljali su jedinstveni utjecajan doprinos onome što njegovi protivnici nekad nazivaju "politizacijom društvenih znanosti" na američkim univerzitetima. De Manova interpretacija pomenutih autora postavila je temelje za pokušaj, široko rasprostranjen u posljednje vrijeme medu američkim profesorima, ponovnog ojačavanja ljevičarske društvene kritike razvijanjem novog filozofsko-književnog oružja.

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ROZUM I WYOBRAŹNIA W LA PSYCHANALYSE DU FEU GASTONA BACHELARDA

Author(s): Marta Ples-Bęben / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2016

The aim of the article is to analyse the relation between the mind and imagination as the main issue of Gaston Bachelard’s book The Psychoanalysis of Fire. The book was published in 1938 and originated Bachelard’s research on the poetic imagination; however, it extended the research into another project of this French philosopher which he refers to as psychoanalysis of objective cognition. That is why The Psychoanalysis of Fire is a unique book among Bachelard’s achievements – two subjects of the research are connected there: scientific cognition and poetic imagination, which in the further years of Bachelard’s activity are separated. In the context of the article’s main aim, there appears also an interesting theme of psychoanalytic inspiration, introduced by Bachelard to his philosophy in two of his works published in 1938, one of which is The Psychoanalysis of Fire itself.

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Kültür ve Düşünce Adamı Olarak Falih Rıfkı Atay

Author(s): Mustafa Oral / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 62/2010

Falih Rıfkı Atay, a writer and a journalist who had an elite position among organic intellectuals close to government during transition process from constitutional monarchy to republic, was embraced by every ruler as Talat Pasha, Cemal Pasha, Atatürk and İnönü. He tried to explain ideological and cultural saying of every period with that identity. He was always a man of government except when he remained independent as a writer during that transition process and Mütakere? period when he supported openly Anatolia liberation movement in İstanbul. Although using a populist saying, Atay determined various effects that made society mystic and miserable and made his duty and mission fighting with them. He believed illiteracy was the first reason that made Ottoman/Turkish society backwards among many. And he emphasized the importance of using a elegant language, a language of people and the function of secularism principle and Latin alphabet in terms of Turkish society in his works. The field that made him productive and fertile for us is works about his journeys around world.

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Revolucija, rat i mir: smisao 20. stoljeća s one strane eurocentrizma

Author(s): Alen Tafra / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/144/2016

Since premodern narratives on translatio imperii, across the role of the Greco-Persian Wars and the Crusades in Hegel’s philosophy of history, the world-historical meaning of great conflicts represents one of the main issues of universal history. After premature quasi-Hegelian and postmodernist theses on the end of history and the end of the philosophy of history, this theme obtrudes the confrontations with the legacy of the twentieth century. The hegemonic Western recapitulation of the period in question depends on the concept of totalitarianism. In the case of historical revisionism, this implicates not only the accusation against the October Revolution because of the launching of the “international civil war”, but even the critique of the wider revolutionary cycle initiated in 1789. However, the revisionist manoeuvre works only under the condition of Eurocentric optical illusion which throws back colonialism as the key dimension of the modern progress. Moreover, the reasons for the failures of the contemporary left ought to be sought in the underestimation or neglect of the anti-imperialist struggles and their geopolitical conditions. This paper endeavours to respond to actual challenges by means of an overview of Domenico Losurdo’s interdisciplinary philosophy of history.

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Disraeli’s Orientalism Reconsidered

Author(s): Miloš O. Ković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

In his influential Orientalism Edward Said placed British statesman and writer Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) in the long line of the Western writers who cultivated particular stereotypes about the Muslim East, with the hidden intention of imperial subjugation. On the other side, Said’s critics Patrick Brantlinger and Mark Proudman asserted that Disraeli was not an Orientalist, but rather an admirer of the Arabic and Ottoman civilizations and determined defender of the Ottoman Empire. However, Disraeli’s novels, correspondence and his policy in the Great Eastern Crisis give more complex evidence, which does not support any of these views. Th is paper emphasises the point that during his long career Disraeli was changing his views of the Turks and the Ottoman Empire, which even Patrick Brantlinger’s balanced approach to the issue of Disraeli’s Orientalism misses.

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О савременом изучавању политичке филозофије у Cрбији

Author(s): Miša Đurković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2012

The author has undertaken the effort of making a review of the development of political philosophy in Serbia in the last half century. Given that such a review does not exist, this attempt starts from the definition of political philosophy as a discipline and its separation from political science, political theory and practical politics. Then, based on criteria obtained in that way, he proceeds by making a list of the most important authors and works, which has to result with the development of a basic canon of political philosophy in Serbia. Author starts with Marxist philosophers, and then he explores renewal of liberalism, to end with the recent development of the discipline in the last two decades. In the second part of this article, three books that were written as a political philosophy textbooks, are being thoroughly studied and critiseized.

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İBNÜ’L-ARABÎ’NİN DİN VE İNANÇLARA YAKLAŞIMININ WILLIAM CHITTICK VE REZA SHAH-KAZEMİ PERSPEKTİFİYLE EVRENSELCİ YORUMU

Author(s): Emrah Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the statements of Ibn al-ʿArabî regarding religions and beliefs through the perspectives of William Chittick and Reza Shah-Kazemi comparatively. Even though his expressions are occasionally elaborated in the light of the theory of the religious pluralism based on Western-Christian thought, by considering the universal message of the Qur’ān Chittick and Shah-Kazemi identify these expressions with “universalism.” This universalist approach bases on the distinction between “ontological will” and “religious will,” and “submission” which is the substance of the term “islam.” While Chittick and Shah-Kazemi agree on issues mostly, it is possible to see that in some sense they differ from each other in their departure points and results. From this perspective, it is going to be seen that Ibn al-ʿArabî’s expressions encompass both the divine religions and other religions which do not have a revelation. To examine Ibn al-ʿArabî’s expressions by taking into account the propositions of the religious pluralism will be helpful to comprehend his outlook on the Qur’ān and the Prophet Muhammad.

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FROM KANT TO THE PROBLEM OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL METAPHYSICS. IN MEMORY OF LÁSZLÓ TENGELYI

Author(s): Inga Römer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The article outlines the central lines of László Tengelyi’s intellectual path and hints at some perspectives that could be continued on the basis of his last writings. The first part shows the development of his thought from the first Hungarian works on Kant up to his last book, so as to pose the question of a possible unity in his work. Such a unity can be seen in the diacritical tension, systematically enlarged in each period, between freedom, the story of a told life, expression and the finite projection of a world on the one hand, and guilt as an event of destiny, the region of a wild sense, a wild responsibility and anopen infinite on the other hand. A second part presents the main ideas of «World and Infinit. On the Problem of Phenomenological Metaphysics», especially the programme of a phenomenological answer to the problem of metaphysics. The core of this programme is a metaphysics of facticity in the realm of which a methodological transcendentalism and a metontological transcendentalism become possible. At hird part tries to situate László Tengelyi’s ideas within the context of contemporary «realism». Two of Meillassoux’ central arguments are discussed in order to show how László Tengelyi’s approach provides a phenomenological answer to their challenges.

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