Ontologia praw naukowych w kontekście reprezentacji i udostępniania wyników badań naukowych

Author(s): Rafał Trójczak,Robert Trypuz,Piotr Kulicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4 (92)/2015

The aim of the paper is to present an ontology of scientific laws as a tool for presentation of results extracted from research articles. The way we represent scientific laws is founded on our classification of scientific laws, which is based on the works of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Władysław Krajewski. The classification isdescribed formally and complemented with the specification of requirements for each type of law, in order to obtain an ontology in the sense of ontological engineering. The ontology is used to represent research results from the domain of agri-food science. We give examples of representation of laws taken from scientific papers and reasoning algorithms that lead to automatic generation of new information and identification of conflicts in the literature.

Odpoveď Ivanovi Karamazovovi

Author(s): Magdaléna Miklušičáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2016

The aim of this paper is to find Camus’s and Sartre’s answer to logic and nihilistic freedom of Ivan Karamazov. In contrast to Karamazov Sartre and Camus used freedom to find the way for morality without God. Sartre based his “philosophy of freedom” on postulate: existence precedes essence and defined man as never done project. Camus created his concept on revolt against absurdity and came to solidarity and request an active position. They both see freedom as a burden, but burden with necessity to carry, not to throw away.

MONADOLOGIE, KRITISCHE PHILOSOPHIE UND PHÄNOMENOLOGIE DES UNSTERBLICHEN ICH (LEIBNIZ, KANT UND HUSSERL)

Author(s): Guillermo Ferrer / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2014

This paper aims to research the different views of Leibniz, Kant and Husserl concerning the immortality of the «I». For this purposeI will read the Monadology from a phenomenological perspective, but taking into account Kants exposition of the Paralogismes inthe Critic of Pure Reason. There he points out the illusion which consists in taking the identical, but finally empty representation of the «I» for the givenness of his real substantiality, even his possible persistency after death. Because of this appearance which arises again and again from our very self-awareness we trend to assert that the «I» could persist indefinitely, besides that he couldn’t be annihilated at all due to internal causes or to an antagonism with circumstances of the external world. But in spite of the force of this critic, we can find in Leibniz‘ Monadology and somehow in Husserls‘ writings drafts of another conception of the self awareness which includes the experience on an organical continuity of the body. In the face of Kants‘ critic, this conception could perhaps raise new phenomenological questions about the relationship of self-awareness, mortality and even immortality of the «I».Thereby I want to show to what extent the question about the giveness or not-giveness of a certain infinity of self-consciousness can contribute to renew the meaning of a phenomenology of the death and the experience of mortality.

Lingvistinis Posūkis Filosofijoje: Gramatinė Versija

Author(s): Oksana Josipenko / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 74/2013

This article analyses the “grammatical” turn in the philosophy of mind toward the logic and the philosophy of language, which stem from the philosophical logic of G. Frege and L. Wittgenstein. Because of the works of V. Descombes, who practices the grammatical method in the philosophy, the main trend in the development of French philosophy of mind after the “grammatical turn” is revealt. It is an attempt to renew philosophy on holistic grounds and to return to the problems of the philosophy of action. The article demonstrates that Descombes’s criticism of the subject of the reflexive philosophy, as well as his statements on the nature of mentality, remain exclusively within grammatical argument. Hence, they do not employ schemes and concepts of the epistemological philosophy. The ground is provided to demonstrate the main lesson of the linguistic turn in its grammatical reading. The lesson is that of a shift from the mentalistic philosophy of mind towards the social and practical philosophy of mind.

J. Habermaso Komunikacinio Veiksmo Teorija: Idealią Demokratiją Užtikrinančių Priemonių Paieškos

Author(s): Marius Ablačinskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 55/2008

Analyzing the principles of coexistence within the contemporary society, Jurgen Habermas highlights an essential weakness of democracy. It is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding this tension is crucial to understanding modern democracy. It is possible to justify the weakness of the democracy, but an effective way of making democracy stronger is to strengthen civil society. The article seeks to prove the propositions provided above. This is done by juxtaposing Habermas concept of consensus with the concept of power, which was provided by Michel Foucault.

Filozofski i religijski (ne)sporazum

Author(s): Spahija Kozlić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2017

If it is to be judged by Anaxagoras through the phenomenal view of what is noumenal or hidden (opsis adelon ta fainomena) it could be preliminarily concluded that in the same (in this case belief) we have a subjective perspective which is almost impossible to objectify if we do not abandon our own horizon (“look into the sky”). Accordingly, an interesting range is visible: from different modes of belief to unbelief and from ritual-religious to irreligious attitudes. The modern age, also called postmodern, is full of such (micro) theological reflections of the humanworld- absolute relationship. For philosophy such situation is particularly challenging; in contemplating the evidently growing religiosity and its dispersion it is imperative to post- metaphysically reexamine the foundations of classical ontology increasingly accused of being closed, dogmatic and conceptually exclusive.

Върху обектите на времесъзнанието

Author(s): Kosta Bentchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

Based on the presupposition of conceiving abstract entities as never-ending results of construction, the present article aims at developing a view of truth that is focused on degrees of probability. They are defined as series of moving relations between similarities and differences, i.e. as time-dependent. Time itself is analyzed through the usual concepts for modal categories, from where certain critiques of linear re-presentations concerning the flow of consciousness within the framework of past, present and future seem relevant. A case is made in favor of simple ontological objects and their respective grasping as simple ideas, that helps to contribute towards some perspectives for nominalistic explanation of s.c. “negative facts” which challenges the „before”-vs.-“after dichotomy” pertaining to time-consciousness with a final hint that it seems appropriate to think the future not as something actual, but as something that has already (albeit “only” in a virtual manner) somehow “happened” (now being a “past-as-future”).

Туризм та формування нової ідентичності

Author(s): Liubov Bozhko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2015

Identity is one of the key meanings in concept "person – society – culture". Therefore, the problem of identity is a key object of research attention. Due to the increasing role of tourism in society, actualized the problem of tourismimpact on forming of various forms of identity. Attempts to conceptualize the consequences of general population mobility, including tourism, made by different scientists: P. Berger, S. Huntington, S. Bauman, O.V. Lysikova, N.Y. Pokrovskiy, T.I. Chernyayeva, P.A. Sorokina, A.B. Fenko, A.F. Filippova and others. To date, studying scientific discourse, which is devoted to the problems of influence of tourism on forming various forms of identity, remains unexplored. The purpose of this article is an analysis of how the light of modern debates and mobile lifestyle affects the formation of different forms of identity. The article analyzes different approaches to the ratio of tourism and philosophy, in particular, the impact of tourism on the formation of different forms of identity. The philosophical view of tourism causes need to revise the traditional understanding of tourism as travel and leisure industry, puting in this understanding broader humanistic sense. A person who travels is not just a consumer of the tourism product that moves in space and time, but identity that joins the world of nature and cultural artifacts of other countries and nations, while traveling, having trips, hikes and visits. Such a person is the epicenter of philosophical reflections in tourism. According to the Russian researcher S.Y. Kamensky, modern mass tourism, acting as a spatial structure of socio-cultural interaction, in theory, is able to realize the model of culture, which was built in the dialogistic philosophy. Based on the concept of M.M. Bakhtin about "Nonidentical" of man, under which the real "I" always detected in the points of mismatch with itself, its identification with the "Оther", we can assume that tourism can be classified as the most important mechanism constructing identity in the modern world. Thus we can talk about the processes of self-identification as individual tourists, and the transformation of images of separate tourism regions and even countries. Immersion in tourist environment provides specific influence on the processes of self- identity of resort destinations. This is also confirmed by D. Bartel – Bucher in his studies. Thus, tourism is not only spatial means of achieving and comprehension of reality, but the mechanism of its transformation. W. Beck noted, that the speed with which modern man redefines itsel, associated with increased uncertainty of social reality, strengthening the role of chance and risk in human life, the unpredictability of the future. The process of acquiring own identity, which involves human experiences of integrity his "I", becomes in this connection in self-modeling – "experimental situation" with an uncertain outcome. D. Makkenel argues that act of sightseeing itself involves a person into the circle of familiar social representations, and thus helps him to construct a complete picture of the world from available to him fragmentary impressions. Recognizing the socially constructed status of identity, K. Volses uses the term "identity work", to emphasize the dynamic nature of self- identification. Some researchers noted that in today's tourism, especially in such its forms, as a cultural, evental, ethnographic, spiritual and enlightening (religious), educational, rural, ecological, one of the key motivations of travelers is the need for communication with local ethno-cultural (cultural) communities. Search of authentic identity is called among the priority goals of tourism trip. Emphasized, that numerous tourists realize their identity in the virtual space of the Internet. Discourse direction of tourists virtual communication indicates the constructing of a positive group identity, and in this case, the Internet serves for formation of behavior norms, which previously belonged to family and school. Also was paid attention to the criticism of tourism as a mechanism of identity. A number of western and Russian researchers point out the unreality of experience gained within the typical tourist programs. In their opinion, sights, which acting as semantic basis of tourism, is nothing more than a social construct, entended for stimulation of tourism consumption. It was concluded that modern tourism is a way of constructing identity and performs certain existential functions. Is alleged that with the increasing of mobility and the development of tourism business is being formed a new national self-identity that goes beyond one state and one denomination. Search of ideals in spiritual part of life of modern man is reduced to personal experiments with maximal possibilities of experimentation with different social roles and spatial movement in search of self-identity.

Problemi postmoderne etike

Author(s): Asim Mujkić,Jasminka Babić-Avdispahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01+02/2015

Authors attempt to identify a set of ethical problems which, according to their opinion, sigificantly undermine the domination of modern normative as well as applicative models to include even ‘the death of ethical’, or the replace¬ment of ethics with esthetics. Lévinas’ reflections on the Face of the Other, or Derrida’s reflections on the meaning of death for ethics announce, as authors suggest, ‘the ethical turn’ within the confines of Postmodern philosophy that had occurred during 1980’s. After the analysis of Lévinas’ ethics and its fun¬damental terms such as Face-to-face, and responsibility, authors forcus on the Neopragmatist ethics of Richard Rorty in order to introduce specific ‘anglo¬phone’ view of Postmodern philosophy. In its final part, on the basis of Fou¬cault’s theory, authors introduce distinctions between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’, and genetic technology.

Nomadyczność w cieniu Mordoru

Author(s): Jakub Alejski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The article Nomadicity in the Shadow of Mordor analyzes the tools of reproducing ideologies in video games based on Tolkien’s legendarium, including Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014). Alejski tackles its mechanics using the concepts presented by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guatttari—the nomadic thought and dynamics of relations between particular objects, such as territory, map and diagram during the gameplay. In order to identify these nomadic strategies occurring in the game, the processes of deterritorialization, the creation of maps and diagrams, and the ways of functioning in relation to these processes occurring in the game are taken under consideration. Alejski’s particular attention is dedicated to the categories of inhabitation and movement—both in the topological and ontological context. An important source of reproduction of nomadic thought described in the article is the so-called Nemesis system— a gameplay management module contained in the code of Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor that allows new actors to join the game, enabling them to enter into relations not only with the user but also with each other. The operation of the Nemesis system brings together the potential of the agency of all actors involved in the game (including the user) and allows for decentralized and non-hierarchical production of the story.

Moral Thought-Experiments, Intuitions, and Heuristics

Author(s): Friderik Klampfer / Language(s): English Issue: 52/2018

Philosophical thought-experimentation has a long and influential history. In recent years, however, both the traditionally secure place of the method of thought experimentation in philosophy and its presumed epistemic credentials have been increasingly and repeatedly questioned. In the paper, I join the choir of the discontents. I present and discuss two types of evidence that in my opinion undermine our close-to-blind trust in moral thought experiments and the intuitions that these elicit: the disappointing record of thought-experimentation in contemporary moral philosophy, and the more general considerations explaining why this failure is not accidental. The diagnosis is not optimistic. The past record of moral TEs is far from impressive. Most, if not all, moral TEs fail to corroborate their target moral hypotheses (provided one can determine what results they produced and what moral proposition these results were supposed to verify or falsify). Moral intuitions appear to be produced by moral heuristics which we have every reason to suspect will systematically misfire in typical moral TEs. Rather than keep relying on moral TEs, we should therefore begin to explore other, more sound alternatives to thought-experimentation in moral philosophy.

Imaju li bliske osobe prednost? Etičke i političke dužnosti uzajamne pomoći

Author(s): Michal Sládeček / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/145/2017

The first part of the article explores David Hume’s and Adam Smith’s reasons due to which mutual care is limited to people close to one another, at which point the authors emphasize the influence of both emotional and physical closeness. Contrary to this, Singer’s conception of universal duties implies that from the perspective of morality the particularity of relationships between moral subjects is irrelevant, and that ethical actions should be led by the content, i.e. the significance, urgency, and relevance of needs. This text argues that it is insufficient for duties to be established exclusively on the basis of the needs of person who requires assistance, and that duties as concrete ethical imperatives are inseparable from assignments that belong to subjects as duty-holders. The article analyses in what way the encounter or physical closeness may constitute special relationships. In addition, the text analyses whether, and in what way, residing on the same territory, that is, within the borders of the state, may be accepted as an argument in favour of special duties. The argumentation defending the specificity of duties formed on the basis of closeness would imply that non-citizens in our country, who came here due to extremely bad conditions in their own state, should receive assistance just as our co-citizens.

Постмодерний нігілізм і криза ідентичності

Author(s): Anna Martyusheva / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2012

It’s often said, that postmodern culture promotes nihilism, which leads to the crisis of identity. But the appeal of deconstruction may be interpreted otherwise. Postmodern culture promotes purifying from dogmas, prejudices, imposed convictions. And the idea of purifying itself doesn’t have any nihilistic content, but it seems so through the prism of modern consciousness. Moreover, postmodern worldview doesn’t contradict the reconstruction of identity, but on the principally another foundations. These alternative bases we discuss in the last part of the article.

Poglądy filozoficzne biskupa Michała Klepacza

Author(s): Szczepan Ślaga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1993

This year we are celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Bishop Michel Klepacz (1893-1967), great thinker and great humanist. This is an opportunity to rethink his activities and his works. He was born in Warsaw. He studied at the Diocesan Seminary in Kielce. Then he continued his studies at the Ecclesiastical Academy in Petersburg and at the Catholic University of Lublin. From 1919 he taught theology and philosophy at the Kielce Seminary. At the same time he was in charge of pastoral work, especially in Catholic youth associations. He also gave lectures on the radio. In 1932 he defended his doctoral thesis. In 1937 he became professor of Christian philosophy at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius. During the war he was imprisoned by the Gestapo and remained more than two years in the concentration camps. He was sentenced to forced labor as well. After the liberation, he worked in Vilnius and Białystok. From 1947, for 20 years, he was pastor of the diocese of Łódź. The most important writings (in Polish) of M. Klepacz: The idea of God in the philosophy of history of Auguste Cieszkowski on the basis of the thought of that time, Kielce 1933; Currents of organization and educational ideals in contemporary Polish teaching, Katowice 1937; The vital values of religion, Kielce 1936; The ideals of the Middle Ages and present times, Kielce 1936; Karol Hubert Rostworowski, Wilno 1938; St. Thomas at the historical base of human thought, Kraków 1948. The present article is devoted to the reflection on the philosophical thought of Bishop Klepacz. In the first part of his essay after presenting life and scientific activity, the author analyzes opinions on the philosophy of history of Bishop Klepacz, particularly the idea of God in the philosophy of history of Auguste Cieszkowski. According to the bishop, this idea is incompatible with orthodox Catholic doctrine. In the second part of his essay devoted to the philosophical thought of the bishop K. Klepacz, the author analyzes his methodological, cosmological and biophilosophical views. According to Klepacz, the natural sciences using a method of observation and measurements are completely empiriological because they do not go outside the category of the phenomenon. Bishop Klepacz shows that at the base of each science, we accept three methaphysical principles: a. the unity and universality of human intelligence (reason); b. the capacity of the adequate knowledge of reality; c. the existence of order in the world. The scientific knowledge which today boasts of great successes, at the same time shows a certain limit which comes from empirical methods; it has a hypothetical and approximate character (only gives the possibility of approaching reality). Hence the need to use philosophy and faith to have an adequate view of the world as a principle of just conduct and the meaning and purpose of human life. Then the author reflects on cosmological and biophilosophical opinions. From the analysis of the successes of physics, astronomy and biology Bishop Klepacz draws the conclusion that the natural sciences do not give the possibility of the materialistic, deterministic and naturalistic interpretation of reality. On the contrary, they serve the progress and the good of man, they show that the spiritual principle exists in the world and finally, that God is Creator and the first Cause of all. Especially, this is evident in the case of the mystery of life and the arrangement of life on earth. In his conclusions, the author emphasizes the character of the whole philosophical thought of Mgr Klepacz, and particularly the method, in which the very important role belongs to the results of the natural sciences. Klepacz's anthropological views, especially those concerning the existence of the immaterial and immortal soul of man and also that of free will need special deepening.

Michała Klepacza ideały wychowawcze

Author(s): Antoni Just / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1993

There are many areas of science that were of particular interest to the Bishop Klepacz. Width of his knowledge of various sciences embraced such fields as: theology, philosophy, ancient and native literature, classical and contemporary foreign languages. Among these many areas which interested him it is necessary to add a considerable knowledge of pedagogy. On its own there were many articles devoted to the problems of pedagogy. He is also the author of a book entitled: Organizing Directions and Educational Ideals in contemporary schools in Poland. It is a considerable work containing 374 pages. However, this is not the volume, which is essential here, but the content is still current despite the time evolves. It must be remembered that this work appeared in 1937. Michel Klepacz's book contains two essential parts: religious education in relation to of different types of schools after the first world war in Poland. This part reported chances, as well as dangers for religion and combat regarding the confessional profile of the Polish school at this time. The second part of the book is devoted to the considerations of true ideal that could actually build the character of young people. According to Michel Klepacz true education must take into account a global vision of our human nature, and therefore try to develop all the possibilities and aspirations of a specific being called the man. Now the totality of education according to Michel Klepacz must enclose these essential aspects: Character formation, social education, religious instruction. This last task is particularly important since the well-accepted and realized religion in life is the foundation and the strength of human morality.

Michelio Foucault istoriosofija kaip kritinis projektas

Author(s): Kęstutis Šapoka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2017

The article discusses the specific notion of philosophical historicism of Michel Foucault. The interaction between historiography and historiosophy is based on the paradoxical dualism of historicism versus transcendentalism in the philosophical system or “archeology of thinking” of Foucault. In the paper, the main historiographical and philosophical influences on Foucault’s philosophical historiosophy are gradually exposed. It could be agreed that Foucault’s historiosophy or archeology was influenced by the French Historical Method known as The Annales Paradigm, by some concepts of the philosophy of science and philosophical anthropology of Gaston Bachelard, Georges Canguilhem, and Georges Bataille, and also by some phenomenologists such as Edmund Husserrl. The philosophical interpretation and especially critical interpellation of the course of history and historical events could be assimilated to Foucault’s archeological method. Moreover, Foucault’s philosophical historiosophy could be perceived not only as pure philosophical theorization, but rather as “a critical theorizing practice” capable to denounce those clichés of historical narratives which are generally considered as “natural historical processes” or so called “historical transcendentalism.” In conclusion, one can say that, in Foucault’s archaeology or historiosophy, several types of regimes of methodological thinking could be spelled out, balancing between neo-Kantian anthropology and neo-Hegelian historical transcendentalism while attempting to contradict these modes of thinking at the same time.

Pożegnanie z Anną Zeidler-Janiszewską

Author(s): Tomasz Majewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2017

Majewski presents a portrait of Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska, professor of cultural studies and philosophy, who passed away in July 2017. Zeidler-Janiszewska worked at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, the University of Łódź and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw. Her monographs include Sztuka, mit, hermeneutyka (Art, Myth, Hermeneutics, 1988) and Między melancholia a żałobą: Estetyka wobec przemian kultury współczesnej (Between Melancholy and Mourning: Aesthetics and the Transformations of Contemporary Culture, 1996). With Roman Kubicki she published two volumes of interviews with Zygmunt Bauman: Humanista w ponowoczesnym świecie (A Humanist in the Postmodern World, 1997) and Życie w kontekstach (Life in Contexts, 2007).

Disclosing and articulating early cubism as a cultural lifeform.

Author(s): Dimitri Ginev / Language(s): English Issue: 45-46/2018

Afirmacija ljudskog simboličkim oblicima. Cassirer o jeziku i znanosti

Author(s): Hasnija Ilazi / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/150/2018

In his philosophy of culture, Cassirer refused to understand the human being as homo faber, and he partially accepted to understand the human being as animal rationale. The essence of the human being is composed of his creational acts, and he is creating culture by the way of symbolic forms. The paper will present Cassirer’s theory of symbols as the basis for differentiating human nature from the nature of other living beings, and the base of human existence as the communication in the social surrounding. The human being as a symbolic animal will be elaborated through a relation between language and science, as well as tradition and innovation in the dynamic process of creating culture. Because the paper is presenting an anthropological review of the rule of the symbol in confirming the essence of human being, the goal was to point at the (lack of) rational mechanisms of symbols for manifesting the irrational human nature.

O nevysloviteľnom v umení (Kant – Schopenhauer – Wittgenstein)

Author(s): Štefan Haško / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2013

The work sets its goal in an attempt to name the possible relationship in Kant’s, Schopenhauer’s and Wittgenstein’s thoughts about art. The notion less character of the ’idea‘ of an art piece, outlined by Kant’s and Schopenhauer’s aesthetic theory, will be studied in the context of Wittgenstein’s points of view on the question of meaning or interpretation of art pieces. On the theme level, the chosen study can be titled as an analysis of thoughts of the alleged thinkers, these then offer reasons of silence when being ’in front of‘ an art piece. In the second part I turn my attention mainly to some of the connections concerning Wittgenstein’s thoughts and personal experience, which explain in a more broad context his silence, i.e. the mystical dimension of his philosophy.