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Jus Sanguinis – The Basic Principle in Citizenship Law, Comparative Analysis of First Citizenship Law between Visegrad Four and China

Author(s): Lu DA / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Citizenship defines the relationship between the individuals and the government in the modern society. The citizenship law had a long history in the world, in central Europe, Hungary published its first citizenship law in 1879. After the independent, Czechoslovakia and Poland had their own citizenship in 1920s. In China, Qing Dynasty also had its own nationality law in 1909. Although, these citizenship laws or nationality laws have some differences because of the different conditions in these countries, i.e. culture, economic condition. However, there are still have lots of similarity in these laws, the first and the most important principle similarity is jus sanguinis. Therefore, in this article the author will examine the first citizenship law in Hungary Kingdom, Czechoslovakia and Poland, the first nationality law in Qing Dynasty as well, and make comparison between these citizenship(nationality) law

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Europska regulacija ponovne uporabe informacija

Author(s): Anamarija Musa / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 24/2016

Ponovna uporaba informacija (re-use of public sector information) označava korištenje informacija koje prikuplja, održava ili izrađuje javna uprava od strane fizičkih i pravnih osoba za svrhe, komercijalne ili nekomercijalne, kojima nisu primarno namijenjene. Pri tome je odlučeno da su informacije pružene na zahtjev ili objavljene u formatu koji omogućuje elektroničku ponovnu uporabu. Trend ponovne uporabe informacija javlja se krajem 1990-ih u Europskoj uniji, a zatim i međunarodnim organizacijama i političkim inicijativama, po uzoru na SAD. Ideja u pozadini koncepta ponovne uporabe informacija jest da su informacije javnog sektora u zajedničkom vlasništvu svih građana te da inovativno korištenje tih podataka, ukoliko nisu ograničeni pravima intelektualnog vlasništva, zaštite osobnih podataka, sigurnosti ili poslovne tajne, treba biti omogućeno čitavom društvu, a u svrhu stvaranja dodane vrijednosti koju oni koji koriste informacije mogu ostvarivati na tržištu ili u javnom interesu. Poticaji ponovnoj uporabi mogu se naći u promijenjenim okolnostima i evoluciji upravljanja na prijelazu tisućljeća – menadžerskoj revoluciji u upravi, koja se okreće korisnicima prema načelima efikasnosti, efektivnosti i ekonomičnosti; tehnološkoj revoluciji u društvu, gospodarstvu i javnoj upravi, koja omogućava korištenje informacija i promjenu načina rada uprave u smislu e-uprave; te političko-demokratskoj promjeni koja u okviru koncepta dobrog upravljanja promiče transparentnost i otvorenost uprave. Građani više nisu samo nositelji prava, već postaju partneri koji sudjeluju u radu uprave i poduzetnici, koji s državom ulaze u ekonomske odnose stvarajući dodatnu vrijednost u javnom interesu.

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Pravni i društveni aspekti krivičnog dela nasilje u porodici u Republici Srbiji

Author(s): Nikola Pantelić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 23/2016

Uprkos načelnoj tvrdnji da je porodica zajednica koja se zasniva iz ljubavi i radi ciljeva koji su sa tim osećanjem povezani, te predstavlja centar nežnosti i pažnje, rezultati istraživanja sprovedenih u različitim pravnim sistemima, među kojima su i pravni sistemi iz regiona, ukazuju da, osim vojske u ratu, „porodica predstavlja društvenu instituciju sa najviše nasilja, odnosno mesto gde postoje velike šanse da neko bude ubijen, fizički zlostavljan, udaren, pretučen, ošamaren”. Možda i najizraženiji problem porodičnog nasilja su njegova tajnovitost i pojava koju možemo da kvalifikujemo kao prenos frustracija sa generacije na generaciju („međugeneracijska transmisija porodičnog nasilja”) gde se prihvatanjem uloge i oponašanjem agresora, kao i žrtve, zamagljuje sveukupna negativnost pojave, te se prihvata takvo stanje kao životni usud.

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Ovlasti hrvatske Pravobraniteljice za ravnopravnost spolova u slučajevima obiteljskog nasilja — slučajevi i praksa

Author(s): Višnja Ljubičić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 23/2016

Nasilje u obitelji predstavlja kršenje temeljnih ljudskih prava svih žrtava bez obzira na spol, dob, status, obrazovanje, rasu, nacionalnost, spolnu orijentaciju ili materijalni položaj. Obiteljsko nasilje je ozbiljna povreda temeljnih ljudskih prava svakog člana obitelji, a osobito žena koje su najčešće izložene nasilju. U širem smislu može se smatrati i povredom cijelog društva, uključujući i buduće generacije. Nasilje nad ženama, pa tako i obiteljsko nasilje, smatra se oblikom spolne diskriminacije, sukladno Konvenciji o uklanjanju svih oblika diskriminacije žena (u daljnjem tekstu: Konvencija), te Deklaraciji Ujedinjenih naroda o uklanjanju nasilja nad ženama . Prvi međunarodni dokument koji nasilje nad ženama definira kao „rodno uvjetovano nasilje“ i „sredstvo dominacije muškaraca nad ženama“ je Konvencija Vijeća Europe o sprječavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i obiteljskog nasilja (tzv. Istanbulska konvencija) , koja ujedno predstavlja i prvi međunarodni ugovor koji daje definiciju roda. U svjetlu navedenog, Europski sud za ljudska prava u predmetu Opuz protiv Turske (2009) se prvi put izravno bavio nasiljem u obitelji kvalificirajući ga kao rodno zasnovano nasilje (gender-based violence) i oblik diskriminacije žena u smislu članka 14. Konvencije. Zaštita žrtava nasilja u obitelji u Hrvatskoj je uređena Kaznenim zakonom, Zakonom o zaštiti od nasilja u obitelji, Zakonom o policijskim poslovima i ovlastima, Zakonom o kaznenom postupku, Zakonom o zaštiti svjedoka, Zakonom o novčanoj naknadi žrtvama kaznenih djela, Zakonom o suzbijanju diskriminacije, Zakonom o ravnopravnosti spolova, Prekršajnim zakonom i drugima. Nadalje, na snazi su i odredbe Nacionalne strategije zaštite od nasilja u obitelji za razdoblje od 2011. do 2016. godine kojom se nadležna tijela zadužuju na poduzimanje potrebnih aktivnosti u cilju zaštite žrtava nasilja u obitelji te predstavlja nadogradnju uspostavljenog sustava zaštite žrtava nasilja u obitelji. Isto tako, na snazi su i odredbe Protokola o postupanju u slučaju nasilja u obitelji koji sadrži niz precizno određenih mjera nadležnih tijela u njihovom postupanju te oblike, sadržaj i način suradnje tijela koja sudjeluju u otkrivanju i suzbijanju nasilja i pružanju pomoći i zaštite osobi izloženoj bilo kojem obliku ili modalitetu nasilja u obitelji (policija, centri za socijalnu skrb, zdravstvene i odgojno-obrazovne ustanove, pravosudna tijela).

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The German Courts-martial and their Cooperation with the Police Organizations during the World War II

Author(s): Peter Lutz Kalmbach / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The article focuses on the military justice of the Wehrmacht and their investigation organizations. The armed forces of the Third Reich had command over hundreds of court-martials. These military courts supervise the discipline inside the army. Moreover, they were part of the occupation force of the occupied European territories. Besides the authority over the German soldiers the military judges could also decide on German and foreign civilians. Various police organizations lead investigations for the court-martials of the Wehrmacht: especially the Field-Gendarmerie, which was created in 1939 to work for the military justice just as the Geheime Feldpolizei (Secret Field-Police). The members of these formations had a bad reputation, because their methods of work were brutal and ruthless. On demand the German court-martials cooperated also with the German Ordnungspolizei (Civil Order Police), the Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police) and with police organizations of the occupied European nations. During the war the military tribunals operated more radical and they always declared more death sentences. In the end of 1943 a new type of military police arose: the Feldjäger-Kommandos (Field Hunter Commands). They consisted of disguised sergeants and officers of the Wehrmacht and the SS. Part of the Field Hunters were special military courts. But in this case the police had the commanding power over the judges - not vice versa. Towards the end of the war continuously more and more special police and SS units were created, which supervised the area behind the front. Instead of regular military tribunals these units worked together with flying drumhead trials, which let people be executed in the public.

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Zatvorski sistem u BiH i europski zatvorski standardi

Author(s): Adnan Ćerimagić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 5/2011

In past 10 years Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has been highly criticized for violation of human rights of prisoners by the EU, CoE and Human Rights Watch. Although international community supported BiH to achieve better standards in prison system it is still confronted with problems of overcrowding, lack of staff, lack of institution responsible for initial and continuous prison staff training, etc. BiH is a member of the CoE and it is obliged to achieve European Prison standards. These standards derive from Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Prison Rules and standards developed by the European Committee for the prevention of torture. Subject of the analysis is the level of incorporation and implementation of these standards within the prison system in BiH and the role of international community. Problem of BiH is not in incorporation, but rather in the implementation of European prison standards. BiH, supported by international experts, has revised its legal documents (e.g. Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions) in accordance with the European standards. Authorities in BiH justified the non-implementation of these standards with lack of financial means. Although international community in certain occasions (e.g. Staff training center) promised full financial support, the implementation failed due to difficult political situation in BiH. International community decided rarely to put greater pressure on domestic authorities in order to achieve long-term results (e.g. Center for prison staff training). Over the years certain number of domestic personal worked closely with international experts and developed different strategies and proposals. Authorities in BiH should give this personal a chance and support to implement these strategies and recommendations, but also to invest in their further education. In BiH there are four completely independent prison systems and more effort should be put to achieve more coordination and harmonization between these systems, in order to prevent possible discrimination between prisoners serving sentence in different systems.

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Ustępująca ambiwalencja władzy wykonawczej, czyli współpraca zagraniczna polskich regionów a polityka zagraniczna państwa

Author(s): Maciej Perkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: B/2016

Foreign activity of European regions depends on their national (constitutional) status. In unitary states, the status is relatively the weakest, rarely explicitly recognized in Constitutions (e.g. in the Netherlands and Portugal), and legal sovereignty belongs exclusively to central authorities. Whereas in federal states, under federal Constitutions it is divided between the federation and its members, which significantly increases independence of the latter, also in the international sphere. Not so broad but still significant activity is demonstrated by regions in regionalised countries, which represent an intermediate form between a federal state and a unitary state with a decentralized structure, where regions are delineated by the Constitution (being a legal guarantee of their existence) and, in addition, have a specific competence in the field of executive power, but without legislative and judicial powers. Such intrastate units benefit from constitutionally guaranteed autonomy, as a territorial division is based mostly on recognition of regions due to their historical traditions or and indwelling ethnic or language group. Given that regionalised countries, such as Spain and Italy, were previously managed as completely unitary ones, the idea that states which are today unitary may become a subject to regionalization in future appears. Certainly, it is not a desired state from the point of view of unitary executive authorities. Therefore, it most probably provokes ambivalence in the approach of regions to foreign activity, in the sense that “it is not proper to prohibit it, encouraging it causes little fear, so it has to be tolerated”. Is it relevant for the relation between foreign cooperation of Polish regions and the state’s foreign policy? In a nutshell: “for now, it is”. However, “constant rubbing wears away the stone” and external conditions (examples and financial incentives), as well as regional initiatives, transfer foreign cooperation from the realm of “event” into the realm of “professional activity”.

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The Basic Methodology Problems in Study of Medieval Political and Legal Thought

Author(s): Jiří Bílý / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The present article offers the single magisterial view to be found in a Gierke, a Carlyle, or an Ullmann. Its aim is, rather, to present a conspectus, as comprehensive as is possible within prescribed limits of space, of the present state of historical scholarship in the field surveyed. Such a conspectus need not be, nor is it here, so neutral as to preclude critical assessment. The judgements of the authors concerned have been brought to bear upon the issues arising in scholarly debate; and since the division between one article and another cannot be absolute and rigid, there is room for differences of emphasis and approach in the handling of topics that are relevant to more than one article. It is hoped that such differences do not amount to contradictions and that their presence may yield a degree of cross-fertilisation rather than confusion.

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Editorial

Author(s): Carla De Tona / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The articles included in this issue deal with a number of countries, including Malaysia, the Netherlands, Sweden, the Philippines, India, China, Mexico and Tanzania. They look at the issues of brain-drain and behavioural approach (Ramoo et al.); multi-professional collaboration in promoting migrant integration (Vanhanen and Heikkila); the distribution of income gains in labour market migration (Korpi et al.); labour market gaps between migrants and natives (Mala et al.) and at how demographic forecasts can be improved in predicting migration changes (Wilson). These different topics reflect the diversity of issues at stake in the current international migration systems. They also show how migrants put forth their own strategies to deal with marginalization that include the creation of ‘home’ through gendered memory and narrative sharing (Zulueta), the articulation of co-development in the growing diasporization of communities (Tigau et al.), and gender and youth dynamics in internal migrations (Todd et al.).

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Diaspora policies and co-development: A Comparison between India, China and Mexico

Author(s): Camelia Tigau,Amba Pande,Yan Yuan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This paper discusses the concept of co-development as related to diaspora diplomacy and its implications for public policies for skilled migration in the countries of origin. We consider the cases of two Asian countries – India and China - that stimulate migration as a way to relieve the lack of jobs and skilled population surplus, but which also have strong policies of networking and return. The case of Mexico is different since it is a country with less tradition in diaspora programs and Mexican expats tend to be more politically and culturally active than economically involved. In the three cases studied we find different problems relating to diaspora programs in accordance with their historical progress, such as poor results due to the lack of financial resources, inadequate institutional background or weak diaspora organization.

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President Trump and US Migration after 100 Days

Author(s): Philip L. Martin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

President Trump issued four executive orders dealing with immigration since taking office January 20, 2017, setting in motion plans to build a wall on the 2,000 mile Mexico-US border, increase deportations, reduce refugee admissions, and protect US workers. These executive orders signaled a new era in migration policy that emphasize enforcement against unauthorized foreigners and protections for US workers, but their major effect so far is a changed tone in migration policy, from welcoming newcomers from around the world to the US being perceived as a country where natives fear immigrants and immigrants live in fear.

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Funkcje Prezydenta Republiki Litewskiej w świetle Konstytucji z 1992 r.

Author(s): Krzysztof Prokop / Language(s): Polish Issue: B/2016

The article is devoted to analysis of the constitutional functions of the president of the Republic of Lithuania. According to the author it is possible – in the light of the Constitution of 1992 – to define three functions of the president: state representation, an executive function, and an arbitration function. The function of state representation is directly connected with the president’s role as head of state. The executive function means the president is part of the executive power and may participate in the determination of state policy, especially in the sphere of foreign policy and national security. As an arbitrator, the president can stabilize the functioning of Lithuania’s political system. The strong position of the president is, however, balanced by the Seimas (Parliament).

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Kompetencje władzy wykonawczej wobec Europejskiego Ugrupowania Współpracy Terytorialnej z perspektywy Polski

Author(s): Wojciech Zoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: B/2016

Cross-border cooperation may be based on specialized organizational structures. One such is the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC). The catalogue of entities entitled to create a Grouping is diverse and the registration procedures are mainly based on the law of the European Union Member State, where the particular Grouping’s headquarters are to be located. The Polish legislation on this issue is still being formed, but the tendency to strengthen the influence of the central executive power on the Groupings’establishment, operating and decommissioning processes, is already visible. However, only development (or lack of it, or even a regress) of cross-border cooperation based on the formula of the EGTC will show whether the national legislative solutions will support the operation of Groupings from Poland’s perspective.

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Correlation of Rights and Duties of the Faithful in the Constitution Gaudium et Spes and Its Influence on the Formulations in the Code of Canon Law

Author(s): Tomasz Robert Gałkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The Gaudium et Spes Constitution names a lot of rights and duties of a humanperson. They have emphasized the constant teaching of the Church on the interdependency ofrights and duties. This paper poses a question about the possible influence of the Constitutionon the formulation of the rights and duties of the faithful which were laid down in the Code ofCanon Law. This influence can be noticed, in particular, in the ideological layer of the unshakeable conviction of the Church about the interdependency of rights and duties, in the possibility of limiting the rights and, to a lesser degree, in the relation to specific formulations of the rights and duties, which stems from the diversity of the addressees of both documents.

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Comparative view on classical and modern teaching method.The Flipped Classroom method

Author(s): Corina-Maria Avram / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

Social, political, cultural, technological changes or research in various fields have also determined the evolution of the school from a traditional, teacher-centered type and its action to teach to a modern-day school where the main role belongs to the student who acquires new information, forms new skills, behaviors, or shapes the way in which he/she addresses various issues, but, at the same time, develops moral qualities. In this case, the teacher has the task of activating the students in a cognitive, affective, motivational and attitudinal way. Teachers' attention has been constantly directed towards identifying the most effective methods of presenting scientific content so students can enjoy the best educational experience.

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Educational objectives and ways to operationalize them

Author(s): Roxana-Mihaela Ivan / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

The educational objectives represent those intetionalities of the instructive-educational process, those types of changes that the system or the educational process aims to make in personality development. In order to ensure the functionality of specific educational objectives, these need to be operationalized. This operationalization process is commonly perceived as being the activity that specifies / identifies the concrete or practical references of a given general and abstract concept / statement. It refers to both the overall successive operations needed to change from abstract to concrete, and to the imposing of criteria through which an action / behavior becomes operational. Operationalization implies, first of all, the transgression of an objective in actions, acts, operations, directly observable manifestations, presuming a delimitation and an analytical delimitation of objectives, and their concretization. But, at the same time, operationalization also implies a `technical` aspect that resides in the enunciation of objectives under the shape of behaviors that are observable and `measurable`, with the help of `action verbs`. It is specified what the pupil will do, the performance that he will be capable of after specific stages of the teaching-learning process. Each operational objective indicates the learning situations, respectively, the conditions that determine the said educative changes.

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Autorytaryzm w przestrzeni współczesnego życia politycznego

Author(s): Andrzej Chodubski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2016

The following study shows that authoritarianism is a type of social and political system, in which an authoritarian leader plays a particular role and society is generated into the space of obedience and passivity. The authoritarian leaders are characterized by peculiar personalities: they are domineering, repressive, eager for obedience, recognition and respect in institutionalized forms. Authoritarianism reveals itself in the realities of globalization processes, in which broad social circles are not able to adjust the pace of cultural transitions. Currently authoritarianism is oriented towards the criticism of democratic model of wielding power; it reveals the links of procedural weakness and its replacement by authoritarian power.

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Around the Bloc-Czech Pubs Are Now Smoke-Free

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 06/05/2017

After years of rancorous debate, non-smokers can finally take a breath of fresh air.

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Zasady przechodzenia na wcześniejszą emeryturę ze względu na warunki pracy w Polsce i innych państwach UE

Author(s): Barbara Krzyśków / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2017

The paper presents the rules guiding early retirement due to working conditions in selected EU Member States and how they compare to the solutions applied in Poland. The review shows differences not only in the rules of early retirement due to working conditions but also considerably different approaches adopted by countries with respect to jobs that entitle workers to apply for early retirement and the eligible age.

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Banalnost zla (prev. M. Ljubos)

Author(s): Hannah Arendt / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1+2/2016

Po naredbi tajne službe Adolf Eichmann bio je uhvaćen u svibnju 1960. godine u Argentini i odveden u Izrael, gdje će mu se suditi kao NS-službeniku prošlog vremena. Eichmann se smatra jednim od najodgovornijih za “konačno rješenje židovskog pitanja”. Među promatračima u Jeruzalemu bila je i Hannah Arendt, američka dopisnica New Yorkera. Pitanje kako je moglo doći do takvog užasa u kojem je ubijeno šest milijuna Židova, dalo joj je povoda da napiše ne samo članak, već i pet eseja, koji će redom biti tiskani u New Yorkeru. Adolfa Eichmanna predstavila je kao potčinjenog birokratu, a “konačno rješenje”kao tehnokratski savršeno obavljeni posao. I uloga židovskih dužnosnika bit će kritizirana, što će rezultirati prigovorima upućenim Arendt kao što je to uradio Gershom Scholem.

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