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The Concept of “Autonomy” And Its Relationship with the Idea of Transhumanism

Author(s): Loredana Vlad / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Medicine has a lot of principles that need to be complied with especially when it comes to saving the life of the individual and, at the same time, respecting his rights. Today there are increasingly more cases of malpraxis either because these principles are not fully complied with or out of negligence. We believe that one of the most important principles of medicine is autonomy, whereas it is essential for the individual to act in accordance with his principles and values or those of the society where he lives. In this paper I shall analyze the concept of autonomy and its relationship with transhumanism. I shall argue that within human enhancement - whether cognitive enhancement or human enhancement - the individual must be autonomous and must be able to decide regarding his maximum benefit. We believe that human bioenhancement is a project that – when put into practice - could have negative consequences, since moral enhancement is rather seen as a danger to the freedoms and autonomy of the individual

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Спрощення митних процедур відповідно до Рамкових стандартів ВМО

Author(s): Vitalіy Turzhanskyi / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 25/2014

The article aims to research the simplification of customs procedures in accordance with the provisions of the Framework safety standards and simplified.The article deals with the question of the nature and structure of SAFE Framework. Approaches to simplify customs procedures in accordance with the provisions of cancerous safety standards and simplified. Established that effective implementation of the Framework of Standards will significantly simplify customs procedures for the integrated management of supply chain ; powers to check the goods; implementation review of the application of modern technology; provide prior electronic information ; evaluation of performance and security.It is recommended to introduce the concept of «single window» and authorized economic operators in the national customs area , which will provide a significant simplification of customs procedures.

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Usklađivanje Zakona o zabrani diskriminacije BiH sa pravnom stečevinom EU

Author(s): Tena Šimonović Einwalter,Goran Selanec / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 9/2015

Diskriminacija je u pravnom sustavu Bosne i Hercegovine zabranjena na ustavnopravnoj razini, prvenstveno Ustavom BiH, zatim različitim međunarodnim ugovorima te nacionalnim zakonodavstvom, uključujući posebice Zakonom o zabrani diskriminacije. Ustav BiH u članku II: Ljudska prava i temeljne slobode nakon popisa prava navodi da se uživanje prava i sloboda utvrđenih tim člankom ili međunarodnim sporazumima koji su popisani u Dodatku I Ustava osigurava svim osobama u Bosni i Hercegovini, bez diskriminacije na bilo kojoj osnovi, poput spola, rase, boje kože, jezika, vjere, političkoga ili drugog mišljenja, nacionalnoga ili socijalnog podrijetla, pripadnosti nacionalnoj manjini, imovine, rođenja ili drugoga statusa. Glede međunarodnih ugovora posebno mjesto u ustavnopravnom poretku BiH ima Europska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda (EKLJP). Ustav BiH u članku II: Ljudska prava i temeljne slobode navodi da Bosna i Hercegovina i oba entiteta osiguravaju najvišu razinu međunarodno priznatih ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, a potom se posebno ističe da se prava i slobode utvr- đeni u Europskoj konvenciji za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda te njezinim Protokolima izravno primjenjuju u Bosni i Hercegovini i imaju prvenstvo pred svakim drugim zakonodavstvom.

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Социално-мрежови анализ на престъпни структури

Author(s): Georgi Petrunov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The study proposes an application of one of the most generative approaches in current economic sociology – social network analysis, to Bulgarian criminal structures. The increasing levels of deviance and crime are particularly actual global issues in the XXI century.This process is even more relevant for countries like Bulgaria, where crime, especially organized crime, has been a key problem for the last 25 years. The text emphasizes the importance of knowing the structure and the way the crime groups function for increasing the effectiveness of combating crime. Based on the social network analysis of three cases of Bulgarian criminal structures, some opportunities to improve the policies for combating criminal networks in Bulgaria are displayed.

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WHAT CHANGES DO WE WANT TO SEE?

Author(s): Saša Gavrić / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2015

Bosnia and Herzegovina differs from most neighbouring and European countries on its approach to the issues of human rights and the rule of law. Although the most important international human rights protection and promotion documents, including the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, are included in the BiH Constitution, the situation in the field is far from ideal.

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HOW TO ACHIEVE 40% OF WOMEN IN THE LEGISLATIVE BODIES IN BIH?

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2015

Equal representation of women and men in the legislative bodies is one of the key indicators of the achieved level of gender equality in any society. In most countries in the world, women are still the less represented sex. The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of the participation of women in the legislative bodies does not differ much from the rest of the world.

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WHERE ARE WOMEN IN GOVERNMENTS?

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2015

Women are traditionally underrepresented in the governments in Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter BiH) and none of the 14 governments in BiH (The Council of Ministers of BiH, entity, cantonal and the Government of the Brčko District of BiH) to date has been appointed in such a way that the goal from Article 20 from the Law on Gender Equality in BiH – consolidated version (“Official Gazette of BiH”, No. 32/10) was fulfilled. There are two women appointed in the current convocation of the Council of Ministers of BiH, four in the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter the Government of FBiH) while there is one woman prime minister and three ministers appointed in the Government of Republika Srpska (hereinafter the Government of RS). In the governments of the cantons there are no women appointed as prime ministers of the cantonal government, while the percentage of women ministers in cantonal governments was around 17.5%1 (the number of women ministers varies from 0% to 25% depending on the canton). The most drastic example is the government of the Zenica-Doboj Canton (hereinafter ZDC) where there is not even one woman appointed.

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ALIGNMENT OF THE LAW ON PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION WITH THE EU ACQUIS

Author(s): Tena Šimonović Einwalter,Goran Selanec / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2015

Discrimination in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina is prohibited at the constitutional level, primarily by the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, followed by various international treaties and national legislation, including in particular the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination. Article II of BiH Constitution: Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms after the list of rights, states that the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in that Article or in international treaties listed in Annex I of the Constitution is ensured to all persons in Bosnia and Herzegovina, without discrimination on any grounds such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with an ethnic minority, property, birth or other status.

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Sir Robert Filmer. Sam przeciwko wszystkim! Część I

Author(s): Tomasz Tulejski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 101/2016

Sir Robert Filmer was an English political theorist who defended absolutism and the divine right of kings criticizing Hobbes, Milton, Grotius, Bellarimine, Suarez and Aristotle. Filmer’s theory is founded upon the statement that the government of a family by the father is the true origin and model of all government. In the beginning God gave authority to Adam, who had complete control over his descendants, even over life and death itself. In his point of view the king is perfectly free from all human control, he cannot be bound by the acts of his predecessors, for which he is not responsible; nor by his own, for it is impossible that a man should give a law to himself – a law must be imposed by another upon the person bound by it. In the Article the Author argues that Filmer’s argument is perfect, complete but the last defense of unlimited royal power in the age of destruction of natural political authority.

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A Historiographical Review of Studies on Sino-Indonesian Relations during the Early Stages of the Cold War, 1949-1967

Author(s): Yanjie Gao / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2014

The Cold War in Asia was certainly much more dynamic that merely a confrontation between the American-led Western bloc against the Sino-Soviet bloc. In addition to the broader Cold War context, there were the relations between the respective Cold War belligerents and the newly emerged Asian states. Indonesia and Vietnam for instance had served as both prizes and battlegrounds for this Cold War confrontation. And as this essay suggest, neither was the Sino-Soviet bloc of one mind in their approach toward Indonesia. The conflict between the PRC and the Soviet Union over Indonesia was certainly as intense as the conflict between the PRC and the United States. A review of Sino-Indonesian relations offers a glimpse of how much more involved and dynamic the Cold War had been in Southeast Asia. Research on Sino-Indonesian relations between 1949 through 1965, which was basically the Sukarno period, has made considerable progress in the recent decades. Until the declassification of archival materials in China and former communist countries in Eastern Europe following the end of the Cold War, the history of the international relation of Indonesia had been largely written and understood from the Western perspectives. The opening of archives in these countries provided important correction to the speculations concerning Communist policies and perspectives on the part of Western scholars. This is especially true with the declassification of the Chinese Foreign Ministry archival documents. Since the opening of the Foreign Ministry archives in the PRC some two decades ago, Chinese scholars have produced many important studies on various aspects of Sino-Indonesian relations. Chinese interest here is understandable: Indonesia lay in what the Chinese had traditionally regarded as the ‘southern sea’ and, indeed, the PRC had invested much diplomatic in trying to win Indonesia over. That effort, however, was abruptly halted when the Indonesian military ousted Sukarno in the coup in 1965. Apart from aiming to understand that misadventure, Chinese scholars were also eager to provide their side of the story. Despite the commendable progress in the field, there is still much lacuna in the historiography that needs to be filled. Sustained interest and further research in the topic, building upon what has already been done, is certainly the way forward.

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Regulacje dotyczące krajobrazu priorytetowego a zagadnienie wolności religijnej imigrantów

Author(s): Piotr Kroczek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

Immigration in to-days Europe is a huge problem. The phenomenon is potentially dangerous for the national, cultural and religious status quo of Poland. According to the Polish law, freedom of religion shall be ensured for everyone, who is under Polish law. The freedom of religion includes the right of possession of sanctuaries. The right in question is granted to every Church or religious organization. In exercising the right, there is no distinction, if or in what legal way a Church or religious organization is recognized by Polish law. It means, that there is no direct legal way to prevent immigrants from building shrines. The newly updated law of 2003 about planning and developing of spatial (ustawa o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym) contains the provisions about so called “priority landscape”. The regulations in question can be used, by the local authorities, to prevent changing the landscape, e.g. of a town, by banning building a shrine with certain architectonic elements. The ban cannot be classified as an infringement of religious freedom, but only as a limitation of exercising it. The ban is fully justified by the rights of autochthons to maintain the national or religious cultural heritage.

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Zwolnienie z zajęć szkolnych w celu odbycia rekolekcji wielkopostnych a poszanowanie zasady równouprawnienia kościołów i innych związków wyznaniowych

Author(s): Anna Tunia / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

The subject of this article is to present the issue of compliance of regulations concerning students’ exemptions from school classes in order to participate in Lent retreat with the rule of equal rights of churches and other religious associations. While analyzing these issues the author comes to a conclusion that dependence of obtaining right to exemption from school classes on requirement of pledging participation by students in school religious education is discriminative and violates the constitutional rule of equality towards law and it is not in accordance with the rule of equal rights of churches and other religious associations. Moreover it causes discrimination of students since it creates conditions to obtain subject exemptions only for those students who belong to Christian denominations. The author demands that participation in religious education as a subject of school education shall not be associated with a duty of performing by students particular religious observances as a retreat is not an element of school education conducted within the educational system. The right to possible obtainment of exemptions by students for participation in a retreat should be regulated not in educational law but in a legal act referring to religious freedom of individuals.

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Korzystanie ze sprzeciwu sumienia w kontekście zasady równouprawnienia i kryterium zawodu

Author(s): Michał Skwarzyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

As a result of existing research and case–law of the courts, it should be noted that the source of the normative for conscientious objection is a human right to freedom of conscience and religion. This follows from the case law of the ECHR and the Polish Constitutional Court, especially the judgment of the Constitutional Court in case no. No. K 12/14. This article complements the arguments of the relationship of conscientious objection to the prohibition of discrimination. The principle of equality and the related prohibition of discrimination applies in the case of conscientious objection. As a result of the research proved that the profession / work can not be a negative condition for differentiating and discriminating. Directly violates the prohibition of discrimination, which also includes discrimination in the case of work or profession.

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Prawo autorskie w działalności religijnej

Author(s): Grzegorz Tylec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

The article concerns the problems of copyright protection of religious works. Problems that were presented in the article are: restriction of religious freedom under the copyright law, copyright protection in the light of canon law, the ability of religious works for copyright protection, the interpretation of Article 31 of the Law on Copyright and Related Rights regarding fair use works as part of religious ceremonies, the right to reprint articles on religious topics, exploitation of speech and sermons presented at public meetings and exposure to public view works of art and architecture on religious themes.

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Odmowa pełnienia służby wojskowej przez Świadków Jehowy jako realizacja klauzuli sumienia. Uwarunkowania prawno-historyczne

Author(s): Marek Bielecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

The subject matter of the present paper is the issue concerning military service of Jehovah’s Witnesses. The author mainly focuses on legal regulations and analysis of judicial decisions, nevertheless, the most important aspects of Jehovah’s Witnesses teaching are also included. The article presents the evolution of legal regulations as well as the standpoint of jurisdiction in this particular area. The permission to refuse military service of Jehovah’s Witnesses had not been granted by either the legislator or the court until the period of system shift. As it is emphasized by the author, problems that arise due to the existing regulations and their practical implementation are believed to become a redundant debate, especially when common military service obligation is suspended. However, in the light of existing threats it cannot be excluded that the military service obligation will be implemented.

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Funkcjonowanie duszpasterstw więziennych wyrazem równouprawnienia kościołów i związków wyznaniowych w Polsce

Author(s): Andrzej Szymański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

In this text, the way of realization of the equality principle of churches and religious associations towards the state is introduced. The principle is one of the most essential in the system of the contemporary Polish religious law in relation to the functioning of the priesthoods in the national penitentiaries.

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Możliwość rezygnacji z pracy jako gwarancja ochrony wolności religijnej pracownika? Specyfika wyroku Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w sprawie Eweida i inni przeciwko Zjednoczonemu Królestwu na tle dotychczasowego orzecznictwa strasburskiego

Author(s): Grzegorz Szubtarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2016

The article discusses the issues related to the manifestation of religious beliefs in the workplace on the basis of the case law of the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. It highlights the specificity of the judgment in Eweida and others against the United Kingdom in the light of the previous jurisprudence of the Strasbourg authorities. In an earlier case law, the Court accepted the principle according to which the ability to opt out of work is sufficient protection for employee’s religious freedom and therefore there is no violation of the rights guaranteed by Article. 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Therefore the Court's case law does not adequately protected employee’s religious freedom. In the judgment in Eweida and others against the United Kingdom, the Court stated that it can not continue applying this principle and replaced it with a test of proportionality, according to which will analyze limitations imposed on the employee's in the context of the legitimate aim of the restrictions and the proportionality of the measures used for its achievements. Further application of this principle and the importance of this judgment will be seen in the light of future case law.

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Європейський досвід щодо митних спрощень економічним операторам при транзитних переміщеннях товарів

Author(s): Yuriy Konovalov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 30/2016

In article concepts of the representative the consignor and authorized goods are opened recipient, are analyzed the European experience of providing customs simplifications to Authorized Economic Operators at the general procedure of transit, and also expediency of implementation of provisions of the legislation of the European Union to domestic the customs legislation is proved.At research of a question in work the following general scientific methods were used: the analysis (for understanding of essence of the representative the consignor and authorized consignee), synthesis and deduction (at first types of customs simplifications to economic operators of the EU, and then in detail types of customs simplifications to economic operators are analysed at the general procedure of transit), abstraction (separation of essential information from insignificant), classification (division and groups of participants of procedure of the general transit for certain signs) and a method of generalization by means of which it was made the general conclusions.In article need of adaptation of the international experience of customs simplifications under modern requirements is proved. It is substantiated that the implementation in activity of the Public fiscal service of Ukraine will allow to create transparent rules of implementation of foreign economic activity, simple, fast and open procedures of customs registration and control of movement of goods through customs border. Materials and practices of article can be used by specialists of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine for the account in work when carrying out merchandising examination.

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Educational relations - educational interactions in the class of students

Author(s): Mihaela Arseni / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

Social relations play an important role in the development of humanity (these are varied, multiform and anchored on several planes) they have a positive influence on local communities. A special case of social relations are the interpersonal relationships that, in the view of Professor Mielu Zlate are those psychological, conscious, and direct human relations. When we refer to a smaller community (a class of students), interpersonal relationships are essential because pupils, in the context of school life, do not live isolated but in a social engagement where their affective life, intellectual and professional activity take place inside and in interdependence with the surrounding socio-school environment. These interpersonal relationships in the class of students can be classified according to the needs criterion and psychological needs of students when they relate to each other and can be of several kinds: intercultural communication, intercommunication, socio-emotional and influence. Relationships are established at the level of a class among students and teachers and are influenced by several factors: the personality of each person, the positive or negative influence the teacher has on the student, the way a teacher assesses his / her students, the authority The teacher, etc. The aim of this work is to highlight the role and influence of social relations in the existence and development of humanity. More specifically, we will analyze the types of relationships that can arise within a class, what are the factors that influence them and what influence the teachers have on student development.

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Human capital theory and internal migration: do average outcomes distort our view of migrant motives?

Author(s): Martin Korpi,William Clark / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

By modelling the distribution of percentage income gains for movers in Sweden, using multinomial logistic regression, this paper shows that those receiving large pecuniary returns from migration are primarily those moving to the larger metropolitan areas and those with higher education, and that there is much more variability in income gains than what is often assumed in models of average gains to migration. This suggests that human capital models of internal migration often overemphasize the job and income motive for moving, and fail to explore where and when human capital motivated migration occurs.

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