„Na dalekiej Ukrainie…”. Uwagi o przyczynach i organizacji procesu delimitacji na marginesie książki Mykoły Krykuna Кордони воэєводств правобережнoї України y XVI-XVIII століттях

Author(s): Dominik Szulc / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 108/2017

„Naujo poreikio bausti“ klausimu – ar griežtesnės bausmės yra veiksminga nusikalstamumo prevencijos priemonė?

Author(s): HELMUT KURY,Martin Brandenstein / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 64 (2)/2009

In den letzten Jahren wurde in der deutschen wie auch der internationalen Kriminologie vermehrt die Frage aufgeworfen, inwieweit sich die Sanktions einstellungen in der Bevölkerung bzw. das Sanktionsverhalten der offiziellen Kontroll- und Sanktionsinstanzen verschärft haben. Vielfach kam man zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich die Sanktionsforderungen seitens der Bevölkerung, zumindest gegenüber bestimmten Tätergruppen wie Sexualstraftätern oder (jugendlichen) Gewalttätern verschärft hätten und dass vor allem die Gerichte, teilweise vor dem Hintergrund strengerer Gesetze, auch härter sanktionieren, etwa mehr Freiheitsstrafen verhängen und hinsichtlich Vollzugslockerungen bzw. vorzeitigen Entlassungen zurückhaltender sind. Die Bevölkerung ist vor dem Hintergrund gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen und der Diskussionen um Kriminalität und innere Sicherheit in den letzten Jahren und Jahrzehnten sensibler geworden. In den Kontext aufkeimender Verunsicherungen und auch Verbrechensfurcht dürfte auch die Entwicklung einzuordnen sein, wonach immer wieder, etwa seitens der Frauenbewegung oder der Viktimologie „neue“ Kriminalitätsbereiche „entdeckt“ und eine härtere Bestrafung gefordert wurden. Zu denken ist etwa an (sexuelle) Gewalt gegenüber Frauen und Kindern, an Gewalt in der Familie oder auch in Deutschland neuerdings an Stalking. Der Hinweis auf diese bisher vielfach vernachlässigten Kriminalitätsbereiche ist in der Regel begleitet von der Forderung nach Abhilfe, nach mehr Prävention, vor allem aber auch nach härterer und konsequenterer Bestrafung der Täter. Die „Wiederentdeckung“ der Opfer von Straftaten ist in der Regel verbunden mit der Forderung nach mehr Schutz für diese, wobei der Schutz in aller Regel nach einem Jahrtausende alten Muster zunächst einmal in der härteren Bestrafung der Täter gesehen wird, in der Hoffnung, man könne damit nicht nur den Täter, sondern im Sinne einer Generalprävention auch potentielle weitere Straftäter abschrecken. Lange Haftstrafen sind aber wenig effektiv. Die Androhung langer Haftstrafen ist auch hinsichtlich einer generalpräventiven Wirkung ausgesprochen fraglich. Sieht man von einem relativ kleinen Anteil von gefährlichen Straftätern ab, ist es kriminalpräventiv wenig sinnvoll, weil nicht wirksam, Menschen, die eine Straftat begangen haben, einfach für Jahre wegzusperren, es sei denn, man nutzt diese Zeit für die Wiedereingliederung, was jedoch in der Regel nicht geschieht. Da vorzeitige Entlassungen zunehmend restriktiver gehandhabt werden, verbüßen die Inhaftierten auch einen längeren Teil ihrer Haftstrafe. Sinnvoller wäre es, den Inhaftierten möglichst frühzeitig Resozialisierungsangebote zu machen, ihnen in Aussicht zu stellen, dass sie auch eine erhöhte Chance erhalten, vorzeitig entlassen zu werden, wenn sie mitarbeiten und sich aktiv um eine straffreie Wiedereingliederung bemühen. Die Möglichkeiten einer vorzeitigen Entlassung sollten somit gezielt zur Motivierung der Insassen für eine Änderung und Mitarbeit bei Resozialisierungsprogrammen eingesetzt werden, und zwar von Anfang an. Wer vor diesem Hintergrund an sich arbeitet, sollte, falls dann die Kriminalprognose günstig ausfällt, was eher zu erwarten ist, gezielt die Möglichkeit erhalten, vorzeitig entlassen zu werden. In diesem Sinne könnten die durchschnittlichen Inhaftierungszeiten nicht verlängert, sondern verkürzt werden, was auch zu einer Entlastung der Vollzugsanstalten beitragen könnte. Vorzeitige Entlassungen, etwa auch ein offener Strafvollzug, sollten in diesem Sinne nicht eingeschränkt, sondern ausgebaut werden. Sanktionen, etwa Freiheitsstrafen, können hinsichtlich der Änderung Straffälliger durchaus eine wichtige Rolle spielen, vor allem aber, wenn sie mit Behandlungsangeboten verbunden werden. Ein reines Wegsperren, vor allem über Jahre, hat kaum resozialisierende Effekte, im Gegenteil.

„Nauka prawa […] stała się nieuchronnie potrzebną nie tylko przez swą użyteczność, lecz obowiązki, jakie nas łączą w obywatelskim stanie”1. O tradycji i nowoczesności w nauczaniu prawa w Księstwie Warszawskim i Królestwie Polskim (1807–1830)

Author(s): Anna M. Rosner / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2015

The teaching of law in the Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815) and the Kingdom of Poland (1815–1832) was due to the implementation of requirements concerning new judicial and administrative posts. Law education was now obligatory, in contrast to the Republic of Nobles (XVI–XVIII cent.). That is why the new law schools were established: the School of Law and Administration in the Duchy of Warsaw, and the Law and Administration Faculty of the Warsaw University in the Kingdom of Poland. The new social stratification and the establishment of a social class of the intelligentsia were in progress, and judicial posts were now open to persons of non-noble origin. The School of Law and Administration created its own modern program for the teaching of law. In addition to the theory of law, the new program also implemented the elements of general knowledge, as well as law education, known from the Republic of Nobles: the basis of all active citizenship. These components were creating a new understanding of the terms “state” and “nation".

„Nec facere nos posse credendum est” Ein Interpretationsversuch zur Papinian D. 28, 7, 15

Author(s): Gergely Deli / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2012

The article concerns the famous Papinian fragment (D. 28, 7, 15) from Justinian’s Digest. It offers a new, alternative approach for proper understanding of the highly contested text. It argues that the condition in question has been physically possible but illegal. The problem was that illegal conditions were valid according to civil law (ius civile) of that time. However, if the condition had only been cancelled the outcome would have been strikingly unjust. Thus, the jurist making the decision wanted to refute the entire testament. For this reason he considered the condition (morally) impossible with the argument that an honest man cannot do anything against his own piety, reputation, and sense of decency.

„Neigimo nusikaltimų“ atsiradimas Lietuvos baudžiamojoje teisėje ir pirmieji šios normos taikymo atvejai

Author(s): Justinas Žilinskas / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

The present article analyses the so-called ‘crime of denial’ recently established in Article 1702 of the Lithuanian Criminal Code. It describes how this crime was introduced in the Lithuanian Law, and the reasons for its present form and challenges. The crime has been applied in two instances (Stankeras case and Paleckis case). The author discusses these two instances of application, critically reviews the arguments of the Prosecutor’s Office and of the court of first instance and shows that at least in the first cases of application of this crime, its objectives and particularities are misunderstood.

„Nichtgeborene Kinder des Liberalismus? – die Zivilgesetzgebung in Mitteleuropa in der Zwischenkriegszeit“

Author(s): Petra Skřejpková / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2017

„Nichtgeborene Kinder des Liberalismus? – die Zivilgesetzgebung in Mitteleuropa in der Zwischenkriegszeit“

„Niebieski pokój” – czyli przyjazny dzieciom pokój przesłuchań w świetle obowiązujących przepisów

Author(s): Karolina Korol / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2016

Before Polish legislation regulated this aspect, psychologists often criticised lack of separate regulations concerning the special treatment of minors. Psychologists claim that during conducting this legal action one needs to take into account many additional factors, such as the emotional development of a child and the child’s emotional maturity and sense of security. The idea of friendly rooms for interrogation was a crowning achievement of appealing for a psychological and legal environment for many years. The aim of this article is to present the idea of friendly rooms of interrogation in light of current regulations, and also to present the origin of the idea up to its realisation and the change of legal regulations in this matter. It is also necessary to prove, basing on analysis of the origin of establishing these rooms and legal regulations, that the existence of blue rooms is essential and intentional in order to provide correctness of proceedings with the participation of children in an appropriately adjusted environment. The standards of interrogation of minors, witnesses and victims, and instructions in relation to the appearance and equipment of interrogation and technical rooms are described in the article. Also addressed is the procedure involved when interrogating minors in so-called ”blue rooms”. The ultimate goal of the article is to find an answer to the question of whether the protection of a child in the light of the legal regulations in force is effective.

„Nierównie skrupulatniejsze i szczegółów sięgające są prawa litewskie względem polowania. Duch jednakże tego prawodawstwa różny był w różnych..."

Author(s): Sławomir Godek / Language(s): / Issue: 7/2014

Due to the rapid economic changes which took place in Lithuania in the 16th century, there emerged a strong trend to further codify the regulations regarding forestry, beekeeping, fishery, and hunting. This trend found its reflection in the legal rules of that time, including the Statutes of Lithuania of 1529, 1566, and 1588. The particular regulations included in these codifications reflect the gradual process of consolidation of the rules regarding the exclusive hunting rights of the owner. In the light of those rules, it is possible to notice a certain tendency to formulate increasingly restrictive bans on hunting on somebody else’s grounds as well as to gradually limit the possibility to pursue the animal on somebody else’s land. At the same time, however, the statutory law attempted to limit the possibility of a potential conflict arising on those grounds, especially with regard to the practice of wchody (the right to enter royal forests and utilise royal property such as timber, hay, etc.), extremely popular in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The attention to detail when it comes to this particular area of the Lithuanian law can be seen, e.g., in the detailed regulations concerning protection of birds’ nests or beaver lodges.

„Obligația principală” - reper al reducerii penalității vădit excesive

Author(s): Maria Dumitru-Nica / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2016

The provisions of art. 1541 (1) b) of the Romanian Civil Code gave the Court the possibility to reduce the penalty clause when it is manifestly excessive compared to the prejudice that could have been foreseen by the parties when signing the contract. The maximum limit of the Court’s interference was also set: the penalty – even reduced – must remain superior to the main obligation under the sanction of deeming as unwritten the clause that would allow the contrary. The surprising threshold chosen by the Romanian legislator generates a great deal of difficulties in practice. Therefore, we find it appropriate that a future form of art. 1541 of the Romanian Civil Code – the need for which we argued several times – would also refer to this matter. Deeming the contrary clause as unwritten, as indicated by art. 1541 (3) of the Romanian Civil Code – a new sanction in Romanian private law – is part of our research as well.

„Oni vám už toho císaře pána vyženou z hlavy.“ Hostinský Palivec, Jaroslav Hašek a trestný čin velezrady

Author(s): Marek Starý / Language(s): Czech / Issue: Coll./2011

Die Abenteuer des braven Soldaten Schwejk gehören unbestreitbar zu den weltberühmten tschechischen literarischen Werken des 20. Jahrhunderts. Es ist wahrscheinlich weniger bekannt, dass der Autor zweimal wegen Hochverrat währen des 1. Weltkrieges beschuldigt war. Der Beitrag zeigt die Veränderungen der Definition dieses Delikts im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts und befasst sich mit der Frage, inwieweit Jaroslav Hašek die österreichische Rechtsordnung gekannt hat. Er widmet sich auch der Frage ob es heute möglich ist, die Reflexion des wirklichen, damals geltenden Rechts zwischen den Zeilen der grotesken Ereignisse des Haupthelden zu finden.

„OPRÁVNĚNĚ“ NEOPRÁVNĚNÁ DRAŽBA MOVITÝCH VĚCÍ DLE ZÁKONA Č. 120/2001 SB., O SOUDNÍCH EXEKUTORECH A EXEKUČNÍ ČINNOSTI („EXEKUČNÍ ŘÁD“) – TRESTNĚPRÁVNÍ

Author(s): Jan Vylegala / Language(s): Czech / Issue: SUPPL./2008

This contribution reacts to selected current legal problems and describes some of the results of the distress of the personal property, especially criminal liability of the distrainer and the Crime of Abuse of Powers of a Public Official and the Crime of Fraud. The distressed sale of the personal property which was listed by the distraining enforcers, causes this criminal liability of the distrainer, because the making of the list of the personal property by the distraining enforces is illegal. In general, act contrary to law cannot be convalidate by act under the law. The own distressed sale (the distressed sale itself) can be under the law. But if particular act is contrary to law (the making of the list of the personal property), the following act (the distressed sale of this personal property) must be also contrary to law. So if the distrainer make the distressed sale of the personal property which was listed by distraining enforcers, commits especially the Crime of Abuse of Powers of a Public Official and may commit the Crime of Fraud.

„Orzekanie w granicach środka odwoławczego” – w kwestii prawidłowej wykładni przepisu art. 433 § 1 kpk.

Author(s): Antoni Bojańczyk,Adam Górski,Marcin Klonowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 23/2018

This article describes the scope of jurisdiction over a case in the second instance in three legislative states of criminal procedure. The scope of jurisdiction of the case is a basic term in the perspective of the right to defence. Indication of the limits of jurisdiction case influences the possibility to execute the principle of the material truth. The subject of an article is description of the status of objections as one of the elements which have significant influence on jurisdiction over the case in the second instance. The authors submit that on the basis of the legislative state before 1 July 2015, objections were an element of the limits of the mean of recourse if one of the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure obligated the party to formulate such objections. Moreover, regardless of an approval of basic direction of changes, the authors point to the negative aspects of the regulation which came into force aft er 1 July 2015. Obligating non-professionals to formulate objections is recognized as the main drawback of the regulation. Also, regulation aft er 15 April 2016 is subjected to critical analysis, because the limits of jurisdiction over the case depend on actual raising the objections, not on the obligation to raise them.

„Osoba podejrzana”, „podejrzany” i „oskarżony” w polskim procesie karnym – zakres pojęciowy

Author(s): Mariusz Kucharczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

The subject of this article is nomenclatural interpretation of the notions of “a person of interest”, “a suspect” and “a defendant” in Polish Code of Criminal Procedure – the parties in criminal proceedings who are suspected of committing a crime or who are charged with a crime. The article discusses the legal definitions of the word “suspect” according to Article 71 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (i.e. a person against whom a statement of objections has been issued and a person who has been charged on the grounds of examination of the person in question as a suspect) as well as the word “defendant” according to Article 71 § 2 and 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (sensu stricto and sensu largo). Moreover, the article provides an overview of the available definitions of “a suspect” and “a person of interest” – parties named directly in the Code of Criminal Procedure.In addition to that, the article discusses the notion of “actual suspect” (whose definition and understanding varies in the doctrine), which emerged from the previously effective Code of Criminal Procedure. The article analyses the legal standing of such an “actual suspect” in the context of Article 233 § 1a of the Criminal Code (a regulation which is considered potentially unconstitutional).While discussing the figure of the “suspect”, the author analyzes terms such as “issuing” and “preparation” – in connection with Article 71 § 1 and 313 § 1 of the Criminal Code and the lack of agreement within the discipline regarding the precise time at which the statement of objections has been issued (which is connected with obtaining the position of the passive party to proceedings in criminal procedure).Moreover, the article discusses in some detail the legal standing of a person against which a motion has been presented, according to Article 354 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, regarding the discontinuation of proceedings and issuing preventive measures protecting the person of an insane perpetrator – in the context of nomenclature.

„Osoba polskiego pochodzenia”. Terminologiczno-prawny aspekt represji po powstaniu styczniowym na Ziemiach Zabranych

Author(s): Roman Jurkowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The development of the system of reprisals against the Polish landed gentry in the Taken Lands after the fall of the January Uprising (1864) resulted in the need to legally define the subject of system restrictions by the Russian state. It was therefore necessary to determine who was a “person of Polish descent”, and devise a method of separating such a person from other inhabitants of a multinational and multi-religious society living in the former Commonwealth lands taken by Russia. The purpose was to determine who should pay the contribution imposed on the Polish population for participating in the January Uprising (1863–64) and who should be subject to restrictions in the land sales in the Western guberniyas. This was done not only by special committees (Western Committee), and special commissions (e.g. for the Settlement of the Russian Element in the Western Country of 1865), but also state ministries (mainly the Ministry of the Interior), successive state cabinets (especially under Tsar Alexander III), and governor-generals from Vilno and Kiev as well as more zealous Russifiers in the persons of governors from nine Lithuanian-Belarusian-Ukrainian guberniyas. This task turned out to be too difficult for members of the Russian bureaucratic machine; in practice, the ethnic differentiator (sometimes based on the everyday language) was combined with the religious one (Catholic). So the “person of Polish descent” was usually a Pole who used Polish at home and professed Catholic faith. Problems appeared when the landowner was of Polish nationality, he spoke Polish, but he was not Catholic, e.g. Orthodox, or he was Catholic, he spoke Polish, but he considered himself a German, or worse, a Russian! In the face of such cases, which were not uncommon, everything (i.e. paying contributions and the right to trade in land) depended on the decision of an individual governor.

„Owoce zatrutego drzewa” z perspektywy oskarżyciela publicznego w aspekcie konstytucyjnych podstaw procesu karnego

Author(s): Mariusz Krasoń / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

The problems of the so-called poisonous tree in the course of the preliminary legal proceedings appear and continue to appear basically in every individual instance of the evaluation of the body of evidence submitted to the public prosecutor’s department. The task of the public prosecutor’s department has to do inter alia with the keeping of law and order and the supervision of the prosecution of crime. This task is realised by the supervision of the consistency of the preliminary legal proceedings with the law, and the initialisation and the performance of operational-examination activities by law enforcement organs in the scope of activities which is stipulated in the acts of law which regulate the organisation and the object of activities of these organs. The supervision which was indicated should be realised in an in-depth, comprehensive and substantive manner. Within the framework of the evaluation of the activities engaged by other organs, including those that are authorised to execute and conduct operation-related activities, the public prosecutor is obliged to evaluate the correctness of the process of the accumulation of evidence and the making of decisions in terms of the scope and the means of utilising the said evidence. Such control may and should be conducted with reference to the constitutional principles, described particularly in Art. 2 – the principle of a democratic state of law, Art. 7 – the principle of legalism, Art. 45 Par. 1 – the principle of the right to a trial and the resulting principle of the right to due process. The regulations of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland have not been modified since 1997, therefore with the changed state of the regulations of the Code of Criminal Law (the addition of new regulations in Art. 168 a and b ) or the competence-related acts of law, it is still possible to interpret these regulation in terms of the constitutional norms which were indicated. The new content which was introduced to the code of criminal procedure is a source of serious constitution-related doubts, and the evaluation of the material which was submit ted to be treated during criminal proceedings may lead to statements that the very fact of having acquired a piece of evidence with the violation of regulations or by means of a criminal offense and the simultaneous violation of the regulations of the Constitutions is sufficient to preclude the utilisation of a given piece of evidence in these legal proceedings and to preclude the establishment of the actual state of affairs on the basis of such a piece of evidence. It is impossible to accept a situation in which the functionaries of the state, i.e. of public authorities, can collect evidence-related material in violation of the law which is binding and it is in keeping with the law that, on the basis of this material, citizens may bear criminal responsibility.

„PARAFIA W PRAWIE KANONICZNYM I W PRAWIE POLSKIM”, REDAKCJA SŁAWOJ LESZEK GŁÓDŹ, JÓZEF KRUKOWSKI, MIROSŁAW SITARZ, LUBLIN [2013], TNKUL, s. 293, ISBN 978-83-7306-616-8

Author(s): Marcin Nabożny,Władysław Wyszowadzki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 21/2014

„Piercing the Corporate Veil Doctrine in Poland?” A Comparative Perspective

Author(s): Michał Rządkowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

This article explains the concept of piercing the corporate veil doctrine which is widely recognised in common law countries. Generally, the doctrine allows the extension of liability for a company’s debts to shareholders and officers, if any kind of fraud or unfairness is involved. This dissertation focuses on differences between American and British attitudes towards the doctrine and analyses the grounds for the what is known as “judicial piercing” and “statutory piercing”. Nevertheless, the main purpose of this paper is to answer the question of whether the piercing doctrine can be applied to the Polish legal system. Officially, it has never been recognised by Polish jurisprudence and courts. However, in-depth research on that issue can provide really surprising results. It seems that current statutory measures in Poland can extend the liability of a company towards officers, directors etc. and can easily be compared with “statutory piercing”. The article also touches on the problem of shareholders’ tort liability under Polish law. Furthermore, the article sheds light on the new Polish Insolvency Act and its consequences for the concept of corporate liability as well as the “Amber Gold” case, one of the biggest financial scandals in Poland for many years.

„Plantowanie” wyborów posłów, komisarzy i urzędników przez stronnictwo regalistyczne na sejmiku województwa kijowskiego w Żytomierzu w 1790 roku

Author(s): Tadeusz Srogosz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

„Polska w soczewce”. Ewolucja i modernizacja systemu opieki/pomocy społecznej w perspektywie instytucjonalnej

Author(s): Krzysztof Chaczko / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

In this article, I discuss the evolution of social welfare in Poland. I focus on the institutional perspective, which shows changes in the institutions in this area. In the first part, I present the development of social welfare in the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939) and then describe changes in the communist period and the Thrid Republic after 1989. At the end of my contribution, I discuss the plans for the modernisation of the Polish social welfare system.

„POZITIVNO DEFINIRANE OBAVEZE DRŽAVE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE“

Author(s): Lada Sadiković / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2010

The European Convention offers great privileges to as well as lays certain liabilities upon all signatory states, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. European Human Rights Court classified those liabilities into two categories, that is negativelly and positively defined liabilities. As different from negative liabilities, in charge of Human Rights Court ever since its establishment, the positive liabilities of the states derive from the very contents of the European Convention and thus have become particularly interesting by the end of the sixties. Those do have an enormous importance for the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina since it is necessary to reshape fundamental constructional contradictions and incompleteness of its Constitution.