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Akvizityviniai veiksmažodžiai gauti ir tekti senuosiuose XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštuose

Author(s): Erika Jasionytė-Mikučionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 67/2015

The present paper deals with the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ as a means of acquisitive modality in the 16th–17th century texts of Old Lithuanian. The realizations of acquisitive modality in Old Lithuanian have not been examined yet. Thus, the aim of the paper is to explore the use of the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ in the selected Old Lithuanian texts and to discuss the potential direction of the development of their modal meanings. The study of the Old Lithuanian writings shows that both verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ are most frequently used as non-modal verbs in Old Lithuanian. The verb gauti ‘get’ typically comes in personal constructions, while the verb tekti ‘be gotten’ appears in impersonal as well as personal constructions. The Lithuanian verbs under consideration denote acquisition in the constructional patterns with NP as their grammatical object. However, the thorough analysis of the verbs in the selected texts also reveals evidence of their modal use. The modal meanings of the verbs under study are prominent in constructions with an infinitival complement. Both acquisitive verbs allow modal readings with transitive as well as intransitive verb complements. Gauti ‘get’ functions as a modal verb more frequently than tekti ‘be gotten’. The few modal instances of the latter have been found only in non-original texts. Moreover, the verb tekti ‘be gotten’ can express participant-external modality only (possibility or necessity). However, since the examples of modal tekti ‘be gotten’ come from the translations from Polish, the influence of the source language should not be overlooked. In contrast, the verb gauti ‘get’ functions as a modal verb in both original and non-original Lithuanian texts, and it expresses actualized possibility, participant-internal and participant-external possibility. It was noticed that the participant-external use is more frequent than the participant-internal one. Since in Contemporary Lithuanian gauti ‘get’ is specialized for expressing participant-external modality, we may assume that participant-internal possibility might have disappeared over time. It is also worth to note that in the texts under analysis gauti ‘get’ does not display the modal meaning of necessity, which is a frequent use of the verb in Contemporary Lithuanian. Thus, its meaning of modal necessity may have developed later than the meaning of possibility. Moreover, it has been observed that gauti ‘get’ typically occurs as a modal verb in the texts published in Minor Lithuania.

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Priklausymo atributiniai junginiai

Author(s): Laimutė Bučienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2004

Possessive phrases indicate the belonging of a thing ori ts other relations. In the case of inalienable possession a possessed thing cannot be separated from possessor without breaking its integrity. Such phrases denote the relations of the whole complex to its part (e.g. merginos pirštai, namo langai, žmogaus siela, pyrago skonis, savimeilės išraiška). The possessed things in alienable possession are not perceived necessary or possible to the possessor in general. Alienable possession expresses kinship (dukros sūnus), position (vedėjo sekretorė), ownership (mano mašina), autorship (Maironio eilėraštis) relations.

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VELIUONOS APYLINKIŲ PRAVARDŽIŲ SEMANTIKOS YPATUMAI: PIRMINĖS PRAVARDĖS

Author(s): Ilona Mickienė,Rita Baranauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 29(34)/2016

The article focuses on the analysis of 425 primary nicknames recorded in Veliuona vicinity aiming to deduce their most common semantic features. The semantics of nicknames, their origins and common connotations are examined in greater detail. When analysing nickname semantics, the motives for nickname attribution and dictionary definitions are taken into account. Examining nicknames semantically, first of all, the basis for nickname derivation is determined, i.e., a proper word meaning the name of an individual object or an appellative meaning, the generalised name of an object. Further on, the nicknames are classified into smaller semantic groups. The research has disclosed that the greater group of nicknames is comprised of appellatives, which stand for a generalised name of an object (339 nicknames, 79.8 per cent), while nicknames made of proper names constitute the smaller group (86 nicknames, 20.2 per cent). The analysis of nickname semantics has detected semantic groups, which reflect the system of forming primary nicknames in Veliuona vicinity. The semantic classification of primary nicknames proposed in the article is in principle new with reference to Vanagas classification scheme of hydronym semantics; therefore, it is open for discussion, improvement and complementation.

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EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE IN LITHUANIAN STUDENTS’ ENGLISH WRITING. A STUDY OF IMPORTANT AND INTERESTING

Author(s): Lina Bikelienė / Language(s): English Issue: 29(34)/2016

Critical thinking, as one of the competences to be developed at universities, requires the ability to evaluate. Though different parts of speech can fall under the category of evaluative language, adjectives are among the most frequently used means to express evaluation. The present study is limited to the use of two positive evaluative adjectives in Lithuanian learner English. It aims to analyse whether the use of “interesting” and “important” in Lithuanian students’ writing depends on the text genre, language proficiency, educational institution variables and whether it differs in NNS and NS writing. The data were obtained from the Lithuanian parts of the Corpus of Academic Learner English and the International Corpus of Learner English, the corpus of the first year students’ examination essays written at Vilnius University and comparable native English corpora. The results of the study indicate overuse of “important” and “interesting” in Lithuanian students’ corpora and highlight the different roles that the variables under consideration play in the use of the studied adjectives.

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Imperatyvinės kilmės diskurso markeriai lietuvių kalboje: klausyk ir žiūrėk atvejis

Author(s): Erika Jasionytė-Mikučionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 68/2016

The present paper deals with the imperatives of intentional visual as well as auditory perception as pragmatic markers in Lithuanian. The pragmatic functions of the imperative forms of the Lithuanian perception verbs have not been examined yet. Thus, the aim of the paper is to explore the frequency of the imperatives klausyk ‘listen’ and žiūrėk ‘look’ and the way in which they are used. The data have been collected from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely its subcorpus of fiction texts. The study shows that the Lithuanian imperatives of intentional visual as well as auditory perception are multifunctional and exhibit a variety of functions: the directive to listen or to look, the attention-getting device, the argumentation marker, the directive to consider, the interruptive directive and others. The uses that the imperatives under study share are: the directive to listen or to look, the attention-getting device, the directive to change the topic and the argumentation marker. Besides the functions mentioned above, the imperative of intentional visual perception is used to express the speaker’s contradiction to what is said. The imperative of intentional auditory perception, by contrast, cannot fulfil this function. In the subcorpus of fiction texts, the number of the occurrences of the imperative žiūrėk ‘look’ is larger than the number of the occurrences of the imperative klausyk ‘listen’. The relatively higher frequency of žiūrėk ‘look’ correlates with a wider range of uses. As a pragmatic marker, the Lithuanian žiūrėk ‘look’ is most typical as the expressive directive that conveys the speaker’s stance toward visually accessible information or the interlocutor’s speech. Žiūrėk ‘look’ as an attention-getter or an argumentation marker is not as typical as its correspondences in other languages. However, in contrast to its auditory counterpart, the imperative of intentional visual perception retains more of its lexical meaning and its imperative use can be based on such lexical readings as ‘to think, imagine’, ‘to take care of somebody’ or others. Klausyk ‘listen’ in its turn is more typically pragmatic. It most often serves as an attention-getting device by which the speaker seeks to obtain the addressee’s attention. As an attention-getter, klausyk ‘listen’ usually appears in a clause-initial position and it is usually followed by questions.

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Mažosios baltų kalbos?

Author(s): Vytautas Kardelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 68/2016

The present study deals with the identification of minor Baltic languages, namely Yatvingian, Curonian, Semigallian and Selonian. Although this question has received much attention in traditional Baltic studies, close analysis of the empirical data shows that the criteria for distinguishing these languages should be reconsidered. The present study revises the traditional classification of the minor Baltic languages and verifies hypotheses raised in the most important works by Būga (1958–1961), Dini (2000; 2014), Kabelka (1982), Karaliūnas (2015), Mažiulis (1994), Salys (1995), Zinkevičius (1984) and the Encyclopedia of the Lithuanian Language (2008). The question arises whether the minor Baltic languages could be distinguished on the basis of features discussed in the literature. Thorough analysis of their distinctive features and the prominence of the latter (see Figure 7) show absence of reliable linguistic data and clear arguments which would allow us to make a distinction between Yatvingian, Curonian, Semigallian and Selonian. The present study verifies the role of historical regions, place names and Lithuanian dialects in distinguishing these languages. Historical regions are not a reliable criterion because some Baltic tribes and areas had apparently independent languages, while other tribes and areas did not. Similarly, place names, recorded in Lithuanian and Latvian subdialects, cannot be regarded as a reliable criterion because the linguistic evidence they provide for the identity of these languages is insufficient. Individual place names should be thoroughly analyzed on the basis of archeological, historical, sociolinguistic and migration data, though these data may be difficult to obtain. The features of Lithuanian dialects and their geography, which should also be considered from a typological perspective, unfold from the substratum theory of the minor Baltic “languages”. Revision of the traditional classification of the minor Baltic languages yields paradoxical results. Firstly, distinguishing these languages on the basis of phonetic features, which turn out to be unreliable, seems to be inadequate. Secondly, today Lithuanian Baltic studies tend to emphasize the archaic character of the Baltic languages, which naturally implies stability, slow change, etc. However, emphasis on the archaic character of the Baltic languages implies not only differentiation of the minor Baltic languages but also considerable differentiation of the Lithuanian dialects (see Zinkevičius 1984, 9; 2006, 17). The results obtained are clearly contradictory. Analysis of the minor Baltic “languages” should combine both typophobic and typophilial1 approach. The former identifies differences and explores individual features, whereas the latter identifies similarities, establishes relations between entities and draws generalizations. Typophilial approach unavoidably leads to the typological research into Lithuanian and Latvian, the surviving Baltic languages. Both approaches may raise a hypothesis that the Baltic area is probably homogenous rather than divergent. The archaic character of the Baltic languages and their relatively slow change may be the result of their slight internal differentiation. Typophobic and typophilial approaches may be combined with dialectometrics, an effective method of analysis, which has not been applied in Lithuanian linguistics yet. The approaches and methods mentioned above could benefit both minor and major Baltic languages and their history.

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Lokalizacijos raiška lietuviškojoje Georgo Wenkerio medžiagoje

Author(s): Daiva Kardelytė-Grinevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 68/2016

The present study deals with the expression of localization in the German-Lithuanian translations compiled by George Wenker in the years 1879 to 1890 in the villages of Minor Lithuania, which used to be part of the German territory. The whole corpus of the translations comprises 59 pages; each page contains 40 sentences written in High German and translated into Lithuanian. Since almost half of the German sentences (their overall number is 557) illustrate localization in space, the present study focuses on 14 German sentences exemplifying spatial relations of different complexity and examines their Lithuanian translations. The aim of the study is to investigate the means of expression of spatial relations in the German-Lithuanian translations, to analyze their motivation and authenticity within the framework of cognitive semantics, namely the theory of meaning construction and interpretation. A comparative method is applied in order to identify the authenticity of the means of expression. In the first stage of the qualitative analysis a spatial scene was identified and illustrated in a general image schema in the German original sentences. The second stage of the analysis involved the conceptualization of spatial relations and their means of expression in the Lithuanian translations. The study explored the inventory of expressions of localization in the Lithuanian translations, their choice and authenticity. The findings show that the trajector or its movement towards a landmark is realized by prepositional constructions. The latter may co-occur with adverbs specifying spatial relations, which are also attested in the German originals. Place or direction is rarely marked by inessive and illative case. A variety of correspondences found in the Lithuanian translations may be dependent on the complexity of spatial scenes attested in the German originals. Simple spatial scenes involving one or two trajectors or their movement towards a landmark are rendered by prototypical expressions. Specified by additional reference to place in the German originals, they are most frequently translated literally. The translations of complex spatial scenes display the widest variety of correspondences which may represent literal or free translation. Prototypical expressions of localization were chosen when translating simple spatial scenes, whereas literal translation was more common when rendering complex scenes or simple scenes containing additional reference to place. However, literal translation may as well mirror the translatorʼs dialect, which shows alternative expressions of localization.

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Accentuation Models of Disyllabic Nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian Dialect

Author(s): Vilija Ragaišienė / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2016

The article provides an analysis of the accentuation of disyllabic nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian (SAuk) dialect spoken in Southern Lithuania (Alytus, Lazdijai, Varėna, Šalčininkai, Druskininkai and Trakai districts). The term pietų aukštaičiai (southern Aukštaitians) was coined by scholars; because of certain phonetic peculiarities of the dialect, the inhabitants of southern Lithuania consider themselves to be dzūkai (Dzūkians). The SAuk has been of special interest to both dialectologists and Baltic language specialists for a long time. The archaic grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, phonetic, accentual and lexical peculiarities that are features of these dialects are intertwined with new phenomena and thus reveal many stages of the development of the dialect of the Southern Aukštaitians, which in turn can be of help in finding answers to some unanswered questions about the development and usage of language. For this reason more attention and research has been devoted to the SAuk dialect and its broader connections with language as a whole. The article analyses the tendencies of the accentuation parallels of disyllabic nouns with ā, ē, a and i̯a1 stems in the SAuk dialect. Drawing on audio and written sources dating from 1952–2015, the spread of the accentuation variants of the words and their forms in the same subdialect, separate subdialects and/or their groups are discussed; the accentuation patterns of disyllabic nouns with the productive ā, ē, a and i̯a stems that are stressed in various ways are described, and the nature of their prevalence in the area of the dialect is established. The study uses quantitative, geolinguistic and comparative methods.

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The modal verb galėti ʻcan/could/may/mightʼ in academic Lithuanian: distribution, frequency and semantic properties

Author(s): Jolanta Šinkūnienė / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2016

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the frequency and distribution patterns as well as the spectrum of modal meanings conveyed by the Lithuanian modal verb of possibility galėti ‘can/could/may/might’ in academic Lithuanian. The study is based on Corpus Academicum Lithuanicum (www.coralit.lt), a specialized synchronic corpus of written academic Lithuanian (roughly 9 million words). In order to allow a disciplinary comparison, the paper analyses the use of this modal verb in academic texts from three science fields: the humanities, the biomedical sciences and the technological sciences. Quantitative and qualitative approaches are employed alongside corpus-based analysis to reveal the ways in which this modal verb of possibility is used in academic language. The first part of the paper investigates the frequency patterns of various forms of galėti ‘can/could/may/might’ in the three science fields. The second part looks at the variety of meanings this modal verb can convey in Lithuanian specialised language. The results show that there is a fairly similar distribution of this modal verb across different science fields. In terms of its semantic functional capacities, galėti ‘can/could/may/might’ is used to convey all three types of modality (epistemic, deontic and dynamic), however, the most frequent use in Lithuanian academic discourse seems to be that of dynamic modality.

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Normatyvinis vyriškumas tarpukario lietuvos spaudoje ir reklamoje: Karininko įvaizdis

Author(s): Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė,Inga Būblaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 31 (36)/2017

The present article is an extended research of the expression of normative masculinity, aiming at complementing the studies on the history of culture and advertising, and the perception of masculinity in the First Independent Republic of Lithuania as well as demonstrating the tendencies of male self-identification process in the interwar context. First research results were published in the article “Masculinity Representation in Lithuanian Interwar Press Advertising” (Bankauskaitė, Stravinskaitė 2016). The prevailing images of masculinity were divided into several groups: a heroic superman, a successful careerist, a family man and a hedonistic or narcissistic man. This article complements the normative collection of masculinity with the image traits of an officer. It is the one who, due to the influence of aesthetic standards, fundamental national values active, physical education and aviation achievements, was associated with the highest level of masculinity in the interwar advertising. Active masculine physical power, courage, determination and a wish to dominate, conveyed in the advertisements and articles, are especially important constituent parts of a normative model of masculinity. The model of an officer includes the images of a young, handsome, and educated gentleman who served as a role model for every man in the interwar society.

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Evidential and epistemic adverbials in Lithuanian: evidence from intra-linguistic and cross-linguistic analysis

Author(s): Anna Ruskan,Audronė Šolienė / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2017

In the recent decade the realisations of evidentiality and epistemic modality in European languages have received a great scholarly interest and resulted in important investigations concerning the relation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, their means of expression and meaning extensions in various types of discourse. The present paper deals with the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly, clearly’, matyt ‘apparently, evidently’ and regis ‘seemingly’, which derive from the source domain of perception, and the epistemic necessity adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’. The aim of the paper is to explore the morphosyntactic properties of the adverbials when they are used as evidential or epistemic markers and compare the distribution of their evidential and epistemic functions in Lithuanian fiction, news and academic discourse. The data have been drawn from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian and the bidirectional translation corpus ParaCorpEN→LT→EN (Šolienė 2012, 2015). The quantitative findings reveal distributional differences of the adverbials under study across different types of discourse. Functional variation of the evidential perception-based adverbials is determined to a great extent by the degree of epistemic commitment, evidenced not only by intra-linguistic but also cross-linguistic data. The non-perception based adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’ are the primary adverbial markers of epistemic necessity in Lithuanian, though some of them may have evidential meaning extensions. A parallel and comparable corpus-based analysis has once again proved to be a very efficient tool for diagnosing language-specific features and describing an inventory used to code language-specific evidential and epistemic meanings.

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KONSTANTINO SIRVYDO PUNKTŲ SAKYMŲ KRITINIS LEIDIMAS: PRAEITIS, DABARTIS IR ATEITIES PERSPEKTYVOS

Author(s): Ilona Mickienė,Rita Baranauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 33(38)/2018

Date: November 29, 2017 Place: Kaunas Faculty for Literature and Translation

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Pietų aukštaičių patarmės paribiai: sintaksinių konstrukcijų kaita

Author(s): Nijolė Tuomienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2019

he dialectological and sociolinguistic material from the Southern Aukštaitian borderland is under the investigation in this article. The most recent records of the speaker of the Lithuanian Southern Aukštaitian in Šalčininkai district are analyzed in order to study the changes in the syntax. The peripheral area of the Southern Aukštaitian located in Šalčininkai district is surrounded or, speaking more precisely, in contact with languages other than Lithuanian, i. e. Belarusian and Polish, and relatively recently with the Russian language as well. The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of interception and convergence of syntactic compounds in the Lithuanian dialect of Šalčininkai district. The paper is based on ideas by Vytautas Ambrazas (2006) on this topic. Because of continuous language contact a lot of variants in the present Lithuanian dialect of Šalčininkai region have developed. For example, very frequently the prepositions ant ‘on’, dėl ‘for’, į ‘to’, po ‘after’ used in combination with case tend to acquire more specific meanings. A lot of them become analogous to those found in the neighbouring Slavic languages and thus are often alien for Lithuanian. The impact of standard Lithuanian cannot be totally disregarded either. The Lithuanian and Slavic languages are in active contact in these neighbourhoods, that is’ why they tend to develop the same patterns and constructions. In many cases the local Belarusian dialect, known as the poprostu (‘plain language’ – a local variant of the Belarusian northwestern dialect), plays a stimulating role here. Relatively recently all three contact languages, i.e. Lithuanian, Belarusian and Polish, have acquired numerous lexical and grammatical borrowings in the dialects of Šalčininkai neighborhoods. This is one of the conditions for accelerating the incorporation and adoption of alien syntactic patterns in the Lithuanian language. In intense contact, borrowing is not limited to several different patterns because syntactic rules could be adopted as well. Surely, the archaic constructions could acquire entirely new semantic content. The prepositional phrases have been adopted and used not instead of pure cases, but rather alongside with them.

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Acquisition of Noun Inflection in Lithuanian as a Foreign Language: a Qualitative Study

Author(s): Anzhalika Dubasava / Language(s): English Issue: 37(42)/2020

The aim of the research was to investigate how native speakers of Russian, which is a highly complex inflectional language, cope with the acquisition of the similar by structure and complexity Lithuanian language. The subjects were adults of different age and education who learned Lithuanian in Belarus. I analyse errors related to the acquisition of noun case. The errors are divided into formal (acquisition of endings) and conceptual ones (choice of the appropriate case). I shortly compare my results with the results of similar research conducted in Lithuania where the subjects were native speakers of different languages. The results of the study show that similar errors are typical for native speakers of different languages irrespective of their morphological complexity. A complex inflectional system of a native language is not necessarily beneficial, but it seems to give some advantages for the acquisition of semantic (not syntactic) cases.

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Melnikienė, Danguolė, Dictionnaire lituanien–français / Lietuvių–prancūzų kalbų žodynas

Author(s): Aurelija Leonavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 73/2020

Review of: Aurelija Leonavičienė - Melnikienė, Danguolė. Dictionnaire lituanien–français / Lietuvių–prancūzų kalbų žodynas. Paris: Hermann Éditeur, 2020, pp. 1151, ISBN 9791037003232.

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Lietuvių ir baltarusių kalbų fonetikos sąveika Rodūnios apylinkėse

Author(s): Nijolė Tuomienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 40 (45)/2021

The research focuses on the interaction of the Lithuanian and Belarusian languages in the surroundings of Radun (Belarus, Voranava district, Lith. Rodūnia). Employing the language change methodology, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the most prominent cases of phonetic interference of two – old and middle – generations of residents in both languages spoken by them. The data show that the oldest residents are expressing both languages using the Lithuanian articulatory base. Over time, the characteristic Lithuanian features begin to level: varies the pronunciation of a; in open endings, the long tense vowels i, ы are usually pronounced as é; unstressed vowels are reduced inconsistently, etc. As Lithuanian is for the middle-generation speakers, it already demonstrates essential changes, which occurred because they started expressing their Lithuanian using the Belarusian articulatory base. First of all, they usually lengthen stressed short vowels; they do no longer pronounce unstressed long vowels; they do not distinguish between acute – or circumflex-accented mixed i, u + R type diphthongs; they distinguish the diphthongs ái – aũ, ái – aĩ on the accentological rather than phonetic grounds; t̑, d̑ are often replaced by palatalized palate consonants k̂, ĝ.

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STUDENTŲ VARDAI ŠIAULIŲ UNIVERSITETE

Author(s): Renata Lukošienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2 (46)/2016

Lithuanian personal names have been investigated for many years by researchers; however, little attempt has been made to study students’ names of Šiauliai University. The aim of the present article is to investigate Šiauliai University students’ names in the sociolinguistic aspect, to perform linguistic and statistical analysis of names. The article seeks to reveal the diversity, distribution, origin and semantic motivation of students’ names. The selected period is from the year 2000 to 2015. The study involved 7166 first-year full-time and part-time students, including 5776 female and 1390 male students. 735 different names were recorded, 491 female and 244 male names. It has been revealed that the most popular female name is the name of Greek origin Kristina (180 students), the second – Lithuanian name Lina (177 students), the third – Greek name Jurgita (154 students). The dominating male name is the name of Hebraic origin Tomas (72 students), the second – Lithuanian name Mindaugas (54 students), the third – Greek name Andrius (41 students). The analysis of the etymology of students’ names shows that there are more names of Lithuanian origin among the most common female names, e.g. Aušra, Daiva, Jūratė, Rasa, Vaida; however, the most frequent male names include Christian names of Hebraic, Greek, Latin, German and Celtic origin. The data collected during the investigation were compared with baby names registered in Lithuania. Statistical data were calculated on the basis of information from the compendium of the Republic of Lithuania citizens’ names, compiled by the Commission of the Lithuanian Language, and information from the Residents’ Register Service. The obtained data reveal that some Lithuanian names are clearly motivated semantically, for example, according to the character and personality traits, related to the names of certain natural phenomena and floral names. A great number of students’ names of foreign origin reflect positive socio-cultural values of the community. The research shows that Šiauliai University students’ names reflect the social and cultural atmosphere in the community and express the values dominant in the community. That was proved by more frequent old Lithuanian and Christian names and less frequent appellative and unusual avoidable diminutive names.

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The Origin of Old Prussian Dūrai

Author(s): Daniel Petit / Language(s): English Issue: 85/2021

The Old Prussian adjective dūrai ‘shy’ is traditionally connected with the Slavic family of *durь (Russian дýрь ‘stupidity’) and *durъnъ (Russian дурнóй, Polish durny ‘silly, stupid’). But the formal and semantic relationships between these two lexical families still remain obscure. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the origin of Old Prussian dūrai and particularly to motivate its derivation from a root ‘to sting, to prick’ reflected by Lithuanian dùrti. It can be suggested that this derivation is based on a phraseological expression nudùrti aki̇̀s į̇̃ žẽmę ‘to look down to the ground’ used as a sign of psychological difficulty.

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Intarpiniai ir sta kamieno deduratyvai XVI-XVII a. Lietuvių raštijoje

Author(s): Dalia Pakalniškienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 85/2021

The article investigates the morphosemantic opposition durativa / terminativa attested in the Lithuanian scripts dating back to the 16th–17th centuries. Relations of semantic and formal expression of the members of the opposition, the types of predicate situations, areal and chronological distribution are analyzed and the origin of this correlation is considered. The opposites under study are differentiated with respect to the aspectual property of telicity: primary verbs stand for a durative, boundless action, while infixed and sta-stem verbs denote a telic (usually inchoative) and punctual action, and thus can be ascribed to the actional classes of accomplishments and achievements respectively. Prefixation and the prevailing forms of the past tense play a particularly important role in denoting the predicate situations expressed by deduratives.

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Leksikos pokyčiai administracinėje Lietuvių kalboje

Author(s): Rasuolė Vladarskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 94/2021

The article addresses the lexical changes of the administrative language, which took place at the start of the 21st century. They are compared with the situation of the late 20th century. The membership in the EU placed new requirements on the administrative Lithuanian language, resulting in new nomination and expression related needs. We have to describe new phenomena, concepts, institutions, and names. Therefore, new words are borrowed; the semantics of the words that are already in use is expanded; neologisms are coined. However, some of the words fall into oblivion, as the rapid technological development is pushing out the names of items which are no longer used in paperwork. The lexical changes taking place in the administrative language are related to the specificities of the sphere of usage of this language variety. Statistical studies revealed that the vocabulary of administrative style is not varied compared to the vocabulary of other styles. For this reason, lexical renewal does not occur at a very rapid pace in this field of language usage.

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