Akvizityviniai veiksmažodžiai gauti ir tekti senuosiuose XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštuose

Author(s): Erika Jasionyte-Mikucioniene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 67/2015

The present paper deals with the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ as a means of acquisitive modality in the 16th–17th century texts of Old Lithuanian. The realizations of acquisitive modality in Old Lithuanian have not been examined yet. Thus, the aim of the paper is to explore the use of the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ in the selected Old Lithuanian texts and to discuss the potential direction of the development of their modal meanings. The study of the Old Lithuanian writings shows that both verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ are most frequently used as non-modal verbs in Old Lithuanian. The verb gauti ‘get’ typically comes in personal constructions, while the verb tekti ‘be gotten’ appears in impersonal as well as personal constructions. The Lithuanian verbs under consideration denote acquisition in the constructional patterns with NP as their grammatical object. However, the thorough analysis of the verbs in the selected texts also reveals evidence of their modal use. The modal meanings of the verbs under study are prominent in constructions with an infinitival complement. Both acquisitive verbs allow modal readings with transitive as well as intransitive verb complements. Gauti ‘get’ functions as a modal verb more frequently than tekti ‘be gotten’. The few modal instances of the latter have been found only in non-original texts. Moreover, the verb tekti ‘be gotten’ can express participant-external modality only (possibility or necessity). However, since the examples of modal tekti ‘be gotten’ come from the translations from Polish, the influence of the source language should not be overlooked. In contrast, the verb gauti ‘get’ functions as a modal verb in both original and non-original Lithuanian texts, and it expresses actualized possibility, participant-internal and participant-external possibility. It was noticed that the participant-external use is more frequent than the participant-internal one. Since in Contemporary Lithuanian gauti ‘get’ is specialized for expressing participant-external modality, we may assume that participant-internal possibility might have disappeared over time. It is also worth to note that in the texts under analysis gauti ‘get’ does not display the modal meaning of necessity, which is a frequent use of the verb in Contemporary Lithuanian. Thus, its meaning of modal necessity may have developed later than the meaning of possibility. Moreover, it has been observed that gauti ‘get’ typically occurs as a modal verb in the texts published in Minor Lithuania.

Albertas Rosinas

Author(s): Jonas Klimavicius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 83/2010

Albina Bataitytė – liko darbai ir šviesus paveikslas

Author(s): Pranas Kniukšta / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 88/2015

Alšėnai, Alšėniškis, Al(i)šauskas ir kiti

Author(s): Zigmas Zinkevicius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 66/2012

Gyvenvietės pavadinimas Alšenai dabar visuotinai įsigalėjęs. Iš jo turime pasidarę asmenvardį Alšėniškis. Plg. garsiąją Alšėniškių, Alšėnų kunigaikščių giminę. Tačiau šis pavadinimas yra antrinės kilmės. Artimesni prie kalbamosios vietovės dar nesugudėję lietuviai apie Dieveniškes, Lazūnus ją ir šalimais tekančią upę, davusią gyvenvietei vardą, vadina Galšià. Tai ir yra senasis tikrasis vietovės pavadinimas, užfiksuotas seniausiuose istorijos šaltiniuose, pvz., Galse 1385 m. Wegeberichtuose. Pavadinimas Alšenai pasidarytas iš lenkų Holszany, o šis kilo iš gudų Гальшаны, kurio šaknis Гальш- (Halš-) yra gudiškai ištarta lietuvių Galš-, o -аны, lenkų -any – slaviška (?) priesaga.

Alternatiivseid etümoloogiaid I

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 60/2014

The article presents alternative etymologies for the Estonian words koost ‘(wooden) spoon’ and kaugas ‘men’s shirt breast with a double waist, used as a pocket; wallet’ and the Northern Finnic word represented by Finnish kaukalo ‘trough’. The word koost is found primarily on the western Estonian islands. Julius Mägiste has proposed a Russian etymology for it, as a borrowing based on *kopusta ‘mixing tool’. Mägiste’s Russian etymology presumes the phonological development chain *kopusta > *koβusta > *kovosta > koost, proposed specifically for this case, which is implausible. Koost is most likely of Baltic origin, from a loan base the successors of which are lithuanian kaũstė / kaustė̃ ‘vessel hollowed out from a tree trunk, drinking horn’, latvian kaũšķins ‘ladle’ etc. Upon its borrowing, the Baltic au was replaced by ou, which later developed into a long ō. this kind of substitution and phonological development is characteristic of livonian, where vowels are in quantitative and mostly also qualitative paradigmatic alternation, including ou : ō. The borrowing has presumably come to Estonian via Livonian, where it is no (longer) recorded. Although the presumed Baltic loan base lacks phonological features of diagnostic value, the word’s geographical distribution indicates that it could have been borrowed from Curonian. The proposed connection between kaugas ‘men’s shirt breast with a double waist, used as a pocket; wallet’ and latvian kabata ‘pocket’ requires a remarkably complicated phonological adaptation for a relatively recent borrowing and is unconvincing. kaugas is most likely an older Baltic loan, having originated from the stem *kauk-, the possible Indo-European archetype of which is *(s)keu- / *kou- ‘to make curved, curved, hollow, cavity’ and/or *(s)keu- ‘to cover (up), wrap (up)’. The members of this large and diverse Baltic word family include Lithuanian káukė ‘mask, face cover, gas mask’, kiáuklas / kiáukutas ‘cover, shell’, káukė ‘mortar, wooden ladle, dish, basin etc.’, kaukẽlė ‘wooden dish’ and others. kaugas does not denote a pocket on a garment in today’s meaning. A pocket woven/sewn into a piece of clothing is a sufficiently new phenomenon that the Baltic loan base could not possibly have carried that meaning. Among the oldest forerunners of pockets was a piece of skin, which could be pulled with the aid of a sheep-split into the shape of a small round bag or purse. In this context, derivations of the *kauk- stem such as káukė and kiáuklas / kiáukutas can be seen to fit in the semantic field of the loan base. Estonian words for ‘pocket’ such as tasku, vikk, 231 kalits, kulit etc. have been borrowed into estonian on the basis of words in other languages denoting pockets. Kaugas is not among them, as it belongs to a much earlier loanword stratum. The Baltic loan base *kaukāl- / *kaukōl- ‘vessel hollowed out from a tree trunk’, the successor of which is e.g. lithuanian kaukẽlė ‘wooden dish’ has been borrowed into Finnic as *kaukal-: Salaca livonian kougil, Karelian koùgõl ‘kneading trough’, votic kaukalo / kaukolo ‘trough hollowed out of wood’, Finnish kaukalo ‘trough’ etc. the sequence -Vl in these Finnic words is the representation of the loan base’s productive deverbal affix *āl- / *ōl-, one of the essential meanings of which is conveying the result of an action. An earlier explanation held kaukalo and its equivalents to be derived from the stem kauka-‘distant, far, for a long time’, on the basis of the fact that kaukalo denotes an oblong vessel. This is, however, merely a folk etymology. The Baltic loan base contains a reference to the way in which such vessels were made.

Alternatiivseid etümoloogiaid III nuuter ja pess

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 1/2016

The article presents an alternative etymology for the words nuuter ‘cabbage root inflammation’ and pess ‘tree sponge, tinder’. The word nuutra ~ nuutri and nuutõrn(as) ~ nuudõrna, denoting a root disease in cabbage, is a dialect word restricted to southeastern Estonia. It has been documented in lexicographical sources beginning with Wiedemann’s dictionary. Osmo Nikkilä has conjectured that nuutra is a Scandinavian loanword; however, this is implausible simply due to the fact that the word is only found in southeastern Estonia, not elsewhere in the country. The loan base is more likely the Russian dialect word нутерь, нутир resp. нутр ‘(human or animal) internal organs; disease of internal organs; heart, core (of the fruit of a tree or plant)’, compare also the derivation нутрéц ‘(human or animal) cryptorchidism; hernia; parasitic intestinal worm; caterpillar, maggot, larva (in the fruit of a plant)’. The form nuudõrna and other similar forms recorded in addition to nuutra in the etomaa region, point to a repeated borrowing from a synonymous loan base, the Russian dialect word нутри́на́. The phonological substitution is unproblematic even if the у in the loan base is unstressed, since an initially unstressed vowel may lengthen when the word is borowed and the stress moves to the first syllable of the word. The word nuuter denoting a root disease in cabbage was introduced into the terminology of plant protection most likely in the late 1920s. The word pess, found in South Estonian-speaking regions (including language islands), along with its phonological variant päss, denotes primarily a birch sponge and/or the flammable material prepared from it, i.e. tinder. The past hundred years have seen several different scholarly opinions regarding the origin of pess ~ päss, but no convincing etymology has yet been found. The Finnish researcher Heikki Ojansuu has supposed that pess is a South Estonian word, the original form of which was *peksä, from which have derived päks, -e ‘egg-shaped bone tumor, ringbone (disease in horses)’, luu-päks ‘anklebone’ and päss, -a ‘thicker end, button etc.; thumb’, Estonian päkk: päka ‘boletus’ and päkk : päka ‘bump, protuberance (in the palm near the thumb, on the inner side of the front of the foot, on the hoof) etc.; thumb’. Andrus Saareste, however, believed that the word shares a root with the South Estonian verb pesmä. Julius Mägiste has repeated the claims of previous researchers regarding the possible common origin of pess and South Estonian pesmä, which in his opinion would confirm the expression tuld peksma ‘to strike fire’ recorded on Saaremaa. More recently, the etymology of pess has been discussed by the Finnish etymologist Eino Koponen, who considers the relationship with the verb pesmä implausible, because pess denotes tinder growing on trees, which has not yet been prepared for use in lighting a fire. A more believable etymological explanation, offering a better semantic justification for the name, is that the word is related to the Baltic pinti word family. The possible loan base of South Estonian pess is the Eastern Latvian pìesa2, piêsis ‘tinder’, the older Baltic equivalents of which are (Eastern) Lithuanian péntis as well as pìntis, pintìs, pintė ‘gnarls growing on rotting trees, fungus, tinder (Fomes); water-dwelling sponge (Spongia)’ and oPr pintys ‘tinder’. This Baltic word is related to the Lithuanian verb pìnti (pẽna ~ pìnti, pýnė), Latvian pît (pin, pina) ‘to plait, braid, interlace’. A Latvian etymology presupposes the replacement of a diphthong with a monophthong; there are indeed some plausible examples of this in words borrowed into South Estonian from Baltic/Latvian. The phonological variant päss, with the vowel ä, represents a secondary development which took place in the Estonian language context, under the influence of e.g. päss : pässa ‘thicker end, button etc’. Latvian pese, pesis etc is therefore a boomerang loan. The re-borrowing back into Latvian must have occurred rather early, which would explain the word’s wide distribution in northern Latvia and beyond its borders.

Ambipersonalas – ar ši kategorija tinka ir baltų kalboms?

Author(s): Markus Roduner / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 64-65/2011

This paper discusses the realization of the ambipersonal using participle forms, traditionally called passive participles, in Lithuanian and – to a much lesser extent – Latvian. As different means can be used to express the category of the ambipersonal, we concentrate in this paperon constructions with passive participles as a mean of expressing the ambipersonal. This decision was made, as these constructions with neuter passive participles show a high degree of grammaticalisation.We further discuss the connection between the passive and the ambipersonal.

Andekusmõistestik teadus- ja üldkeeles ning andekuse diskursuse diakrooniline konstrueerimine meediatekstides

Author(s): Halliki Põlda / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 16/2014

The aim of the study is to describe the diachronic construction of the discourse of giftedness in print media and to show how the historical media discourse relates to the understanding of the essence of giftedness developing in parallel in science. The media analysis is based on a critical discourse analysis of the media texts from the 1890s–1990s stored in the corpus of written Estonian and the analysis model of Norman Fairclough (2001), one of the most central theoreticians of this approach.The results of the analysis indicate that the historical media discourse of giftedness was constructed in parallel with the understandings emerging in the studies of giftedness: there were similarities between the media and scientific discourse but some differences could also be outlined. The viewpoints which had first become natural through the notion of “genius”in scientific literature, according to which giftedness is hereditary, were also reflected in the historical media discourse. Atypically of the scientific discourse back then, the media also discussed the individual's physical assumptions in relation to giftedness, which was reflected in modern approaches to giftedness.The first linguistic form denoting giftedness in media was not genius,which occurred in scientific texts (see Galton, 1869), but talent (Wirmaline,1892), which was used in scientific language only a century later. The discourse analysis revealed that the talent discourse back then was similar to the modern scientific approach, relating to skills and abilities already a century ago (see Gagné, 2004). Almost at the same time as the term talent, the term gift richness (Walgus, 1895) occurred in media, creating the giftedness discourse, the dynamics of which were similar to the talent discourse. The discourse included texts which directly summarised the viewpoints of science – both the role of heredity in giftedness as well as eugenics – creating clear connections between the dominant ideological beliefs of that era. Similarly to the scientific discourse, the discourse of environment emerged in the texts,although giftedness was constructed either through the monetary or competition discourse. In examining the emotional tone of the texts, it was clear that, compared to the talent discourse, the emotional tone of the texts of the giftedness discourse was more positive, even under conditions of Soviet ideology.Based on the discourse analysis, it may be concluded that the discourse of genius was the most politicised among the emerged sub-discourses and was clearly different from the discourse once described by Galton (1869). The genius that had emerged in the 1930s was then used in a context related to the origin of the term (compare genius in Latin – a spirit, and good intellectual abilities (e.g., PM, 1934)). However, during the Soviet times it became a tool of the ideology and was used to emphasize the political decisions of the heads of the state.The dynamics of the discourse of giftedness indicates that the discourse has played an important role in human relationships throughout history.Musicians and artists, and later politicians and working people, were considered to have important positions in the society. This indicates that certain fields of life have been clearly more prestigious at different stages of history.The difference between the scientific and media discourses of giftedness indifferent age-related contexts that emerged during the analysis must also be considered important. While scientific texts almost always described gifted children and scientific literature used example sentences related to children as definitions of terms (e.g., Saareste, 1997, etc.), in historical media texts the discourse of giftedness was only constructed through adults.In summary, the study indicated that there were clearly different understandings of giftedness in science in historical media texts, as well as a connection in creating and maintaining societal agreements.

ANGLŲ KALBA SPECIALIEMS TIKSLAMS: BŪDINGI BRUOŽAI IR CURRICULUM PLANAVIMO ŽINGSNIAI

Author(s): Anastasiia Belyaeva / Language(s): English / Issue: 7/2015

Knowledge of a foreign language opens new prospects of mobility and collaboration for professionals in the modern world. Education authorities recognize the increased role that foreign languages, especially English, play in the professional development of future specialists and try to introduce this subject at tertiary level. Such courses are aimed at preparing students to effectively communicate in English in their work settings. However, many university students do not have work experience in their field of specialization, or they do not know what language skills they might need in their future work. Thus, the choice of course content and teaching methods depends on the instructor who seldom has clearly defined national guidelines to rely on. The study focuses on characteristics of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The research outlines the approaches to ESP curriculum development and planning. The paper outlines the prerequisites and methods of analysing learners’ expectations and goals. The study determines what components of course content help to align aims, form, and conditions of educational activities with the students’ future professional roles. The research sets to analyze ESP students’ goals and expectations employing qualitative and quantitative techniques. Užsienio kalbų mokėjimas šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje atveria naujas specialistų mobilumo ir bendradarbiavimo galimybes. Ugdymo srities ekspertai pripažįsta, kad sustiprėjęs užsienio kalbų, ypač anglų kalbos, vaidmuo yra itin svarbus ateities specialistų profesinio tobulėjimo srityje ir stengiasi įdiegti šį dalyką aukštojo mokslo studijų programose. Tokių dalykų tikslas – parengti studentus efektyviai komunikacijai anglų kalba jų darbo aplinkoje. Vis dėlto daugelis universitetų studentų neturi darbo patirties savo specialybės srityje arba nežino, kokių kalbinių įgūdžių jiems gali prireikti ateityje profesinėje veikloje. Taigi dalyko turinio ir mokymo metodų parinkimas priklauso nuo dėstytojo, kuris dažnai neturi aiškiai apibrėžtų valstybinių gairių. Šiame tyrime pateikiami anglų kalbos specialiems tikslams (ESP) bruožai, nagrinėjami ESP mokymo planų kūrimo aspektai, metodai ir reikalavimai besimokančiųjų lūkesčių ir tikslų analizei. Tyrimo procese nustatyta, kokie kurso turinio komponentai leistų suvienodinti ugdymo veiklų tikslus, formas ir sąlygas su studentų profesiniais vaidmenimis ateityje. ESP studentų tikslai ir lūkesčiai analizuojami panaudojant kokybinį ir kiekybinį tyrimo metodus.

Anglų kalbos svetimžodžių adaptavimo ir integravimo būdai lietuvių ir rusų kalbose

Author(s): Helen Myers / Language(s): English / Issue: 70/2014

Besides being a language of international communication, English has become the largest source of borrowings for the contemporary world languages. However, despite the fact that borrowing from English is a commonly recognized linguistic phenomenon of the modern world, there is not much written about the incorporation of English borrowings into Lithuanian and Russian, languages that possess many shared linguistic features due to their close historical contacts. The goal of the present paper is to classify the major mechanisms of adaptation and integration of English loanwords in the linguistic systems of Lithuanian and Russian. Based on my research, there are many similarities in the patterns of borrowing English lexicon by Lithuanian and Russian. The most common pattern of integrating English loanwords in both languages is morphological adaptation, especially suffixation. Other mechanisms include phonological, morpho-phonological, syntactic adaptation and word creation. There are also a few distinguishable patterns of assimilating foreign material by these two languages. Based on the analyzed data, morphological adaptation is more productive in Lithuanian than in Russian. In general, the integration of English borrowings in Lithuanian and Russian reflects the most productive native patterns of word formation in both languages.

Anglu kalbos terminai common language, national language, literary language, King's language, standard language ir ju lietuviški atitikmenys

Author(s): Dalia Cidzikaitë / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 04/2002

Bendriniu kalbu istorijai skirtuose darbuose paprastai aptariami tokie anglu kalbos terminai: literary language (literatûrinë kalba), common language (bendra kalba), national language (nacionalinë kalba), King's language (karaliaus/ rûmu kalba)  ir standard language (standartinë kalba). Jais nusakomas tam tikras kalbos variantas, susiformavæs konkreèiu bendrinës kalbos raidos etapu. Terminai ne tik apibrëþia, bet ir parodo kalbos bendruomenës poþiûrá á kalbos variantà, to laiko visuomenës "ideologijà". Tiesa, ne visi èia paminëti terminai dabar áprasti. Plaèiai priimtas vienintelis standard language terminas, o common language ar King's language definicijos pasitaiko tik viename kitame lingvistiniame žodyne ar enciklopedijoje.

Anglų kalbos žodžių vartojimas aukštesniųjų klasių mokinių tinklaraščiuose

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulioniene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 87/2014

The current article analyses thirty blog texts (of 26 girls and 4 boys) written from January 2012 to May 2014. In the first part of the article, high schoolers’ blogs are briefly reviewed; in the second part, English words used in these blogs are studied, causes of their use are analysed, and concrete examples are given.During the research it was found out that the overall average number of words in blog texts totalled 304 words. More than half of the young bloggers were not anonymous and an even greater part of them shared their email addresses or links to social networks or personal internet web pages. All the blog texts analysed were written in Lithuanian letters (there were no texts written without diacritics). This shows that the authors adjust their writing, do not withdraw themselves from the standard language, and feel responsible for the publicly available text.In texts written in Lithuanian, bloggers tend to use many English words. The causes why authors insert English words can be varied. First, it is fashionable to use English words. Quite often, the use of such words is determined by authors’ interests and common activities. Not only individual English words but also phrases and famous sayings from movies, TV, games, etc. were observed. Most of English words found in blogs are those naming concepts of computer technologies. The blogs read revealed that the youth tends to write entire topic titles in English. Even though one can only speculate on the causes of such a choice, it is evident that this is done consciously and probably mostly in order to attract as many readers as possible and to look more modern and fashionable.

Ankstyvas lietuviškos kirilikos egodokumentuose liudytojas – Stanislovo Prakulevičiaus 1879 metų laiškas Godliauskių šeimai

Author(s): Aurelija Tamošiunaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2013

Pastaraisiais metais pagausėjus lietuviškos kirilikos tyrimų, rodos, netikėtai ima rastis ir daugiau spaudos lotyniškais rašmenimis draudimo epochą primenančių lietuviškos kirilikos pavyzdžių. Prieš trejus metus Vilniaus universiteto Rankraščių skyriuje vartant Godliauskių šeimos archyvo rankraščius aptiktas iki šiol lietuviškos kirilikos akiračiuose neminėtas Stanislovo Prakulevičiaus3 1879 metų sausio 5 dienos laiškas, adresuotas Mykolui Godliauskiui ir jo šeimai. Tiksli laiško parašymo vieta nežinoma. 1879 metų birželio 29 dieną 121-asis Penzos generolo adjutanto grafo Dmitrijaus Miliutino pėstininkų pulkas, kuriame tarnavo laiško autorius Prakulevičius, grįžo į savo dislokacijos vietą Charkove. Tad sausio 5 dienos laiškas greičiausiai rašytas pakeliui į Charkovą (ar į Lietuvą) iš Balkanuose pasibaigusio Rusijos–Turkijos karo (1877–1878). Laiškas svarbus ne tik kaip vienas iš ankstyvesnių lietuviškosios kirilikos pavyzdžių, bet ir kaip istorinis dokumentas, užfiksavęs lietuvio grandinio patirtis Rusijos–Turkijos 1877–1878 metų kare.

Ankstyvasis užsienio kalbos mokymas – neatsakyti klausimai

Author(s): Ineta Dabašinskiene,Raminta Garuckaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 82/2009

Social and economic changes exert influence on the language of children and adults as well as its development. A deteriorating language urges to seek reasons and raise new questions: when and how children should start learning a foreign language, which factors should be taken into consideration to achieve better results, and what impact a foreign language has on one’s native tongue. Most apprehensions on early foreign language teaching/learning are concerned with itsnegative influence on one’s mother tongue. In Lithuania there has been hardly any research done; research conducted in other countries has not confirmed any of the apprehensions. The negative impact on one’s native language can only be discussed in reference to the language loss and deterioration noticed in the language of immigrant groups who have lived in a foreign country for a longer time. On the other hand, there are numerous advantages of the early language teaching/learning: acquisition of values, development of tolerance and culture, acquisition of general skills concerned with cognition and thinking, memory and attention. The research has shown that foreign language learners tend to acquire more linguistic competences than those who only know their native language. It is important that the advantage is also seen in the better results of the native language learning, for example, in the usage of complex sentences or better reading skills. Moreover, a positive effect in the opposite direction has also been noticed when one’s mother tongue helps develop foreign language competences, since there appears a possibility to compare two different language systems.Studies of foreign researchers help find answers to all questions raised in the paper, because in Lithuania there is an obvious gap in the research on early language acquisition. Specialists of Vytautas Magnus University together with their colleagues from Croatia and Italy are currently working on a project aimed at filling in the gap and possibly providing answers to the key questions in the area.

Antanas Salys ir žodynas (110-osioms gimimo metinėms)

Author(s): Aldonas Pupkis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 85/2012

Antanas Salys was one of the most famous Lithuanian linguists of the middle and second half of the 20th century prominent in the fields of dialectology, onomastics, phonetics, terminology and standard language codification. The article deals with Salys’ activities in the fields of lexicology and lexicography. Salys made a big contribution to the codification of the Lithuanian vocabulary. He wrote many articles about the origin, word-formation and meaning of various words and created quite a few neologisms many of which became widespread in the usage of the standard language. Salys was keen on the Lithuanization of borrowings and wrote a theoretical article about the principles of neologism creation. As a lexicographer Salys had his input in the establishment of theoretical principles of the academic edition of Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian language). He was also one of editors of Kalbos patarėjas (Language advisor) and from 1947 – one of the compilers of so-called Niedermann’s dictionary (Wörterbuch der litauischen Schriftsprache). In 1939 Salys became head of the Language Department at the Institute of Lithuanian Studies, from 3 December 1941 he was director of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Here he took care about the matters of Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Salys had discussions on various issues of editing with the editor of the dictionary Juozas Balčikonis in Mokslinė pagalbinė komisija (Scientific advisory commission) and in the press. This discussion always stayed within the limits of correctness and during the Second world war when the front was approaching he rescued the card files of the dictionary and took them to safety. After exile to the West he spoke positively about the compilation work of the dictionary and heavily criticized attempts to include ideological matters. Salys wrote the first wider study about the history of the Lithuanian lexicography for Lietuvių enciklopedija (Lithuanian encyclopaedia, Boston, USA).

Antanas Smetona – gimtosios kalbos puoselėtojas

Author(s): Ona Tijuneliene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2016

Antanas Smetona (1874–1944) was one of the most active promoters of the in nate self in the early 20th century. His attention to the national heritage and the native language was directly related to the growth of the movement of national liberation at the turn of the 20th century, as well as the struggle for the democratic school and the rights of the native language. Accordingto the author, the Lithuanian revival was more than just the retention of the parent language. Rebirth meant the rise from contempt, recognition by other nations, spiritual renewal, and promotion of traditional values. More than once A.  Smetona wrote in the press about a difficult state of the Lithuanian language and the disrespect of Lithuanians for the native language. He blamed intellectuals (teachers, journalists, or authors of textbooks) for their indifference to language pollution and advised everybody to learn Lithuanian from dialects, fiction, and quality press. A.  Smetona encouraged intellectuals to improve the native language and raised the idea of the reinstatement of the language section in the Viltis newspaper; he believed enthusiasts able to moderate it would appear. He repeatedly emphasised the issues of language standardisation and purification, as well as the related problems, formulated the functions of the Lithuanian Language Commission setup in 1911, and recommended theoreticians and practitioners to join efforts in the solution of the language standardisation issues. As the author cherished the idea of a free nation, he stressed that the system of education has to be of a national character, all the Lithuanians have to at least learn to read and to write Lithuanian: the tsarist government-established primary schools did not provide the skills, therefore, the author encouraged learning from the experience of secret schools. Under the then conditions, family or home schools were the only way out. However, it was necessary to write textbooks, primers, reading and writing books suitable for family schools, and to provide quality Lithuanian penmanship examples.A. Smetona responded to the state of the Lithuanian language in Lithuanian secondary schools and taught in Vilnius gymnasiums after his working hours in the bank. A. Smetona believed that Lithuanian intellectuals had to demand more from the authorities, to be more active, and proposed to set up a committee to deal with the issues of the Lithuanian language.

Antano Baranausko lietuvių bendrinės kalbos teorija: priėmimas Žemaičių kunigų seminarijoje

Author(s): Jurgita Venckiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 16/2014

On December 31, 1870, Motiejus Valančius appointed Antanas Baranauskas to teach homiletics— the theory and practice of preaching in Lithuanian in The Samogitian Theological Seminary in Kaunas. During the first two years seminary students were being prepared for the homiletics course—they were taught the Lithuanian language and later studied the art of preaching. Seminary students came from various places of Kaunas province, so Baranauskas had to find a way to teach various-dialects-speaking seminarians the Lithuanian language. To that purpose, he created a unique model of standard written Lithuanian. This research was intended to uncover what contemporaries were thinking about Baranauskas’s standard language, in particular—how his immediate environment—The Samogitian Theological Seminary and Diocese Center—accepted or rejected Baranauskas’s standard language theory. According to Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, the seminarians disapproved Baranauskas’s standard language theory. But letters of some of them (of Marcijonas Jurgaitis and Juozapas Žebrys) prove that to at least a part of seminarians the model of Baranauskas’s standard language was not only the object of study, but also seemed very appropriate for everyday written communication.

Antano Lyberio gyvenimas ir darbas – leksikografija

Author(s): Zita Šimenaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 82/2009

ANTIKINIŲ VARDŲ LIETUVINIMAS:TARP TRADICIJOS IR NAUJOVIŲ

Author(s): Audrone Kucinskiene,Audorne Kairiene,Dalia Staškeviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 57 (3)/2015

The problem of Lithuanization of Ancient names was and still is relevant and not fully resolved. It is manifested by varied spelling of names as well as by ongoing discussions and considerations of this matter in the media. Translated books are often subject to criticism: the translators and editors do not have the competences necessary to understand the patterns of ancient languages so that they could Lithuanize the names properly themselves, nor have they a unified reference. Development of the Digital Database of Ancient Names may be a solution to the problem. The tradition of spelling Latin and Greek ancient names is not stable or prevalent in Lithuanian writings. It is obvious from various cases of use in Lithuanian writings, collected in the Digital Database of Ancient Names.In fact, there are no grounds for speaking about traditions of Lithuanization, because such tradition was not formed or established. This is particularly true for transcription of proper names of Greek origin. We can only note certain tendencies and influences of other languages in different periods.

Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne

Author(s): Danute Liutkeviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 89/2016

1. The most relevant task of the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas), as in a majority of dictionaries, is the explanation of words and the lexical semantic system. Therefore, special attention is given to entry words (headwords) or the meaning of word phrases. For this reason, a part of the dictionary text has been compiled and edited not on the basis of an alphabetical order, but based on lexical semantic groups. This has allowed a more systematic, consistent definition of similar words and their meanings. 2. Different shades of word meanings are indicated by the sign | in the dictionary. In addition, the sign separates some other concepts - it is placed before abbreviations aukšt. (comparative degree), aukšč. (superlative degree), įvr. (pronominal form), neig. (negative verb form), sngr. (reflexive form), beasm. (impersonal usage). It is worth to mention separately the designation of the figurative usage. It follows the same sign | and the abbreviation prk. However, if this is not just a case of the figurative usage, but an already formed meaning, it is marked as the one, but the abbreviation prk. is no longer used. Compilers of the dictionary are of the opinion that if a separate meaning has already been formed, it is no longer important whether the figurative concept is felt or not. 3. All the words used in the definitions of the meanings, with the exception of personal names, are separated and interpreted as headwords. Therefore, the dictionary includes and defines some of the less frequent or more specific words that will otherwise be not included into the dictionary entry words. 4. Efforts are put to explain the meanings accurately and comprehensibly avoiding idem per idem and ambiguities common in some other dictionaries. 5. On the same account trying to attain accuracy and clarity the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language has refused to follow the word-entry principle usually adhered to in many traditional dictionaries. Both verbal and adjectival abstracts, adverbs and diminutives have their own dictionary articles interpreting the meanings, grammatical information and illustrative usage instances. 6. Some words previously considered not eligible or to be avoided have been rehabilitated and are regarded as normative, therefore included in the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language. 7. The general tendency is becoming obvious that the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language will single out and describe many more meanings of the words as compared to the Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language (Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas).