"Nebibliografinë" Jono Bretkûno Postilë (1591): Vlado Daumanto egzempliorius

Author(s): Ona Aleknavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 06/2004

In this article I describe the copy of Jonas Bretkûnas' Postilla (1591), which is kept in the Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Žilinskas (this is a division of the National Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis), in the section of Archival Documents and Photographs (call number: Tkr. 148). Until 1944 the copy was kept in the private collection of Vladas Daumantas. For a certain period after World War Two it was unknown to scholars. The copy was included neither in the Lithuanian Bibliography (Lietuvos TSR bibliografija, 1969; LB I), nor in the supplement volume (Papildymai, 1990; LBP). This is the tenth copy of Bretkûnas' Postilla kept in Lithuania. Daumantas' copy is not defective, but is in good condition. There are, however, certain errors of pagination. Certain circumstances attest that this copy was the property of Vladas Daumantas: (1) an inscription in purple pencil on the title page "VDaumantas" (cf. Fig. 1); (2) an inscription "VDaumanto kolekcija" in the accession book of the Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis; (3) a description of the Postilla in the manuscripts by Petras Jakðtas (a contemporary of Daumantas; they both were members of the 27 Book Lovers Society).

11 klasių mokinių gimtosios lietuvių kalbos žodyno dydis

Author(s): Rugilė Miškinytė,Loreta Vilkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2020

The aim of this research was to measure the vocabulary size of native speakers of Lithuanian language attending the 11th grade in small cities and to compare the results with the research conducted in Vilnius schools. This paper aimed to find out whether the place of residence and the gender factor have a statistically significant influence on the size of the vocabulary and discover if any sociolinguistic factors can impact it. The research material consisted of 242 responses given to a sociolinguistic survey and vocabulary size test. T-test and regression analysis were applied in the research.The results of the study indicated that the average vocabulary of an 11th grade student consists of approximately 51,400 lemmas. Vilnius school students have an average vocabulary size of about 52,800 lemmas; the vocabulary size of small towns students is lower – 50,000 lemmas. The T-test statistical analysis has revealed that the difference in the mean size of the vocabulary across genders is statistically significant (p = 0,011). It was found out that the vocabulary size of students living in Vilnius is statistically significantly bigger than that of students in the smaller cities (p = 0,002). The regression analysis indicated that gender can affect the vocabulary size. The analysis showed statistical significance (p = 0,004) that watching movies in the Lithuanian language can impact the vocabulary size of students living in small towns.

13 naujai surastų Prūsijos valdžios įsakų

Author(s): Alina Kuzborska,Žavinta Sidabraitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2011

Prūsijos valdžios įsakai, XVI-XIX amžiais publikuoti lietuvių kalba, yra reikšmingas kultūros paveldas, įdomus daugelio sričių tyrinėtojams - istorikams, kalbininkams, sociologams, kultūrologams. publikuoti prūsijos valdžios įsakai, nurodymai, perspėjimai lietuvių valstiečiams yra autentiškas lietuvininkų kasdieninio gyvenimo liudijimas. Be to, tai vieni pirmųjų lietuviškų spaudinių, kurie apie keturis šimtmečius buvo nuolat leidžiami. Toks tęstinumas atskleidžia krašto gyvenimo ir lietuvių rašto kalbos pokyčius.

1759 metų "Ziwato"gimininiai įvardžiai ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaičiakauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2004

The analysis showed that the emphatic forms of the singular nominative case dominated in the "Ziwatas" (1759) dialect probably due to the impact of the church tet. According to the orthography, the singular accusative forms of the demonstrative pronouns had still preserved a nasal voel. The pronouns anas, ana were already used as personal pronouns instead of jis, ji.

1759 metų Ziwato skaitvardžių linksniavimas ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaičiakauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 70/2014

The article analyses the declension of numerals in the best 18th century monument of writing of the North Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga, the 1759 Ziwatas, and their development. The goal of research is to analyse and provide a synchronic description of declension of the numeral of the sub-dialect of the Ziwatas; to compare the declension paradigms of the numeral in contemporary Northwest Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga and the subdialect under analysis. Internal reconstruction and comparative methods enabled the reconstruction of the declension system of the numeral in the 18th century Northwest Samogitian sub-dialect of Kretinga.

1883–1916 m. katekizmai ir jų religijos terminų reikšminės grupės

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2008

The catechism is a very important literary form of the Church. It teaches the basics of Christianity, its moral and ethic norms, which make the foundation for the life of a Christian. During the period of thirty three years (between 1883 and 1916) there were 86 Catholic and 11 Protestant (9 Lutheran and 2 Calvinist) catechisms published. During the period when printing in Lithuanian was prohibited catechisms were published outside the borders of Lithuania Major. Catechisms are mainly aimed at teaching children and youth, therefore they had an important role as primers in Lithuanian and as educators of the native language. According to A. Jakštas, “nearly every well-known catechist took care to prepare his own catechism. Thus the number of catechisms grew with every year; there were a lot of them written and published – each one in its own particular method, particular terminology and particular plan” (Jakštas 1923: 239). Furthermore it is obvious that compilers of catechisms had a need to explain terms of non Lithuanian origin (mostly international words). Most frequently such terms were explained using the Lithuanian equivalent – sometimes more, sometimes less successful. Variants of terms were abundant.In this article terms of religion are considered to be words and combinations of words, which name the supernatural (angelas (angel), Dievas (God), Dvasia (Spirit), velnias (devil)), rites (atnašavimas (sacrifice), mišios (Mass), pamaldos (service), pamokslas (sermon), procesija (procession)), actions related to religion (atgaila (penance), išganymas (salvation), išpažintis (confession)), Church celebrations (Sekminės (Whit Sunday), Velykos (Easter)), names of objects (grabas (coffin), kielikas (chalice), ostija (host), patena (paten)), moral principles of the Christian life, behaviour to be avoided or to be followed (atgailos atlikimas (execution of penance), gailestis už griekus (repentance of sins), išmalda (pittance), malda (prayer), tikėjimas (faith)), religious books and texts (Biblija (Bible), Evangelija (Gospel)), sacraments (Krikštas (Baptism), Kunigystė (Holy Orders), Moterystė (Matrimony), Paskutinis Patepimas (Anointing of the Sick)), sins and their kinds (apsirijimas (gluttony), godulystė (greed), vagystė (stealing), žmogžudystė (killing)) and names of persons (apaštalas (apostle), eretikas (heretic), išganytojas (Saviour), popiežius (Pope), vyskupas (bishop)) and other.

1883–1916 metų katekizmų religinių vietų pavadinimai

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2012

Names of places related to religion comprise about five percent of religious terminology used in catechisms published in 1883–1916. These words name various liturgical places important to believers such as buildings (bažnyčia (church), šventykla (church), katedra (cathedral)), their parts and spaces (altorius (altar), aukuras (altar), choras (choir), klausykla (confessional), koplyčia (chapel), sakykla (pulpit), zakristija (vestry)), places of burial (kapinės (cemetery), katakombos (catacombs)), afterlife (dangus (heaven), rojus (paradise)), miraculous or important religious events, for instance, visitations (dykynė (wilderness)), punishment or purification (pragaras (hell), skaistykla (purgatory)), and other places. According to their origin names of places related to religion used in catechisms published in 1883–1916 can be divided into Lithuanian (44 percent; aukuras (altar), dangus (heaven), pragaras (hell), klausykla (confessional), sakykla (pulpit), skaistykla (purgatory), šveitykla (purgatory), šventykla (church), vienuolynas (monastery), tėvainystė (heaven)), non-Lithuanian: a) international words (8 percent; altorius (altar), konfesionalas (confessional), presbiterija (presbitery)), b) old borrowings (12 percent; bažnyčia (church), koplyčia (chapel), rojus (paradise), zakristija (sacristy)), c) barbarisms (30 percent; atklanės (hell), pekla (hell), čysčius (purgatory), svietas (world)) and half- Lithuanian words (6 percent; altorėlis (altar), karalystė (kingdom), vyskupija (diocese)).

1886 M. ZACHARIJAUS LIACKIO TRAKTATAS APIE LIETUVIŲ KALBĄ

Author(s): Darius Staliūnas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2017

Zacharijus Liackis – „lietuvių kalbos ekspertas“, kaip jį, taip pat ir Dmitrijų Kaširiną bei Andrių Poidėną, greičiausiai šiek tiek ironiškai yra pavadinęs kalbos istorikas Giedrius Subačius, gerai žinomas visiems, kurie domisi lietuvių kalbos situacija XIX a. ar imperinės politikos peripetijomis Lietuvoje. 2011 m. pasirodžiusi minėto Subačiaus knyga apie tris kiriliką lietuvių kalbai XIX a. II pusėje–XX a. pradžioje taikiusius čia jau minėtus „ekspertus“ parodė, kaip šie asmenys žiūrėjo į lietuvių kalbą (jos giminystę su kitomis kalbomis, raidą ir pan.). Čia publikuojamas Liackio raštas, pavadintas Литовскiй языкъ (Lietuvių kalba), mano supratimu, nekeičia Subačiaus pateiktų išvadų apie Liackį, o tik jas patvirtina.

19. gadsimta literāro procesu kontinuitāte populārās kultūras perspektīvā

Author(s): Pauls Daija,Benedikts Kalnačs / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 37/2018

The aim of this article is to provide a reading of 19th century Latvian literature from the perspective of popular culture. This branch of literature has traditionally remained understudied due to the low creative quality and the prevalence of translations. In earlier investigations the attention has mostly been drawn to historical importance, as opposed to aesthetic features. Similarly, literature usually defined as “elitist” and canonized as classical, has rarely been examined in the context of popular literature. On most occasions it has been dealt with in isolation from other literary trends. Although “elitist literature” cannot be regarded an accurate definition, its application is productive due to the fact that the connection between Latvian literature and national awakening with its concept of Lat vians as a nation of culture is emphasized. This article intends to provide a framework that might be applied to the analysis of the aesthetics of “low” literature, and highlights how this approach can be useful for the understanding of interconnections between popular culture and literature included in the canon of literary history. The introduction of the article examines the significance of popular culture in mid-19th century; the rest is dedicated to the appropriation and re-creation of literary characters borrowed from the mid-19th century popular literature and transferred to 19th and 20th century texts. The authors also discuss the disintegration of borders between the elitist and popular culture as a significant impulse for artistic innovations. These tendencies have been contextualized following two different versions of the story of Genoveva, the 1846 novel Countess Genoveva (Grāfa lielmāte Genoveva) by Ansis Leitāns and the unfinished drama Genoveva by Rūdolfs Blaumanis written in 1908.

19. gadsimta stāstniecības žanra attīstība latviskās identitātes meklējumu ceļos

Author(s): Zigrīda Frīde / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 37/2018

In Latvian literature the development of the narrative genre to a great extent has been based on translations and literary traditions of other nations. The first original stories that played a crucial role in further processes along with educated and nationally patriotic authors’ publications in the 1860s initiated the flourishing of prose, strengthened further development of Latvian literary activities, its encouraging stance in the questions related to the development of literary language, as well as wisdom of life and national space. These stories facilitated the processes of nation building n Latvia. Along with the 1863 published works of Juris Neikens, Krišjānis Barons and Jēkabs Zvaigznīte, as well as Atis Kronvalds, an in-depth portrayal of Latvian identity entered literature. It was manifested through the creativity of the author and the use of Latvian language enriched by the vocabulary from various districts, as well as the portrayal of rural life, which to most of the readers at the time depicted their everyday surroundings and activities. The plots of the authors were based on domestic observations, which were documented in a rather authentic and close-to-reality way, intuitively implementing the so-called principles of mimesis, which provided a new mode of narrative based on the national peculiarities in the prose of the time. Although in the early stages of the development, Latvian fiction did not reveal in depth reflections of the author’s personal experiences, the lack of this creative expression was replaced by objective, even ethnographic observations of the everyday life. In the upcoming decades, such a fusion of characters and plots borrowed from people (folk) and the personal train of thought and talent of the author, which has been enriched with the world classics and modern literature, established a basis for the narrative genre to compose artistically individualised and subjective writings epitomizing Latvian identity. In the 19th century, when from the ethnic communities in the districts Latvian nation was developing and consolidating as a self-dependent subject with a national awareness, literature, myths and future hopes, Young Latvians and the following writers with their encouraging attitude towards the development of literary language, wisdom of life and national space facilitated the formation of national identity.

1910–1937 m. lietuviškoji statybos terminija (iš turimų išteklių)

Author(s): Robertas Stunžinas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14/2007

This article deals with analysis of Lithuanian endogenic and old loaned building terminology of the begining of XX century according to origin, structure and development aspects. Overall 1393 terms are analyzed, i. e. 806 one-word terms and 587 composite terms.Of all one-word terms terminologized (specialized) old lexis makes up about one fifth part: akmuo (stone) JodelNorm 2, namas (house) Zubausk 9, sija (beam) Kind 14. Metaphoric and metonymic terms in early building terminology are rather rare. The majority of metaphoric terms are the result of secondary metaphoric nomination: griaučiai (skeleton) Kind 8, grėblys (raker) Šimol 71, metonymic terms are originated according to specific terminology models: lenta (board) StatM 1923 I 8.Three quarters of analyzed one-word terms are derivations. The facts of Lithuanian language dictionary suggest that a large group of derivations could have been borrowed from the folk language: dūmtraukis (chimney) Kind 16. In many cases it is difficult to decide whether derivations are terminologized simple words or newly made. In particular this can be said about transpositional abstracts of verbs and adjectives: aušimas (cooling) Ekz 4, akytumas (porosity) Šimol 20. Only a small group of derivations could be suggested as neologisms. The majority of the neologisms are compound derivations: degplytė (baked brick) Janus 19. Derivations of suffixes and endings are rather rare: slugsnis (layer) StatM 1923 I 20, riša (bunch) Ekz 6.The major part of composite terms are made with the abstracts of verbs and adjectives: patvarumo bandymas (proof of sustainability) JodelTechn 146, atsparumas gniužimui (stability to crushing) JodelTechn 90 and terminologized simple words: dirbtinis akmuo (artificial stone) Iv 7.Most of the terms which are analyzed in this article are used at present. More than a half (56%) of one-word terms are found in modern term dictionaries of building: džiovykla (drying chamber) Iv 45, STŽ 134, kietėjimas (solidification) Šimol 84, STŽ 253, muštuvas (impact maschine) JodelTechn 191, STŽ 351. A significant part of terms are historisms and archaisms: akėčios (harrow) JodelTechn 66, bebras (beaver) StatM 1922 II 18; apsloginimas (reduction) JodelNorm 2, glostimas (smoothing) StatM 1923 I 11.

1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 92/2019

The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.

19-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės šimtmečiui paminėti

Author(s): Ugnė Tamašauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 85/2012

Vilniaus universitete 2012 m. spalio 5 d. vyko devynioliktoji (nuo 1993 m.) Jono Jablonskio konferencija. Lietuvių kalbos instituto Bendrinės kalbos skyriaus ir Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos katedros surengta konferencija šįkart buvo skirta 1911 m. Seinuose išleistos Rygiškių Jono (J. Jablonskio) Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės šimtmečiui paminėti. Perskaityti penki sintaksės teorijai ir praktikai skirti pranešimai: kalbėta apie žodžių, žodžių junginių ir sakinių vartoseną, aptarti sintaksės raidos polinkiai. Pabrėžta Lietuvjų kalbos sintaksės, pavadintos dovana lietuvių kalbai, nauda ir svarba mokykloms: iki tol vadovėlių, kuriuose būtų sintaksės dalis, labai trūko.

20-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 86/2013

2013 m. spalio 4 d. Lietuvių kalbos institute vyko jubiliejinė 20-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija. Kaip ir kasmet konferenciją organizavo Lietuvių kalbos instituto Bendrinės kalbos skyrius kartu su Vilniaus universiteto Lietuvių kalbos katedra.

21-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija Šiuolaikinės kalbos tyrimai ir problemos

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

22-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

60th Anniversary of the First Dissertation on Lithuanian Terminology

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė-Ganusauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 28/2021

Prieš 60 metų – „1961 m. gruodžio 14 d. VVU Istorijos-filologijos fakulteto taryboje LTSR MA Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros instituto Žodynų sektoriaus jaunesnysis mokslinis bendradarbis“ (Kronika 1963: 346) Antanas Balašaitis sėkmingai apgynė pirmąją lietuvių termi-nologijos disertaciją Lietuvių kalbotyros terminų istorija. Darbo vadovas – doc. filol. m. kand. Jonas Kruopas, oficialieji oponentai – prof. Borisas Larinas, prof. Juozas Balčikonis, filol. m. kand. Vincas Urbutis.

A Corpus-based Analysis of THAT-deletion in Complement Clauses after the Verbs of Saying in English and Lithuanian

Author(s): Judita Giparaitė,Julija Ritčik / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The aim of the present research is to make a contrastive analysis of that-deletion in complement that-clauses in English and Lithuanian on the basis of corpus data. All the data for analysis are collected from the British National Corpus and the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language. That-deletion in complement that-clauses is studied in terms of distribution across registers, the properties of the matrix verbs and the structural properties of the clauses.

A corpus-driven analysis of structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments in English and their translation into Lithuanian

Author(s): Donata Berūkštienė / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2017

Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.

A czy to ja kalika, czy nie mom konika? (Nie)sprawność w świetle erotyku ludowego

Author(s): Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2019

Folk erotic poetry, as ‘a song of lovers not yet tied by the knot’, is a genre of text that relates the notion of love and the image of intimate body parts, the roles assigned to woman and to man, as well as social and moral norms in the traditional community. At the base of this genre lie such values as: happiness in love, physical contact, lovers’ openness to the love game, youth and beauty, success and favour, the light-heartedness of the lovers, fun and laughter, freedom, faithfulness and stability; marriage is a relative value, important for the girl, and wealth. Another value that is important in the light of folk erotic poetry, is an able body, sexual performance; the anti-value is a body that is diabled, sick, deprived of its functionality. Deficiency in the art of love, the man’s incompetence or inability to perform a sexual act is for the poetic lover a kind of disability that devalues and disqualifies him as a man and the partner of love act in the eyes of a woman awaiting sexual fulfillment. From the point of view of the heroine, it is justified to describe such a lover (love-cripple) as a disabled or even defunct person. The reason for this unambiguous and stigmatizing categorization is not only the inability to provide the girl (also a young wife by an old man) with erotic pleasure (kochanie ‘touching, moving’), but also to perform the love act which the folk culture understands as a participation in the creative action of the entire cosmos.