Šnekamosios kalbos ir žargoninės leksikos paskirtis viešajame žurnalisto diskurse

Author(s): Regina Koženiauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 82/2009

The paper discusses colloquial and jargon words used by a famous journalist in political commentaries. It also attempts to identify functions of dispreferred words in public discourse and whether and to what extent they are compatible with standard Lithuanian usage and the ethics of journalists.The author is usually able to distance himself from colloquial and jargon words; he speaks like a stranger, from aside, and gives references to well-known political figures by using elements of their speech (e. g. blin, dzin, išdūrė, tūpas, vsio zakonno). He also adds some such words and expressions of his own accord, e. g. otkatininkai, krūtas, mafiozų šestiorka, keturių banda, apmauti, susimauti, perspjauti, užkalti, vagilka and some other pejorative words and phrases referring to limited intellectual ability of politicians, e.g. svaičioti, vapėti, nuo bėgių nušokęs plumprotis, nebrendyla, debiliškai, kietakaktiškai. The journalist’s lexicon also contains somevivid idioms, like dėti skersą, kabinti makaronus, duoti stogą or colloquial expressions: į cypę įkišti, aplink pirštą apvynioti, špyga taukuota.The journalist admits that in many cases a vivid word or expression is more relevant than a serious political argument. However, the paper focuses on the evaluation of the behaviour and individual actions of politicians expressed by colloquial and jargon words and phrases rather than their vividness or stylistic function. The paper expresses doubts as to the ethical aspects of such vocabulary and its morally negative impact on the society.

Kalbinės nuojautos praradimas: ar reali grėsmė?

Author(s): Stefano Maria Lanza / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The author provides material for an open discussion on a widely recognized linguistic phenomenon of contemporary Lithuanian, i.e. the loss of intonation perception by native language speakers. After a comparison with the decline of classical languages (Latin and Greek), where the phonetic evolution of quantity opposition in vowels and the disappearance of syllable intonation is thoroughly described, the article offers an overview of the importance of intonation in Lithuanian according to the indications of the Commission of the Lithuanian language. The second, practical part of the article, offers an analysis of rhymes where intonation is relevant in a few works of two Lithuanian poets, Maironis and J. Marcinkevičius. Principles of rhyming laid down since the XVIII c. by poetics theorists are here taken into account as a means to determine whether rhymes are well conceived, when words share the same intonation (the type pajuõdę – ilgakuõdę). The results of this brief analysis show that in J. Marcinkevičius verses, much more than in Maironis’, phonetic discrepancy between rhyming words is very frequent (the type pìlkas – vil̃kas). Since many of these works are read to and by children, the author arrives to the conclusion that bad rhyming could hinder from building language sensitivity. Since native speakers also need to study their language, if there is a real commitment by authorities to safeguard and foster the Lithuanian language, measures have to be taken in order to improve its teaching from childhood onwards. An environment where good language is spoken and taught, starting from educated parents, leads to educated children.

Emocinė-ekspresinė leksika kaip kalbinė politikų portretų kūrimo priemonė naujienų portale delfi.lt

Author(s): Agnė Aleksaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article analyses the emotive-expressive lexis describing Lithuanian politics used in the articles published on the news portal delfi.lt from October 2012 to June 2014 and from September 2015 to June 2016 (in total, 464 instances of use were selected). The article aims to determine how the politics' portraits (i.e. character traits and behaviour) are created and what emotive-expressive lexis is used. As the internet media has become a means of manipulation, there has been a marked tendency to represent almost all Lithuanian politics as social antiheroes. One of the ways to form the society's opinion is manipulation through emotive-expressive lexis. The analysis of some articles published on the news portal delfi.lt showed that emotive-expressive lexis is used in creating negative portraits of politics: they are ridiculed for lack of resolution and reluctance to adopt decisions relevant to society and described as unable to govern the state and explain political processes to electors; an image of politics as irresponsible and immoral is created. Figurative verbs and their forms, traditional phraseologisms, metaphoric nouns, and usual neologisms are the most characteristic types of emotive-expressive lexis used by the journalists of the news portal delfi.lt to create the negative portrait of politics.

Dar kartą dėl eksperto, koncerto ir panašių žodžių kirčiavimo

Author(s): Aldonas Pupkis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 89/2016

The article deals with one of the issues of the adaptation of loanwords in the Lithuanian language – marking the stress on syllables and the systemic correlation between stressed syllables of borrowed words. It shows the relationship between the history of the marking and the present accentuation that is connected with an important requirement of Lithuanian accentology that the so-called Saussure-Fortunatov law has to be applied according to the quality of a stressed syllable.In books on Lithuanian accentology and lexicography the most frequent accent on syllables in the words of foreign origin was the circumflex, rarer the acute since th beginning of the present science of accentology. Jonas Jablonskis, later linguists Pranas Skardžius and Antanas Salys consolidated this model of accentuation. Words with the semidiphthongs and diphthongs el, er, em, en, eu, ei were accentuated in this way by the famous lexicographers Benjaminas Sereiskis and Jonas Baronas as well as the 1948 Lietuvių kalbos rašybos žodynas (Dictionary of Lithuanian Spelling) among others. However, in the 1951 Dictionary of International Words a real ‘revolution’ in this accentuation was carried out without any discussion and public consultations: words with the semi-diphthongs el, er and diphthong eu in the stressed syllables everywhere carried the grave. In this way in Lithuanian accentology, a two-way (grave and acute) accentual representation of words with the falling syllable accent of semi-diphthongs èl, èr : él, ér and diphthong èu : éu appeared. This accentuation pattern is not only different from the entire accentual system of semidiphthongs of Standard Lithuanian (it does not exist in the dialects either), but also stimulates the phenomenon of stress shift, which is not characteristic of the language users for whom this stress realisation model is strange.The article demonstrates this type of grave in these semi-diphthongs and diphthong eu is of foreign origin and requires the recognition of the existence of the phoneme /ẹ/ in standard language, which appears only in words of foreign origin. In reality, the vowels, which are represented by this false phoneme and appear in the speech of some language users does not perform a distinctive function creating chaos in the accentual system of semidiphthongs. Therefore, this vowel [ẹ] used in words of foreign origin should be considered only as a variant of the phoneme /e/. This was underlined by the opponents of the 1951 accentuation revolution, Antanas Salys, Adelė Laigonaitė, Aleksas Girdenis and others.In the conclusions of the article, based on the originality of Lithuanian language prosody and the practice of marking the stress of other semi-diphthongs and diphthongs (em, en, ei) as well as the data of real usage, it is suggested returning to the long-time practice of marking stress in words of foreign origin introduced by Jablonskis, i.e. in books on accentology, school books, dictionaries, encyclopaedias and elsewhere, the stress èl, èr, èu used until now should be replaced by the pronunciation that corresponds to usage and mark e, e, eũ or, if necessary, take into account other circumstances and mark él, ér, éu. The technical aspect of this issue is not a matter the language science.

Lietuvių kalbos trumpųjų ir ilgųjų balsių kiekybės ir kokybės etalonai

Author(s): Jurgita Jaroslavienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

Since there are no comprehensive contemporary studies investigating possible quantitative and qualitative vowel targets of Standard Lithuanian, the main aim of this study is to provide an analysis of both relative duration and the main distinctive acoustic (and articulatory) features of the short and long Lithuanian vowels of uniform articulation pronounced in isolation (zero context). This type of production (natural hyper-articulation) is probably the closest to the acoustic and auditory vowel targets determined by our mental prototypes and differs from production of the cardinal vowels; all the changes observed in everyday speech can be attributed to the influence of the context and suprasegmental factors. Reviewing interrelations between vowels, the mean data of this study is compared with the data of some previous research. The material (isolated vowels) was read by 12 native Lithuanian (6 male and 6 female) speakers, aged 20–50 years. They all have faultless articulation; their pronunciation meets the norms of Standard Lithuanian. It is also important, that almost all speakers not only speak the Standard Language, but also one or more dialects and foreign languages. In this study the Standard Language is considered as a standardized variety of language used for the needs of public life and culture. The results of the investigation show that quantity and especially qualitative features of the short and long Lithuanian vowels produced in isolation differ to a great extent. On the basis of duration analysis, the average ratio of the Lithuanian short vowels pronounced in isolation to the corresponding long vowels has been found to be 1 : 2.1. Isolated short vowels display the effect of the acoustic centralization if compared with the corresponding long ones. Such observations support hypothesis that the distinction between long and short Lithuanian vowels is based both on the relative duration and the qualitative features. The mean data (patterns, relative duration) of the quantitative and qualitative targets of the short and long vowels in Standard Lithuanian in general correspond to those acquired in some other studies.

Svetimžodis kreatyvus, -i ir jo vediniai: reikšmės ir atitikmenys

Author(s): Robertas Stunžinas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

This article analyses the usage and equivalents of Anglicism kreatyvus (ʻcreativeʼ) and it‘s derivatives kreatyvinis, kreatyviškas. Borrowed adjectives can be found in texts of scientific, publicistic and conversational style and are used to denote concepts of creative society (class) theory, human characteristics, features of various spheres of activity, features of things and features of depicted objects. Kreatyvus, kreatyvinis, kreatyviškas denote that somebody is creating something or related to such activity, is original, unusual or unique. Adjectives kreatyvus and it‘s derivatives kreatyvinis, kreatyviškas mostly are used with the same meanings. 17 different words of Lithuanian or half-Lithuanian origin can be distinguished as competitors of borrowings. Mostly pair of grammatical synonyms kūrybinis and kūrybos, adjectives with suffixes -ingas, -iškas kūrybingas, kūrybiškas are used. Other equivalents are išradingas (ʻinventiveʼ), kuriantis (ʻcreativeʼ), meninė (ʻartisticʼ), originalus (ʻoriginalʼ), pastatyminė (ʻbuiltʼ), pastatyta (ʻbuiltʼ), pastatomoji (ʼbuiltʼ), pozuojamoji (ʻposedʼ), pozuota (ʻposedʼ), režisuota (ʻstagedʼ), režisūrinė (ʻdirectingʼ). In some cases genitive forms of nouns kūrėjas (ʻcreatorʼ), kūrybininkas (ʻcreative workerʼ) are used.Analysis of borrowings and their equivalents shows that Lithuanian adjectives kūrybingas (ʻcreativeʼ) and kūrybiškas (ʻoriginalʼ) are used interchangeably. It‘s recommended to separate meanings and adjective kūrybingas should be used by meaning „someone who is creating, has ability to create“ while kūrybiškas by meaning ʻsomeone who finds original decisions; original, ingeniousʼ. Borrowings kreatyvus, kreatyvinis, kreatyviškas is redundant and vague way of expression, moreover sometimes additional explanatory words are necessary. Borrowings can be fully replaced by traditional Lithuanian words kūrybinis, kūrybingas, kūrybos in context about creative person or group of creative persons and kūrybiškas in context about original person or unusual or unique thing or phenomenon.

Dokumentus reiškiantys žodžiai administracinėje kalboje

Author(s): Rasuolė Vladarskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

The word dokumentas ('document'), originating from Latin, is entrenched in the Lithuanian language. It is the most frequent international word in the Lithuanian language especially relevant to the administrative language. The aim of the article is – after discussing the conception of the word dokumentas and possible classifications of the object denoted by this word – to identify the formation and origin of words denoting documents and to explain problematic instances of use.Lithuanian dictionaries provide two meanings of the word dokumentas: 1. a paper informingon or approving something; 2. a material object (a paper, drawing, photograph, film, file, etc.)holding pieces of some information. In the administrative language, dokumentas usually refers to the meaning characteristic to the phrase oficialusis dokumentas ('official document') – "a written confirmation of the activity of a natural or legal person prepared or obtained by an authorised institution or person". Different types of documents emerge in the development of certain required regulation procedures; therefore, there is no final nomenclature of documents, and unified classification of documents also does not exist.More than half of names of document types mostly comprise nouns derived from verbs,particularly derivatives with the suffix -imas (-ymas), as well as verbal nouns derived by otherways of word-formation (derivatives of inflections and other suffixes). Quite a few documents are named by international words.Regardless of the broad meaning of a document given in dictionaries, one should not grantit to every noun denoting abstract phenomena, or refer by this name to documents attached torelated legal acts (e. g. dydžiai ('quantities'), įkainis ('valuation'), kriterijai ('criteria'), normos('norms'), sąlygos ('conditions')). In such cases, it is recommended to form a combination ofwords: if the activity is extensively regulated, one might use words aprašas ('description'), sąvadas ('collection') (e. g. kriterijų aprašas, sąlygų sąvadas); if the regulated subjects are merely listed, combinations of words should be formed using only the word sąrašas ('list') (e. g. dydžių sąrašas, įkainių sąrašas).

Jausmų raiška jaustukais mokinių kalboje

Author(s): Agnė Aleksaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

In the current Lithuanian linguistics, there are almost no surveys carried out on the functioning of interjections in the present Lithuanian language, changes and novelties. Pupils’ language is especially suitable for this purpose as one can observe there various language novelties and oncoming changes.The present article provides the results of the pupils’ survey containing a question aimed at finding out interjections used by pupils in different situations. The survey was carried out in September 2015 on the online surveys website apklausa.lt. Pupils were asked to name interjections used to express their feelings in certain situations involving interacting and spending time with friends. Specific situations usual in the everyday life of pupils were suggested, each corresponding to five basic emotions, i.e. anger, fear, joy, disgust, and surprise. The purpose of this question was to determine if pupils understand what interjections are as well as to find out the most frequently used interjections. An assumption was made that in usage there is strong competition between Lithuanian and English interjections, and the latter may even predominate.The analysis of pupils’ answers highlighted several tendencies: 1. Obvious competition exists between Lithuanian and English interjections in the private pupils’ language. 2. Among Lithuanian interjections, various primary (non-derived) interjections are used. 3. Pupils tend to use the same interjections to express rather different emotions ranging fromanger to joy. 4. Lithuanian interjections were most often used to express surprise, disgust and fear, whereas for the expression of anger and joy both Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian interjections were used in abundance. However, for the expression of joy pupils used non-Lithuanian interjections more frequently and diversely; therefore, it can be stated that the expression of the said situation is the most English-like.

Albina Bataitytė – liko darbai ir šviesus paveikslas

Author(s): Pranas Kniūkšta / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

Iš Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos veiklos (2014)

Author(s): Jūratė Palionytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

22-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 88/2015

Ar vis dar aktualus didžiųjų kalbos klaidų sąrašas? Vertinių atvejis

Author(s): Erika Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

The article analyses 37 improper loan-translations given in the List of Major Language Mistakes. The Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language was used for the study of the said loan-translations; 34 loan-translations were found in this source. The loan-translations were analysed in terms of four aspects: 1) how often loan-translations were used in the corpus; 2) the part of the corpus they were used in; 3) the time period of texts; 4) motivation (present or not).The investigation of the material studied showed that more than a third of loan-translations were very frequent (used more than 100 times; e.g. išsireikšti, išsireiškimas, vienok, gerbūvis, neužilgo, (kaž)koks tai, (kaž)kas tai) and therefore unlikely to disappear in the nearest time. It was noticed that translated words rather than collocations were more common.After calculating the distribution of the analysed loan-translations in different parts of the Corpus, it turned out that the greatest number of loan-translations occur in publicistic texts (58.2 per cent), much less – in non-fiction (18.4 per cent), spoken language (12 per cent), and fiction (8.8 per cent). Improper loan-translations were the most uncommon in the administrative texts (2.6 per cent).It should be noted that the above given statistics show the number of loan-translations found in certain parts of the Corpus. As different parts of the Corpus vary in size, the normalised frequency (per 100 000 words) was calculated in order to find out the actual use of loan-translations. The data obtained were different: the greatest number of loan-translations used was found in the spoken language (65.3 instances per 100 000 words), non-fiction – 2.7, publicistic texts – 2, fiction – 1.5, administrative texts – 0.6.The investigation of the use of loan-translations according to the time period approved the hypothesis assumed in the introduction: the number of loan-translations found was greater (59 per cent) in the texts published before 2000, while their use in the recent texts (published starting from 2001) was less frequent (41 per cent). This suggests a certain decrease in the use of improper loan-translations.After counting the instances of motivated and unmotivated use, it turned out that 74 per cent of loan-translations were used without motivation, 26 per cent – with motivation. These data were obtained by counting the total number of instances throughout all the parts of the Corpus. Spoken language excluded (as all such instances of use were regarded as motivated), the results were quite different: unmotivated use was present in 84 per cent of the instances, motivated – 16 per cent. On the basis of such statistics, it can be concluded that language users do not recognise loan-translations as lexical errors. Thus, the discussion of improper loan-translations is still relevant, yet the List of Major Language Mistakes should be updated with recently widespread loan-translations that are more frequent in the current language as well as with improper figurative expressions.

Prielinksnio dėl konstrukcijos administracinėje lietuvių kalboje

Author(s): Rasuolė Vladarskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language) and Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Modern Lithuanian Dictionary) indicate that in the Lithuanian language the preposition dėl is used to signify a cause, purpose, concession; to highlight the thought of a sentence. These dictionaries do not mention the meanings of an attribute and general content area characteristic to the administrative language.Statistical data show that dėl is the most frequent preposition in the administrative language. The research of the use of constructions with this preposition in 50 European Union documents showed that about three quarters of occurrences in document titles signify an attribute or general content area. The spread of constructions with the preposition dėl in the administrative language has been determined by linguistic conditions: 1) analogy with verbal noun phrases with the preposition dėl; 2) a wider meaning of the preposition dėl enables it to successfully compete with prepositions having a more specific meaning (apie, į), genitival and instrumental phrases, infinitival constructions. Non-linguisti (that of legal regulation) condition is also important – the legislation regulating the preparation of documents suggests a construction with the preposition dėl as a proper expression to be used in titles of many legal acts (rulings, decisions, orders, decrees, etc.).Constructions with the preposition dėl signifying an attribute or general content area in document titles, in cases when they eliminate the usual expression variants from usage, are considered as secondary variants of the norm.

Kaip tampa kebli iš pažiūros paprasta simbolinių pavadinimų rašymo taisyklė

Author(s): Ramunė Vaskelaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

Linguistic publications pay insufficient attention to orthography and punctuation of symbolic names. They have mostly been analysed as names of legal persons, which are unique in that they tend to function not only in coherent texts. Functioning as public signs, trademarks, advertising objects, in lists and similar texts they are characterised by different writing tendencies only partly coinciding with the writing of symbolic names in a coherent text. Thus, a rule regulating only writting in a coherent text cannot be sufficient at least for this group of symbolic names. In discussion of symbolic names of legal persons it is necessary to mention other possibilities of writing. However, these are not analysed and defined in detail in linguistic publications; thus, due to lack of clarity, some confusion in usage has arisen.As the functions of capitalisation and quotation marks have become unstable, a favourable medium has emerged for applying the tendencies of writing names characteristic to the English language. The records of the Register of Legal Entities, which clearly show the impact of the English language, demonstrate more factors contributing to foreign orthography: shortcomings of the rule on writing non-Lithuanian symbolic names; insufficient clarity in drawing the line between levels of orthography and punctuation and in writing names in non-coherent texts, including areas as specific as the Register of Legal Entities; absence of the norm and lack of rules for language users on writing symbolic names.Usage also unveils phenomena that are not considered at all in language standardisation works.These are names emerging out of interaction of languages. Even though there is no norm formulated for writing them, it could be established by using the records of the Register of Legal Entities as a reference point. Such constructs are made based on the principle of quotation: in some cases, a Lithuanian element is included in a non-Lithuanian combination; in other cases, on the contrary, a nonLithuanian component, usually a symbolic name, is included in a combination constructed on the basis of Lithuanian syntax. Since the rule is missing, there is a tendency not to distinguish the symbolic name comprising another symbolic name neither as a symbolic name nor as an element foreign to the Lithuanian language. This is against the general tendency of the Lithuanian language and its standardisation principle not to use unadapted foreign words and to treat those used in the written language as quotations in a broad sense. It is negotiable to what extent such a violation can be justified by the field of using proper names.In general, the analysis of the use of symbolic names shows the need both for practical rules and decisions related to codification. Solutions are needed in individual cases, such as formalising multilingual names, as well as in the complex ones, such as clearer formulation of the functions of certain signs (capitals, writing in uppercase letters, quotation marks, prints), their interaction and relation to the levels of orthography and punctuation, constitution of the norm for writing symbolic names in non-coherent texts, and also adjusting the norm for their writing in coherent texts. In addition, usage demonstrates insufficient definition of the concept of a symbolic name and the relation between a symbolic name and a quotation.

Padėkos raiškos galimybės

Author(s): Giedrė Čepaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

By gratitude one shows attention to the addressee, demonstrates that the addresser takes notice of the addressee’s actions and appreciates them. The very words of gratitude perform a referential function of a speech act. It can be expanded when the cause of gratitude is specified. Quite often, an addressee is mentioned in the formulae of gratitude. The expression of gratitude is usually expanded with various modifiers, evaluative words, which perform an expressive function.The article discusses the causes of the situation of gratitude and possibilities of expressing it in the Lithuanian language. The sources used are data from Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas (Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language) as well as from the live speech and letters of different writers, cultural workers collected by the author herself. The article is essentially based on the method of semantic analysis.The situation of gratitude is presupposed by several actions of the addressee: physical aid, varied verbal support (assent, inquiry, compliment) or a promise to provide assistance in future. Direct gratitude is usually expressed by an interjection ačiū, less often – dėkui, a performative verb dėkoju and analytic constructions esu (būsiu, būčiau) dėkingas(-a). The formal relationship between the addresser and addressee is indicated by expressions of gratitude where an action is denoted by analytic forms with the noun padėka and some verbs.As many as 6 semantic shades can be discerned in the expression of implicit gratitude: a wish, an opportunity, a request, an obligation, completion of a speech act, lack of expression. These semantic shades are usually determined by chosen modal verbs, e.g. a wish is implied by verb forms norėti or trokšti, need – reikėti, obligation – verbs denoting necessity. Semantic shades are also evident from the grammatical forms chosen: the imperative mood should first of all be linked to a request, subjunctive mood – indefiniteness of an action. The addressee’s embarrassment (actual or merely apparent) is signalled by the use of verbs with the prefix ne- (nerandu; nėra žodžių).

Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m.

Author(s): Daiva Sinkevičiūtė,Vaida Griniūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

The article presents adapted and grammatically corrected Spanish personal names given to the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania (hereafter – RoL) in 1991–2010. It was found out that part of the most common Spanish personal names were those included in the Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Personal Names, while some other Spanish personal names are mentioned in the discussion of personal names that are not recommended. The collection of personal names for the research was aimed at selecting names originating from Spanish lexis only and miscellaneous etymological forms of personal names derived solely from the Spanish language. However, it was problematic to distinguish between Spanish and other personal names as most of Spanish personal names coincided with the forms of personal names used in Roman languages or other language families.Personal names of Spanish origin given to the citizens of the RoL in 1991– 2010 show that appellative personal names account for the largest part; place names, abbreviations, compound personal names also occur. One group of personal names with a Spanish form in the period studied comprises personal names and their variants of different origin formed within the Spanish language. Other personal names are variants of personal names of Christian origin with different equivalents used in the Lithuanian language; abbreviations and personal names with diminutive suffixes also occur. Throughout the entire 20th century, Lithuanian citizens were given Spanish personal names, yet an increase in these personal names and the spread of new ones occurred in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, even though no massive influx has been observed.Over the period in question, Spanish personal female names were more frequent than the maleones, and personal female names with diminutive suffixes were more frequent than the male ones. In 1991–2010, Spanish personal female names were more diverse in terms of their base form than the male ones. Currently, abbreviations with endings of personal names with diminutive suffixes at their base form have become widespread in Lithuania.Spanish personal names had firstly emerged among the Lithuanian names from literature, thenfrom cinema films, TV series. Therefore, an increase in the number of Spanish personal names given to the citizens of the RoL in 1991–2010 might have been related to Spanish TV series. Also, parents might have given Spanish personal names to their children with the purpose of giving a rare, distinct personal name of foreign origin or, in the Soviet times, because of admiration for the Western culture.At different time periods throughout the 20th century, most of Spanish names were given to Lithuanians born in Lithuania; only in the late 20th and early 21st centuries there is an increase in personal names with a Spanish form given to the citizens of the RoL born abroad. It was found out that the citizens of the RoL born abroad were given the same personal names as children born in Lithuania. This shows that Spanish personal names have become widespread under the influence of other cultures, while starting from the early 20th century Spanish personal names characteristic to Spanish speaking countries form a unique part of the personal names of the citizens of the RoL; in the late 20th and early 21st centuries these names are integrated into the personal names given to children born in the RoL.Spanish personal names included in the Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Personal Names (Lith. Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas – LVKŽ) were usually given to the citizens of the RoL starting from the early 20th century; some of personal names included in the LVKŽ were given to children starting from the Soviet times. However, the majority of Spanish personal names given in 1991–2010 are missing in the LVKŽ. All these personal names (except for Anita, Estrėja, Gitana, Gitanas) share the same feature – they were quite rare in the 20th century and in the early 21st century, which was probably why they were not included. It was noticed that a substantial part of personal names not included in the LVKŽ had been for the first time given to the citizens of the RoL starting from the mid-20th century, which probably suggests that the authors of the LVKŽ rejected personal names widespread in the recent time period as they intended to preserve the traditions of giving foreign names widespread in the interwar period.

Probleminiai tarties klausimai Latvių kalbos gramatikoje

Author(s): Dzintra Šulce / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

Svarbi bet kurios kalbos sudedamoji dalis – ortoepija, apimanti visas tarties sistemas. O r t o e p i j a , arba t a i s y k l i n g a t a r t i s , – tai „sutartinių tarties taisyklių sistema; tokių taisyklių praktinis laikymasis“ (VPSV 2007: 284). Panašiai šis terminas apibrėžiamas ir Latvių kalbos gramatikoje (LVG 2013: 123).

Žodžio vienok dalia

Author(s): Artūras Judžentis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

The article discusses the origins of the word vienok, its use and codification. It is considered that this word is not a loan-word but an own word resulting from autonomous Lithuanian language. Its use in the standard language should not be reprehended.

Iš Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos veiklos (2013)

Author(s): Jūratė Palionytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014

21-oji Jono Jablonskio konferencija Šiuolaikinės kalbos tyrimai ir problemos

Author(s): Aurelija Tamulionienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 87/2014