За някои особености на речевия етикет в българския и словашкия език

Author(s): Daniela Konstantinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

The article examines some specific features in Bulgarian and Slovak speech etiquette. The focus is on etiquette formulas such as greetings, salutations, wishes, addressing people, but also formulas which express desire and request. Many examples in Bulgarian and Slovak are given. The stress is layed on some lexical and grammatical differences in both languages which play an important role in communication and can explain some national-cultural specificity and will be helpful in avoiding the violation of the rules of proper verbal behavior and speech etiquette.

Словашката славистика вчера и днес

Author(s): Daniela Konstantinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

Формант *-ъtь и склонение слов типа *nogъtь, *olkъtь, *degъtь, *desętь и *dьnь в праславянском

Author(s): Mihail Nikolaevich Saenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The article analyses the formation of the characteristic Proto-Slavic nominal declension paradigm, which originally included the words *nogъtь ‘nail’, *olkъtь ‘elbow’, *degъtь ‘tar’, *desętь ‘ten’ and *dьnь ‘day’, later enriching itself mostly with derivatives with the formant *-ъtь. The author looks at the history of the formant as well as its combinatory power, depending on the final consonant of the stem, which in its turn can help determine articulatory characteristics of the late Proto-Slavic language *l. Apart from that, derivates with the formant *-ъtь are subdivided according to corresponding chronological layers and a number of details related to their history are analysed.

К вопросу реализации деривационного потенциала англицизмов в русском и хорватском языках (на материале текстов сми и интернет-форумов)

Author(s): Nika Zoricic,Marina Vasilievna Radčenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

English loanwords, demonstrating varying degrees of adaptation in Russian and Croatian, are actively used in derivational processes. The formation of neologisms, very frequently found in mass media texts and in the language of the Internet, can be carried out in both conventional and non-conventional ways. Based on a comparative analysis, the most productive ways of forming neologisms derived from Anglicisms are revealed: suffixation, analytical compounding (in Russian), graphical derivation, blending. The degree of word-formation potential of the newest Anglicisms reflects the relevance of the designated phenomenon and the frequency of use of the borrowing and its derivatives.

Марія Львівнa Дружинець Українське усне мовлення: психо-та соціофонетичний аспекти

Author(s): Alla Petrivna Romanchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

Марія Львівнa Дружинець: Українське усне мовлення: психо-та соціофонетичний аспекти. Одеса, Одеський нац. ун-т, 2019, 580 с., ISBN 978-617-689-344-8

New Light on the Psalter: A Rediscovered Manuscript of the Żołtarz and Its Consequences

Author(s): Magdalena Charzyńska-Wójcik,Jolanta Klimek-Grądzka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The objective of this paper is to bring to light an important early 16th-century Polish rendition of the Psalter, Żołtarz Dawidów, translated by Walenty Wróbel and prepared for print by Andrzej Glaber. We argue that in spite of its unique position in the line of Psalter translations into Polish, the Żołtarz has not received a comprehensive and exhaustive treatment. While some detailed issues have been diligently addressed by individual scholars, research on the Żołtarz has generally been overshadowed by Brückner’s (1902) pioneering study, to the extent that one of its two surviving manuscript copies has not received official recognition in the scholarly literature. In particular, alongside the Kórnik manuscript (from 1528) described by Brückner, there exists another 16th-century exemplar (1536), which has been in the possession of the Jagiellonian Library since 1928. Its rediscovery by the authors of the present paper has two important consequences. First of all, the Jagiellonian Żołtarz should become an object of study in its own right. Secondly, its existence requires a re-assessment of the current state of knowledge on the Żołtarz in the light of the data it contains.

Вербализация понятий душа / дух в русском и грузинском языках

Author(s): Inga Kikvidze / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2022

The article discusses a set of means by which the concepts of soul/spirit are verbalized in languages of different systems – Russian and Georgian. The article analyzes the relationship between the semantic content of these words and the scope of their use; in particular, differences in their meaning and use in religious and scientific discourses. From a comparative point of view, the paper analyzes semantic structure and scope of meanings of the Russian words душа / дух (soul/spirit) and the Georgian lexical units სული [suli] / სამშვინველი [samshvinveli] / გონი [goni]. The studied units in these languages are polysemantic words, however, the semantic content of their lexico-semantic variants is not identical. The Russian word дух corresponds to the Georgian words სული [suli] and გონი [goni]; and the word душа corresponds to Georgian – სული [suli] and სამშვინველი [samshvinveli] depending on the sphere of their use. The results of the comparative study are presented in the article based on the analysis of lexicographic data of explanatory, bilingual and encyclopedic dictionaries, as well as parallel contexts from religious and scientific (philosophical) literature.

ACQUISITION OF RUSSIAN NOMINAL DERIVATION IN MONOLINGUALISM AND BILINGUALISM

Author(s): Victoria V. Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The case study focuses on the acquisition of Russian derivational morphology in terms of nouns by monolingual (Russian) and simultaneous bilingual (Russian-German) children of early age. The results are based on analysis of representative natural longitudinal recordings transcribed and stored in CHAT format using the CHILDES system. The first patterns and methods of nominal word-formation along with the morphemes used by children are revealed. The properties of word-formation that indicate the productive use of the nominal derivatives, such as the presence of simplex– derivative pairs, chains and word families, as well as occasionalisms are noted. The similarities and differences in the acquisition of nominal derivatives, including their semantic domains, in mono- and bilingual situations are discussed.

THE BILINGUAL ADVANTAGE: PERFORMING THE NON WORD REPETITION TEST

Author(s): Eglė Krivickaitė-Leišienė,Ineta Dabašinskienė / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The study investigated the accuracy of non-word production by bilingual and monolingual children. The participants (125 children in total) belonged to two groups of bilingual children with different language repertoires and one group of monolingual Lithuanians. The analysis revealed that the overall performance of both bilingual groups was better than in the monolingual group. The bilingual children demonstrated more accurate and statistically significant results in repeating longer and structurally more complex non-words. The findings of this study suggest that the bilinguals being acquainted with two phonological systems had a greater experience with diverse phonology, which ensured a more precise performance of the task.

国家主導性と経済性の相克 ── ウズベキスタンにおける国家語と共通通商語に焦点を当てて ──

Author(s): Masahiro Tokunaga / Language(s): Japanese Issue: 69/2022

Predicated on language economics/economic linguistics, as well as language studies in the fields of international management, business, and economics, this paper is an attempt to construct a theoretical framework of understanding a dilemma between state-led initiative and economic rationality regarding language choices. In so doing, I incorporate linguistic factors into transaction cost theory of new institutional economics and concepts of institutional connectivity and complementarity emanating from comparative institutional analysis. I conceptualize three types of institutional settings in post-Soviet countries: 1) language planning relying on the Russian language; 2) language planning departing from the Russian language; and 3) inevitable coexistence with the Russian language. I then explore conflicts between the titular languages and the Russian language: while the languages of nation states are an integral part of their nationalities and ethnic identities, the Russian language remains a powerful common business language working as the lingua franca in the post-Soviet economic space. Taking Uzbekistan as a case belonging to the third type of institutional setting, I show specific circumstances of the language use by analyzing questionnaires and semi-structured interviews collected from dozens of informants. To conclude, I compare the development of Uzbekistan with that of other Central Asian countries challenged by the similar indispensability of the Russian language and thereby offer an outlook for these Central Asian institutional arrangements from the viewpoint of institutional complementarity.

Emergent literacy of 5-year-old Estonian- and Russian-speaking Estonian children: What subskills are behind the differences?

Author(s): Piret Soodla,Tiiu Tammemäe / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2022

In 2018, the International Early Learning and Child Well-being Study (IELS) was conducted in Estonia, England, and the United States (OECD 2020a). The present study focuses on emergent literacy and examines the effects of language and gender on five-year-old Estonian children’s test performance in different subskills of emergent literacy. The sample comprised of the test performance of 1611 Estonian-speaking and 444 Russian-speaking children who attended kindergartens in which Estonian and Russian were the language of instruction, respectively. Children’s vocabulary, sentence and narrative comprehension, and phonological awareness were assessed. The results indicated the main effect of language on the majority of the subskills, reflecting better test performance among Russian-speaking children compared to their Estonian-speaking peers. In addition, girls performed significantly better than boys on most of the tasks.

Covid-19 pandemija ir karas Ukrainoje: eufemizmų ir disfemizmų vartojimas viešajame diskurse latvių, lietuvių ir rusų kalbose

Author(s): Dite Liepa,Evija Liparte / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 95/2022

The 2020’s kicked off with a number of new challenges for the human kind: the COVID-19 pandemic and the war that Russia started in Ukraine. These global events of the past three years have affected the way we use language as well: a democratic society needs to talk about what is happening and have everything explained and be informed about it; besides, language has responded to these developments rather vigorously. The pandemic has divided the society in two based on how the people approach the virus: its believers and its deniers. With the advent of vaccines the society split even further into two irreconcilable camps: those who supported the vaccines and those who were against them. Language saw an influx of new words, emotional expressiveness and verbal aggression were on a rise, and two polar linguistic tools, euphemisms and dysphemisms, were being used to describe the opposing factions. The COVID pandemic was not over yet when, in February of 2022, the world was shaken by yet another tragedy as Russia invaded Ukraine. The brutality of the war and the fierce resistance on the part of the Ukrainians triggered the use of euphemisms, and politically tinted dysphemisms in particular, which had existed at the passive level of the vocabulary for a long time (following the collapse of the USSR and the restoration of independence in Latvia and in Lithuania). The empirical material of this article shows that one side tries to call a spade a spade without avoiding the use of various dysphemisms, while the other does it selectively, using lies and misinformation, using both euphemisms and dysphemisms in great abundance, attempting to force everyone to use them at the beginning of the war. However, in the democratic world, as well as in Ukraine, Russia‘s official euphemistic style of speech has been met with ridicule, leading to the creation of new euphemisms and dysphemisms. During situations of physical aggression, both sides also use verbal aggression and irony. Thus, the usage of political euphemisms and dysphemisms will not see any sort of decline, especially in a state of war. The euphemisms and dysphemisms featured in the article are used to designate said events – the pandemic and the war in Ukraine – in the Latvian, Lithuanian, and Russian languages. A juxtaposition of the specific euphemisms and dysphemisms has established that some of them are common in both discourses: that of the pandemic and of the war (for example, Voldemort: ‘something that others are afraid to call by its real name’, putinistai // putleristai // vatnikai: ‘users and disseminators of Russian propaganda’). Only with the discourse of COVID-19, the universal dysphemism is covidiot, which is widely used to describe any person who, during the pandemic, behaves differently than the person using this dysphemism acts or thinks. However, used dysphemically, lexemes fascists, Nazis are considered universal only in the discourse of the war in Ukraine, because the two warring sides apply them and derivatives and compounds thereof (e.g., Ukrofascists, Nazi regime vs. Fascists, ruscists) with reference to one another. In the discourse of the pandemic, derivatives and compounds with these lexemes (e.g. Latvian covidfašistu banda ‘covid-fascist gang’) were applied only to government representatives and persons supporting the official line of the state (the alleged ‘dictatorship’). Various new words (situational dysphemisms) have also been created to describe the realities of both the pandemic and the war in Ukraine. A comparison of material from the three languages highlights both the universal nature of the reviewed language phenomena, and the possibility of their adoption.

Международная научная конференция «Пограничья Славии на переломе XX–XXI вв. Язык – общество – культура – идентичность» (Вильнюс, 8–10 сентября 2022 г.)

Author(s): Elena Konickaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

On September 8–10, 2022, the VI International Scientific Conference of the Commission on Sociolinguistics, accredited to the International Committee of Slavists, from the series “Slavic languages in a Sociolinguistic Aspect” was held at the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University. The conference was organized by the Centre of Polish Studies of the Faculty of Philology of VU. 71 reports discussed the most pressing problems of sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, widely and diversely reflecting the wide range of questions of the conference. Information about the conference, theses of the participants' presentations are available on the website http://www.sociolingvistika2022.flf.vu.lt/

Interactive Neurocognitive Models of Language Processing

Author(s): Svitlana Shestakova,Liubov Oliinyk,Nataliia Rebryk,Anatolii Yanchyshyn,Oksana Yushchyshyna,Myroslava Hnatyuk / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The article shows that lexico-semantic innovations in the Ukrainian language system of proper names which are characterized by a specific neurophysiological mechanism of formation require in-depth study. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that lexico-semantic word formation used to be mainly considered in the diachronic aspect, which led to little attention to ergonyms and pragmonyms as relevant classes of proper names. The article aims to analyze lexico-semantic innovations in the context of ergonyms and pragmonyms and determine their role in word formation in the system of naming-related tools in the modern Ukrainian language. Research methods include observations, analogies, analysis, synthesis, linguistic description, component analysis, structural-semantic analysis, statistical methods. The article proves that lexico-semantic word formation is the most active and productive way of replenishing the fund of ergonyms and pragmonyms in the Ukrainian language under the conditions of a transition economy. The main types of lexico-semantic word formation are derivational metaphor and derivational metonymy. They enable the formation of both simple and compound lexico-semantic innovations mostly represented by binary word combinations. Including all layers of vocabulary in the scope of such a type of word formation can bring unlimited prospects of its functioning in the future. The international value of the research implies clarifying the role of lexico-semantic word formation in the naming system of modern Ukrainian, describing important fragments of the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language, systematizing modern lexico-semantic naming models, and determining the ways of activating lexico-semantic substitution. For the first time in Ukrainian linguistics, the research analyzes peripheral classes of proper names in various ways, classifies ergonyms by thematic groups and motivational features underlying the naming unit and reveals the specifics of different semantic groups of Ukrainian pragmonyms.

ОБОБЩЕННЫЕ ХАРАКЕРИСТИКИ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ ДВУЯЗЫЧНЫХ УЧАЩИХСЯ (РУССКО-ЭСТОНСКИЙ БИЛИНГВИЗМ), ПОЛУЧАЮЩИХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НА ЭСТОНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Author(s): Natalia Zamkovaja,Irina Mikhailovna Moissejenko,Natalia Tshuikina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2011

The article describes general characteristics of linguistic personality of bilingual students (Russian-Estonian bilingualism), who get their education in the Estonian language. As the number of such students in Estonia has been increasing, the problem of their research has been recognized as being of great importance. The data for the article was received through written and oral questionnaire and allow tracing specific social agents for a bilingual student’s linguistic personality formation. By dint of the questionnaire biography data, ethnical and linguistic self-definition, spheres of the languages application, self-definition for the languages acquisition, appraisal for the process of Russian language teaching in the schools given by the students has become apparent.In general, the respondents positively estimated the decision to study in an Estonian-medium school made by their parents, they also see their classmates’ and teachers’ attitude as good; however, most of them think that their level of skills in the Russian language (sometimes in Estonian as well) is insufficient.Students of different regions in Estonia were questioned, which allows getting a general idea of the matter. The collected material affords to elicit bottlenecks in teaching Russian to such students, to predict and take into account their educational needs while compiling teaching materials.

Białoruskojęzyczne komentarze na forum internetowym Tut.by

Author(s): Anna Berenika Siwirska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2021

An article on the characteristics of comments in the Belarusian language posted on the Tut.by forum. At the beginning of the article; the author examines the popularity of the Belarusian language among forum users by compiling the number of Belarusian and Russian-language comments under the most commented articles posted on the forum Tut.by. As a result of the analysis; it was proved that although the Russian language dominates the discussed forum; Belarusian-language comments are present under each of the selected articles. However; since the main goal of the article is to characterize Belarusian-language comments; searching for individual statements under articles seemed to be an ineffective way of collecting a sufficient amount of material. Therefore; it was decided to create a text corpus consisting of a sample of the last 50 entries of 13 Internet users who between January 1 - March 31 2019; posted at least one Belarusian-language post on the Tut.by forum. In this way; a set of texts was created consisting of 890 unique segments; on the basis of which further analysis was carried out. As a result of the research; it was found that Belarusian-language comments are very diverse in terms of their content and form. Although most of the Belarusian-language authors of these posts presented common attitudes; they participated in online discussions on various topics; and their comments differed greatly in terms of linguistic correctness and diligence; the level of emotionality; the way of verbalizing non-verbal signs and the culture of conversation. Therefore; it seems reasonable to conclude that the variety of the Belarusian language researched on the Tut.by forum is very diverse; and the individual skills and preferences of each Internet user plays a decisive role in its form.

Тыпалагічныя прыкметы беларускай і польскай літаратурных моў: спецыфіка канцэптуалізацыі

Author(s): Viktoria Liashuk / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 16/2022

The typological parameters to analyse the phenomenon of the national literary language on the basis of its terminological and theoretical presentation in the Belarusian and Polish scientific and educational paradigm are used in the article. Theoretical, educational methodological and lexicographic sources reflecting common and distinctive features in the conceptualization of the national literary language of Belarusians and Poles are used as analytical material. A terminological and classificatory asymmetry is traced in the interpretation of the national literary Slavic language within the boundaries of national linguistic and Slavic studies. The conceptualization of the Belarusian and Polish literary languages is indirectly related to their typological parameters and can be used as a typological model.

Antroponimia Białostocczyzny w badaniach profesora Michała Sajewicza

Author(s): Piotr Złotkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2022

The aim of this article is to present the contribution of Michal Sajewicz to the development of research on the contemporary and historical anthroponymy of the Bialystok region. The  researcher is a well-known and respected linguist, scientifically associated with the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. The Slavist published a monograph and 28 scientific articles on anthroponymy. This study shows that the Professor’s interests focus on the following categories of personal names: first names, surnames, nicknames and marytonyms, from the area of the present Hajnówka district in the Podlasie voivodeship. On the basis of analysis of the Linguist’s research achievements, it can be concluded that the subjects of his detailed onomastic investigations are: 1) first names of Kleszczele and surrounding villages residents in the 16th–18th centuries, 2) first names of graduates of the Secondary School with the Belarusian Language of Teaching in Hajnówka from the 50’s to the 90’s of the 20th century, 3) patronymics surnames with a formant -uk in the Hajnówka district 4) nicknames of Lewkowo Stare and the surrounding area residents, and 5) names of wives in the Belarusian dialects of the vicinity of Narewka. In his linguistic research, Michal Sajewicz also addresses issues related to history, sociology and religious diversity of the Polish-East Slavic language borderland. Their results were published in the monograph and 28 scientific articles. This text also attempts to show to what extent the historical, geographic, ethnic, religious, cultural and sociological conditions were reflected in the research on the Polish-East Slavic language borderland conducted by the Slavist. The review of Michal Sajewicz’s research achievements presented here allows us to state that he made a significant contribution to research on the anthroponymy of the Bialystok region.

Kalki semantyczne, strukturalne i kolokacyjne z języka rosyjskiego w gwarach polskich na terenie Rosji

Author(s): Sergiej Skorwid / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents a study of immigrant Polish dialects in Russia that have been strongly influenced by the dominant language spoken in the area. The author discusses issues related to identifying Russian semantic and structural calques in the examined dialects, in particular differentiating between calques and adapted borrowings. The difficulties result from the close affinity of the Russian language and the influenced dialects, which have a common Slavic root. The article suggests a solution to this problem, namely observing various aspects of calque formation, taking into consideration the fact that the border between the analysed phenomena is blurred and the calques are often firmly bound with certain collocations. To this end, the author introduces the notion of “collocation calques” in order to describe these units adequately.

Hermeneutic Dimension of Lexical-Syntactic Word Formation (in Ukrainian Language and Literature)

Author(s): Oleh Andrishko,Anatolii Popovskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2022

The article considers lexical and syntactic word formation based on works of Ukrainian literature. Hermeneutics is closely related to philology, but most often examines the text from the point of view of literary criticism. The linguistic aspect, namely the study of occasionalisms, is much less studied. Attention to Ukrainian culture is growing, and in this context it can be an interesting source of hermeneutic research. This article examines the most interesting examples of occasionalisms, which by their function and non-standard structure are divided into two types – a priori and a posteriori. The difference between coalescences (words formed in a lexical-syntactic way) and similar words and phenomena has also been clarified. Most of these words are related to holophrases, but in Ukrainian literature there are examples that we call a posteriori coalescences, they are formed according to individual authorial models and have almost no analogues in the texts of other writers. We hope that this study will be an important step in the study of Ukrainian language and literature in the world and will draw attention to Ukrainian culture – a culture with millennial traditions.