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The article deals with the system of parts of sentence with respect to syncretic phenomena in language. The main reason and goal of this approach to parts of sentence system description is the premise that no matter how prats of sentence are categorized.
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The paper deals with syncretic features of computer non-literary (jargon/slang) words which are the object of research presented. The subject is syncretic features of this group of lexis. The term of syncretism describes some non-discrete phenomena or merging, fusion or union of diverse and contradictory elements. Syncretism at the lexical level means formal and semantic asymmetry when one sign can have two or more meanings or one meaning can be expressed in two or more differentsings. Syncretism as a lexical-semantic category is understood as accumulation of two/multiple denotations and significations at the same time. Syncretism comprises such phenomena as metaphor, metonymy, symbolic words, connotative lexis, hyperonyms, phraseology.
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Review on a book devoted to the questions concerning Polish and Russian syntax. A comparative study of a clause in both Slavonic languages.
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The article examines the influence exercised by Polish language with regard to military terminology of old Romanian vocabulary. By establishing three lexical-semantic fields, we shall take into account generic names of military personnel, generic names of military grades and generic names of weaponry and munitions. Polish influence over Romanian old vocabulary between XVI and XVIII centuries is the result of direct relations between Romanian and Polish savants, due to contact of Moldavian scholars with Polish schools during their studies and with Polish realities or due to presence of Polish people in Moldova, as missionaries and/or travelers. Therefore, we shall examine how Polish influence has distributed over Romanian old texts, such as chronicles or text translations from Polish language by rendering to Romanian language lexical loanwords into the military field of direct Polish origin or lexemes in Polish originated from Latin or sometimes, a Romanic idiom.
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Julian Tuwim belongs to the pantheon of the greatest Polish writes of the 20th century. His Polish-Jewish descent, his attitude towards the Polish language, towards Jews in Poland, his political activities as an emigrant as well as his controversial involvement with the communist Poland still fuel many critical discussions. Polish language and culture were for him much more important than the categories of nation or state. However, whereas for Polish nationalists and antisemites Tuwim remained “only” a Jew, Jewish nationalists considered him a traitor. It was in exile that his attitude towards his Jewish countrymen began to change, especially after he learnt about the horror of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Thus, he began writing his famous, dramatic manifesto, We, the Polish Jews. After World War II, Tuwim came back to Poland, hoping to continue his prewar career as a celebrated poet. His manifold contributions to the development of the Polish language and literature, within the country and abroad, cannot be questioned, and the dilemmas concerning his cultural and ethnic identity only make him a more interesting writer. Julian Tuwim belongs to the pantheon of the greatest Polish writes of the 20th century. His Polish-Jewish descent, his attitude towards the Polish language, towards Jews in Poland, his political activities as an emigrant as well as his controversial involvement with the communist Poland still fuel many critical discussions. Polish language and culture were for him much more important than the categories of nation or state. However, whereas for Polish nationalists and antisemites Tuwim remained “only” a Jew, Jewish nationalists considered him a traitor. It was in exile that his attitude towards his Jewish countrymen began to change, especially after he learnt about the horror of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Thus, he began writing his famous, dramatic manifesto, We, the Polish Jews. After World War II, Tuwim came back to Poland, hoping to continue his prewar career as a celebrated poet. His manifold contributions to the development of the Polish language and literature, within the country and abroad, cannot be questioned, and the dilemmas concerning his cultural and ethnic identity only make him a more interesting writer.
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Polish studies have a long tradition in the Czech Republic. The Congress of the Polish Studies, held in Prague in 2013, attempted to present the current state of research on Polish issues. Two monographs were published as the proceedings of the congress. This paper discusses the second one, i.e., "The Czech studies on Poland in the context of Central and Eastern Europe".
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The paper deals with bilingual Polish–Lithuanian dictionaries compiled by the famous figures of Lithuanian science, culture and education from the first half of 19th century S. Daukantas (1793–1864) and L. Ivinskis (1810–1881). It focuses on terminological lexis of Lithuanian origin (derivatives) naming various concepts of medicine. Attempts are made to identify ways of word-formation of derivatives and derivational categories, to discuss derivational types of the latter, to establish what groups of medical concepts are named using derivatives, to identify their relation with the living language and the language used in writings, to identify possible neologisms of the authors of dictionaries and to evaluate the survival of derivatives in modern standard Lithuanian and in the terminology of medicine. Both lexicographers are viewed as men of merit in Lithuanian medical terminology. Their input is important not only because of the medical lexis (the majority of which is of Lithuanian origin) included in their dictionaries, but also because of their attempts to find Lithuanian equivalents of Polish words in the living language and to create words for naming medical concepts. 46% of Lithuanian terminological lexis of medicine presented in both dictionaries is derived words - suffix, prefix and ending derivatives.
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The paper deals with lexical Lituanisms functioning in Polish dialects on the Polish-Lithuanian-Belorussian borderland. Lithuanian lexical loanwords are characterized with regard to time and the ways of filtering of these words into Polish dialects. The conducted analysis shows that the majority of Lithuanian borrowings penetrated into Polish by the mediation of the Belorussian language, which can be an evidence of the Belorussian background of Polish dialects in Vilnius and its area.
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This paper explores inter-lingual equivalence from the perspective of linking two large lexico-semantic databases, namely the Princeton WordNet of English and the plWordnet (pl. Słowosieć) of Polish. Wordnets are built as networks of lexico-semantic relations between words and their meanings, and constitute a type of monolingual dictionary cum thesaurus. The development of wordnets for different languages has given rise to many wordnet linking projects (e.g. EuroWordNet, Vossen, 2002). Regardless of a linking method used, these projects require defining rules for establishing equivalence links between wordnet building blocks, known as synsets (sets of synonymous lexical units, i.e., lemma-sense pairs). In this paper an analysis is carried out of a set of inter-wordnet relations used in the mapping of the plWordNet onto the Princeton WordNet, and an attempt is made to relate them to equivalence taxonomies described in specialist literature on bilingual lexicography and translation.
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The history of the Czechs in the Middle Irtysh region is closely related to the history of P.A. Stolypin’s reforms of the late 19th – early 20th century. The evidence provided by the language conscious representations has allowed identifying the migration paths of the Czechs, as well as the places where they “exited” the European part of Russia and Europe. The paper traces the formation of the Czech dialect and its development in Siberia. It also underpins the thesis concerning the specific role played by interdialect and inter-linguistic interference in forming the sprachraum of the polyethnic region. The connection of interference and bilingualism has been demonstrated by the example of the development of the Czech dialect in the Middle Irtysh region. The paper also considers theoretical foundations of the research: different approaches to the problem of interference in linguistics, viewpoints on the connection of interference and bilingualism, the author’s point of view has been presented adequately. Based on the material collected by the author, it has been demonstrated that interference appears at all levels of the language system, being especially explicit in lexis. Lexis represents the “power” of the Russian language and of Siberian old-settlers’ dialects, which is reflected in direct lexical borrowings from the surrounding dialects and in adaptation (phonetic, grammatical, derivational, and semantic) of the Czech lexicon seen as particularly important.
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The article first discusses the economic organisation of the Piast state; such toponyms as Konary and Kobylniki are given particular attention. The historical region of Kujawy has provided the starting point for further analysis. Historical sources were explored in search of the first mentions of the villages in question. At the same time, attempts were made to correlate the location of the villages with the location of meadows and pastures suitable for grazing horses. Then, archaeological record from Kujawy confirming the use of horses was analysed, notably finds of spurs and horseshoes. The paper discusses centres of princely rule (Brześć Kujawski and Kruszwica) that yielded evidence confirming the use of horses. Equestrian elements have been also recorded at early medieval cemeteries; the article investigates selected excavated sites throughout the Piast domain, including Lutomiersk, Końskie, Pokrzywnica Wielka, Łączyn Stary, Korzybie Duże, Czersk, Daniłow Mały, Sowinki and Dziekanowice.
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The authors analyze the structure of imperative clauses in English, Hungarian, and Polish statutory instruments, including the EU ones. The emphasis is put on the exponents of modal meanings used in the above-mentioned three languages. The clauses are analyzed from a semantic and syntactic perspective. Grammatical and lexical exponents of deontic modality in English, Hungarian, and Polish are compared. The semantic components constituting modally marked utterances are described.
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The paper shows the social status of dialects in the eighteenth-century Polish society. The first part of article contains theoretical attentions: findings of researchers and the opinions of witnesses era.It turns out that social scope of dialects was wider and not limited only to the peasants. The second part is an analysis of the names of whippletree. I used material from stock lists of the nobility from the second half of the eighteenth century from Wielkopolska, showing the presence of distinctive and regional vocabulary
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The aim of this article is to introduce a typology of Slavic immigrant dialects spoken in the Russian Federation. The paper deals with two Polish and three Czech varieties located in Siberia,in the case of the Czech ones also at the Black Sea coast of the Northern Caucasus and, partly,with West Ukrainian patois of Siberian Hollanders. The author outlines the current state of their research and analyzes the most eloquent examples of the phonological and grammatical resemblances between them which appeared mainly due to the fact that their original dialectal systems have been similarly influenced by their language surroundings, first of all by Russian. In particular attention is drawn to the problem of penetration of Russian palatalized consonants to phonetic or even phonological systems of those dialects. In morphology, it is shown that the functional sphere of some grammatical categories and forms has changed in the examined dialects not only under influence from Russian, but sometimes also as a result of their independent development in an insular situation.
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The Slovak evangelical priest Juraj Palkovič (Georg Palkowitsch), who worked as a professor in Bratislava, collected 240 loanwords borrowed from Hungarian or through Hungarian mediation in his two-volume dictionary published in 1820 and 1821 as a Czech language edition. His work reflects the language situation of Slovak evangelical people living in Hungary in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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The aim of the paper is to verify the possibility of the parallel use of the formal criteria of systematization for parts of speech proposed by Polish and Hungarian linguists in their recent works dealing with problems of morphological description. Two possible approaches are considered: the morphological and the syntactic approach. The paper focuses on the syntactic criteria regarded as more universal. The term has several interpretations. Some authors understand it as e.g. the autonomy of a lexeme in utterance, linking functions, types of syntactic relationships, superiority or subordination in a phrase, morphological accommodation within a syntactic group. Some selected recent approaches to the systematization of Polish and Hungarian parts of speech are discussed. The Polish model drawn up by Roman Laskowski is based on the top-down principle and the use of several syntactic properties of lexemes. The approach adopted by István Kenesei for Hungarian lexemes follows a method formulated within generative grammar, which may be described as the grass-roots method. The results of the comparative analysis are summed up in a tabular form.
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In this paper the author presents the linguistic image of the lexemes with cat in Polish and in Hungarian phraseological units. The analysis shows that the cognitive basis of this concept is made up of several categories and conceptualizations. In both languages the image of cat is in most cases similar to and corresponds with the human behaviour.
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The paper is devoted to unfolding the hidden original meaning of the East Slavonic idiom синий как пуп, which has the meaning of colour.
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A special part of the lexicon of each language is formed by proper names that became common words, i.e. eponyms. The aim of this study is the presentation of eponyms that derive from the names of famous heroes in literature. These heroes usually have some characteristic attributes or accomplished a special deed, and the words deriving from their names symbolise the given attribute or deed.
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