Wykorzystanie pomiarów antropometrycznych w badaniach artykulacji samogłosek (na materiale polskim)

Author(s): Piotr Rybka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

The paper contains an original method of analysis of different articulatory sections of vowels (namely, roentgenograms and articulograms). The proposal is based on measurements of precisely specified points within the articulators. Being the most important and related to the palatal and alveolar processes, the position of the highest point on the surface of the tongue is vital for the proper interpretation of a given articulation. In order to measure the location of the above-mentioned point, position vectors were used. The absolute coordinates of the vectors were converted into relative values, i.e. related to the extreme positions of the tongue observed in the analyzed material. As a result, it was possible to compare the results obtained regardless of the size of particular illustration of speech organs. In total, it was assumed that the tongue would reach 49 possible positions measured in relation to most extreme position typical for vowels [I a o u]. Each recognized articulation was transcribed with the International Phonetic Alphabet. As for the vowel labialization, a separate procedure was used which involved measuring the following distances: between the lips, the incisors and between the upper lip and the upper incisors. Those measurements allowed to ascertain up to 6 different types of labialization. The introduced method was also illustrated with an example analysis of Polish vowels. The examples were adopted both from the latest research and older publications. In the discussion, the advantages and possible applications of the procedure were pointed out as well as limitations and possible refinement of some of its elements.

Leksem apopleksja w historii polszczyzny

Author(s): Lucyna Agnieszka Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 52/2017

Apopleksja ‘apoplexy’ is a word of Latin origin which was used for the first time as a medical term probably in 1534 in a herbarium by Stefan Falimirz. Since then it has been continuously included in dictionaries. Over the period of its presence in Polish, it has been considered to be a medical term, which has been numerously evidenced in medical texts of various epochs and also by the fact that it was referenced in two medical lexicons which are important in the history of the Polish medical terminology: one of 1881, the other of 1905. However, these lexicons show that the term apopleksja had competition. Most probably, the lexeme apopleksja was used for the last time as a strictly medical term before the Second World War. Today it belongs to a group of archaisms in the medical terminology and has been replaced by the following terms: udar (udar mózgu, udar mózgowy) ‘stroke (brain stroke, cerebral stroke).’

Obraz diabła w polskiej i węgierskiej frazeologii

Author(s): Dorota Dziewońska-Kiss,Zsuzsanna Ráduly / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2013

In this paper, the authors present the linguistic image of the devil in Polish and Hungarian phraseological units. The analysis of the material shows that the cognitive basis of this concept is made up of several domains and conceptualizations. In both languages, the image of the devil is in most cases similar to and corresponds with human behavior but in some cases evidently differs, too.

CO SŁYCHAĆ W SŁUCHOWISKU, CZYLI O TECHNIKACH PRACY Z TEATREM WYOBRAŹNI NA ZAJĘCIACH JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO

Author(s): Anna Trębska-Kerntopf / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2011

The article describes 27 task-based techniques and strategies that were developed while analyzing literary works, and then applied to teaching Polish as a second language. A radio drama was used as the source material, and each technique is presented with an associated task and the description of results that can be reached with the use of the particular technique or strategy. The study demonstrated that activating techniques were the most effective in developing listening skills.

Czasowniki inchoatywne z prefiksem za- w języku bułgarskim i ich odpowiedniki w polskim i białoruskim

Author(s): Julia Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2005

В статье представлен анализ инхоативных глаголов с префиксом за- в трёх славянских языках: болгарском, польском и белорусском, а также показаны различия в распределении этих гла голов в отдельных семантических группах. В славянских языках наиболее продуктивным способом деривации форм инхоативной конфигуркции является префиксация, а префикс за- является типичым славянским инхоативным префиксом. Инхоативность в статье представлена не как один из способов действия, а как конфигурация двух видов - длителыюго и моментального моментальной доминантой.

Frazeologia polskich młodzieżowych tekstów literackich w nauczaniu Ukraińców

Author(s): Julia Dilna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2010

Wzbogacanie zasobu słownictwa jest jednym z najważniejszych elementów dydaktycznych w nauczaniu języka obcego. Związki frazeologiczne jako nośniki funkcji „uzupełniania systemu nominatywnego języka i pomnażania zasobu synonimicznych środków leksykalnych” (Pajdzińska 1993: 17), a także funkcji ekspresywno-stylistycznej powinny stanowić znaczącą warstwę owego słownictwa.

Części mowy - problem syntaktyczny czy morfologiczny?

Author(s): Roman Laskowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/1981

The article attempts to demonstrate that the problem of parts of speech i.e. defining the functional classes of lexemes in a given language is not to be solved on the grounds of semantics or morphology. Consistent semantic classifications of vocabulary produce classes that have little in common with grammatical ( i.e. syntactic and morphological) features of lexemes.

Poseł krotochwilny Mac Lac… jako XVII-wieczna śląska komedia rybałtowska

Author(s): Agata Haas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 81/2017

The Facetious Legate Mac Lac… is the first and only Silesian ribald comedy, preserved in the collection of The Wrocław University Library. The text, written in Polish, was published in 1666 by the Oleśnica printing house owned by Jan Seyffert to commemorate the wedding of Jan Fryderyk Biharzowski, the Pastor of Lubsza, with Ewa Conradówna, the daughter of the evangelical Deacon of Kluczbork. Many scholars attribute the authorship of this comedy to Jan Tyreus Puklerzski, the bride and bridegroom’s friend. Te individual characters’ utterances are dominated by the dialect and jargon vocabulary, which emphasizes the comical and ironical nature of the whole text. The Facetious Legate reflects the lexis and the phraseology of the 17th-century Silesian Polish, thus following the characteristic features of ribaldry

KRYSTYNA DŁUGOSZ-KURCZABOWA I JEJ BADANIA NAD HISTORIĄ JĘZYKA

Author(s): Ewelina Kwapień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2018

This paper shows the research on the history of language conducted by Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa. Her interest in etymology, the grammatical system of Polish, in particular word formation, is mentioned. The discussions on various issues related to the Bible, especially the Biblical onomastics and Biblicisms functioning in the old and contemporary language, as well as philological analyses of the oldest Polish written texts and research on the old and disappearing vocabulary are presented in more detail.

SMUTAS

Author(s): Zygmunt Gałecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2018

Przedmiotem zainteresowania w artykule – przypadkowo – stało się pochodzenie wyrazu smutas. Pan Jacek Fedorowicz, artysta satyryk, zauważył, że słowo smutas, którego nie lubi, pochodzi z połączenia przymiotnika smutny i pewnego innego słowa, które łatwo skojarzyć, gdyż kończy się na –as. Zatem, mówiąc uczenie, smutas byłby kontaminacją, czyli nie całkiem przypadkowym, bo opartym na skojarzeniu znaczeniowym, ale nie formalnym, skrzyżowaniem dwóch wyrazów.

КОНЦЕПТ МАТЬ В РУССКОЙ И ПОЛЬСКОЙ ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРАХ

Author(s): Jarosław Wierzbiński / Language(s): Russian Issue: 14/2017

The paper presents linguo-cultural analysis of the concept “mother” in Russian and Polish languages. The concept refers to the category of the basic concepts in both linguo-cultures. The observation of conceptualization of the picture of “mother” made it possible to establish the semantic field of the concept in question and the ways of its linguistic nomination. In the paper, there are also discussed similarities and differences between Polish and Russian perception of the picture of “mother”.

NYELVI DOMINANCIA VIZSGÁLAT MAGYAR–SZERB ÉS SZLOVÁK–SZERB KÉTNYELVŰEKNÉL BILINGVÁLIS NYELVI PROFIL (BLP) KÉRDŐÍVVEL

Author(s): Sabina Halupka-Rešetar,Beáta Grabovac / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2018

The paper aims to compare two groups of minority language-majority language bilingual students and employees at the University of Novi Sad, Serbia (23 Hungarian-Serbian individuals and 19 Slovak-Serbian individuals) in an attempt to establish which language is dominant and to explore whether a positive attitude toward L2 correlates most strongly with proficiency in L2, frequency of use, or language history. The research presented here is part of a larger study focusing on the connection between monoligualism/bilingualism and executive functions (see Perovic–Đurđević Filipović, & Halupka-Rešetar, in preparation). The instrument used in this research is Birdsong et al.’s (2012) self-report questionnaire for assessing aspects of language dominance in bilinguals (BLP). This instrument produces a continuous dominance score and a general bilingual profile, which takes into account multiple dimensions, including the age of L1 and L2 acquisition, the frequency and contexts of use, competence in different skills, and attitudes toward each language (see Gertken et al., 2014). The questionnaire also gives an opportunity to calculate the research participants’ Global Language Score and their language dominance index.An independent samples t-test was used, and no significant differences were found on any subscale between the scores of the Hungarian-Serbian and the Slovak-Serbian groups regarding their respective L1. The same was true for Serbian as the L2.Next, paired-samples t-tests were used to compare the mother tongue and the second language in the two groups. In the Hungarian-Serbian group there were significant differences between L1 and L2 with respect to language history, language use, and language attitudes as well as on the Global Language Score, all of which were higher for Hungarian. In the Slovak-Serbian group, none of the subtests showed a significant difference between L1 and L2 (except a borderline value regarding language attitudes).Language attitudes toward L2 were found to correlate with language proficiency in both groups of research participants (rs = .661, p = .001 for the Hungarian-Serbian group and rs = .650, p = .003 in the case of Slovak-Serbian bilinguals). In the Slovak-Serbian group of participants, a positive correlation was observed between L2 language history and L2 attitudes (rs = .610, p = .006), as well as between L2 language use and L2 attitudes (= .753, p < .001).

Ethnic stereotypes in Polish and Czech proverbs

Author(s): Olga Viktorovna Raina,Alena S. Shestakova-Stukun / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Proverb is a genre of folklore and it is thought reflection of the whole nation. The proverbs contain rich material about the perception of the world and reflect the specific conditions of development of material and spiritual culture. The examined proverbs illustrate the stereotypes of the Poles and Czechs about themselves, their neighbours and other nations.

LAS FÓRMULAS DE SALUDO EN POLACO Y EN ESPAÑOL

Author(s): Andrzej Zieliński / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2018

The main objective of this paper is to show the main differences and similarities between the Polish and Spanish subsystem of the forms of greetings.

Nazewnictwo zajęć fitnessowych (źródła i mechanizmy produktywności)

Author(s): Monika Biesaga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2014

The aim of this paper is to characterize the linguistic mechanisms that affect the currently observed dynamic expansion of the set of fitness class names. It has been proved in the course of the conducted analyses that it is underlain by three processes related to the selection of lexical components in terms of origin, segmentation and semantics of forms. Their operation is motivated by extra-linguistic factors, namely the need to distinguish a training in one fitness club from a training in a competitive club. Hence, it has been proved that commercialization – as a factor that that had never been allowed for in the studies of the language of sport – inspires changes on the linguistic plane.

Smolić kieliszki, być na fleku, czyli o frazeologizmach z pola leksykalnego

Author(s): Anna Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2014

This paper attempts to present the diversity of the phraseological lexis the is a fragment of the semantic field related to the action of consuming alcohol, the effects of intoxicating with ethanol, and the names of intoxication states. The analysis of the linguistic material, excerpted from Słownik frazeologiczny języka polskiego (The phraseological dictionary of Polish) by S. Skorupka and from Słownik polszczyzny potocznej (The dictionary of colloquial Polish) by J. Anusiewicz and J. Skawiński, proves that this is a layer of the colloquial language characterized by certain specialization, a signifi cant load of expression, and not seldom – of jocularity. Using phraseologisms from the semantic field of “alcohol” proves the need of alcohol-drinking environments to have multiple linguistic instruments of that kind at their disposal, and hence the attempt to capture difficult, socially unaccepted facts euphemistically and metaphorically.

Rozpowszechnianie, zachowywanie i nauczanie języka polskiego w świecie w latach 1918–2018, część II: Polszczyzna i Polonia w świecie w latach 1944–2018

Author(s): Władysław T. Miodunka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2020

The entire period 1944-2018 was divided chronologically into two parts: the period 1944-1989, which was the period of the Polish People’s Republic (PRL), when Poland was part of the Socialist Bloc, led by the USSR, and the period 1989-2018, when the Polish authorities and society built a free and independent Republic of Poland in unison. In the former period, special attention is given to the period 1978-1990, when Cardinal Karol Wojtyła’s election as Pope John Paul II fi rst and the establishment and activity of the Solidarity movement next made Poland a country well-known and admired all over the world, which largely influenced the transformation of the awareness of the Polish community in many countries. All this constitutes a background for the presentation of the history of education of the Polish community abroad, foundation of schools of the Polish language and culture at numerous Polish institutions of higher education, with the University of Warsaw in the lead and finally, the process of developing Polish Studies abroad as well as the process of integrating Polish and foreign specialists in Polish studies in the period 1997-2018.

Ar žodžio galo balsių ilgumą lemia kalbų kontaktai? Praeities mįslė iš kelių kartų įvairiakalbių vilniečių perspektyvos (trukmės aspektas)

Author(s): Ramunė Čičirkaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2019

This article attempts to verify the historically set axioms associated with the lengthening of vowels in word endings and its origin that are still popular in the normative tradition of Lithuanian linguistics; first of all, it posits that language contact affects the duration of vowels of Lithuanian mother tongue speakers in Vilnius and that lengthening of vowels thus originates from Russian and Polish. The article compares the pronunciation of three groups of Vilnius residents: 1) Lithuanian (those who grew up in Lithuanian-speaking families), 2) bilingual (those who grew up in a family where only one of the parents was Lithuanian and both Lithuanian and Russian / Polish or another Slavic language were used) and 3) native Russian and Polish speakers. The formulated hypothesis is that if longer endings occur in the speech of native Lithuanian speakers because of the influence of Slavic languages, those respondents who grew up in bilingual families and spoke Lithuanian and Russian or Polish at home would produce a longer /i/ and /u/ than native Lithuanian speakers from monolingual Lithuanian families. After comparative analysis of the stressed vowel duration in endings produced by respondents of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, it became evident that language contact was not the reason why native Lithuanian speakers produce not only short, but also long vowel variants in word endings.

Übersetzung der Dialektik. Polnische nationale Philosophie von August Cieszkowski und Bronisław Trentowski als Übersetzung des deutschen Idealismus

Author(s): Jan Surman / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2016

August Cieszkowski (1814-1894) and Bronisław Ferdynand Trentowski (1808-1869) are among the most renowned Polish-language scholars of the nineteenth century romantic-Hegelian philosophy. Using a translational perspective, this article sheds more light on the intersection between their intercultural careers and the transformations of their philosophy. Both philosophers were not only mobile across cultures and languages, but also wrote in manifold textual forms, from political and social treatises to philosophical tractates. Analysis of their writings allows thus to highlight the most important points a translational perspective offers: the transformations on the threshold between different semiotic systems, be them natural languages, media or different cultural texts. Cieszkowski, whose career led from Nowa Sucha (East Prussia) through Berlin and Heidelberg to Poznań, is known as leading young Hegelian and foremost propagator of the “philosophy of action.” In his German-language writings he formulated a philosophy postulating the necessity to combine materialist and idealist philosophies, which he considered characteristics of antiquity and modernity respectively. Only in this way could people achieve a state of unity of thought and action, which also should be the greatest epoch and end of history. Interestingly, when moving to Poznań and leaving philosophical work behind to become a politician and social activist, he translated this theoretical scheme into a political program, which was supposed to help Polish people in Poznań. There he used a different language, but the same metaphors and approaches, which shed light on the embeddedness of his philosophy. Similarly as Cieszkowski, Trentowski, born near Lublin, was educated at Prussian universities and the German language and Hegelianism marked his early career. However, once he started writing in Polish, he translated not only German idealism into Polish, but also its approach to language, creating many neologisms and applying old-Polish vocabulary. His philosophical position reinforced this approach, arguing in favour of a new vocabulary for the wholly new world of synthesis. The reference to the forthcoming epoch of synthesis which both Cieszkowski and Trentowski constructed by referring to Hegel, brought with it yet another reorientation. Both philosophers stated that Slavs (and Poles in particular) did not play any substantial role in history and were aside of both leading intellectual traditions of the time, French materialism and German idealism, remaining thus a tabula rasa. And this tabula rasa was not only ideal to make synthesis possible, but also to allow Slavs to take the leading role in time to come. This final translation is thus, as I argue, of the subordinate position Slav and particularly Polish culture had at this time, into a positive factor, centering world history and its development on the previous outsiders.

Пътната безопасност в езиковия образ на света на децата и младежите

Author(s): Nadezhda Stalyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2019