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Ein frühes preußisch-litauisches Mandat von 1578

Author(s): Anna Helene Feulner,Wolfgang Hock / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 20/2018

Three handwritten copies of an order issued by George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, have recently come to light in the Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation (Berlin). Two of these, A and B, had been edited before by Jurgis Gerullis (1927), but were meanwhile considered lost. The third one, K, has been newly discovered in a file of drafts which also contained the German drafts both for the text of the order and the Duke’s accompanying letter to the church administrations of Tilsit and Ragnit. It is edited here with the variants from A, B and a photograph of the lost copy U, and together with the two German drafts. The edition is accompanied by a full commentary and glossary. George Frederick, nephew of the first Prussian duke Albert of Brandenburg, took over the administration of the Duchy of Prussia after Albert’s son had been declared unfit to rule. The order, dating from December 1578 and addressed to the church administration of Tilsit, admonishes the members of the Protestant church district of Tilsit to fulfil their obligations as Christians and refrain from heathen practices. It is the earliest extant administrative document written in Old Lithuanian.

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Ekspresionistinis kalbos vaizdumas Almio Grybausko „Atklydimuose“

Author(s): Neringa Butnoriūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 70/2018

The article aims to actualize the unresearched intrinsic features of expressionism and rectify the peculiarities of poet’s writing style by analyzing the poetry of Almis Grybauskas’s, a poet and translator, from his collection “Atklydimai” (1983). It presents expressionism in the context of a more extensive phenomenon, i.e. literay imagism. This article also takes into consideration the principle of defamiliarization that is typical to Grybauskas’s poetic language. By analyzing 3 texts of his more closely, it exposes the function of expressionist stylistic devices (the creation of integrity of form and content, perspective (motifs of road and journey), the effect of ‘vision’ and awkwardness, the delay of understanding). In the course of analysis it becomes clear that Grybauskas’s expressionism is set up not so much on visuality that is based on external effects (i.e., exogenous graphic form), as on the picturesqueness of language that is oriented towards the structure and the dynamic act of communication (i.e., its intrinsic features). And this allows one to associate Grybauskas’s texts with the German expressionism tradition. The article also reveals that the articulation of expressionism in the texts written by the poet who made his debut in the late Soviet period essentially contradicts the aim of the socialist realism discourse to represent reality in a biased way. Grybauskas’s poetry establishes an autonomous perception of reality, which enables the reader to see the structure that is made from language as a species of spiritual culture.

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Emilijos Beniovskytės-Vrublevskienės (Emilia z Beniowskich Wróblewska, 1830-10-05–1886-12-23) dienoraščiai (1850-08-05–1886-09)

Author(s): Reda Griškaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14/2012

Emilia Wróblewska (or Emilia z Beniowskich Wróblewska) is known mostly as the mother of the famous Vilnius (Rus. Вильна, Pol. Wilno) lawyer and political activist Tadeusz Stanisław Wróblewski (1858–1925). Her name and that of her husband Eustachy Wróblewski (1826–1891) – are immortalized in the name of the library which they founded in Vilnius in 1912, viz. the Eustachy and Emilia Wróblewski Library (originally “Biblioteka im. Eustachego i Emilii Wróblewskich w Wilnie”; now – the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; abbreviated here as – LMAVB ). Therefore this woman is usually mentioned only in publications devoted to the library or to her son Tadeusz Stanisław Wróblewski, and more recently to her son Augustyn Wróblewski (1866 – after 1913) in biographical sketches or biographies. Rather more rarely is Wróblewska named as the daughter of Bartłomiej Beniowski (~1800–1867), a participant in the 1830–1831 insurrection or a person with close ties to her husband’s nephew and ward Eustachy Wróblewski, one of the leaders of the 1863–1864 uprising and later with Walery Wróblewski (1836–1908) a general of the Paris Commune.

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EPISTOLINĖ „DRAMATURGIJA“: SOFIJOS ČIURLIONIENĖS LAIŠKAI DUKRAI

Author(s): Neringa Klišienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2015

Les documents épistolaires de Sofija Čiurlionienė Kymantaitė qui témoignent de sa vie littéraire et sociale la révèlent comme une représentante très particulière de ce genre. Dans le présent article, on se concentre sur la nature dramaturgique et ludique des lettres de Čiurlionienė. Ce caractère est surtout saillant dans sa correspondance intime adressée à ses proches, et notamment à sa fille Danutė. La communication par lettres est créée selon un modèle spécifique de «jeu » théâtral (le principe du dialogue théâtral, l’instance du metteur en scène, les circonstances de la «double énonciation») qui dévoile la relation hétérogène entre mère et fille (JeTu; Je-(Elle)-Tu). Dans le présent article, on analyse les stratégies d’écriture de lettres qui varient en fonction des rôles assumés au sein de la famille. La stratégie choisie assure une relation réciproque entre mère et fille.

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ESĖ ŽANRAS KAIP ATSAKAS ŠIUOLAIKINIO SKAITYTOJO POREIKIUS

Author(s): Joanna Tabor / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2015

The article reviews the popularity of essay genre in modern Lithuanian and Polish literature. It tries to answer the question of what essay’s features determine its success, and what is so special about this genre that the most important authors have chosen essay as the most appropriate form to express their creative ideas. Essay’s popularity in Lithuania and Poland at the end of XX, and in the beginning of XXI century is mainly connected with the political and social situation changes, but – even though the breakthrough of this literary form had its place more than twenty years ago – the interest in it is not decreasing. What could be the reason for this situation? Which elements of modern culture create such favorable conditions for essay’s development? We could look for the answer to this question while reflecting on the change of communication methods, on which the new media has a huge impact. The new media and its tools change the ways of communication, and reading habits. The essay genre – with its openness, freedom, flexibility and compactness – is the literary form that can meet the modern communication structure the most adequately.

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Ethnolinguistic Nationalism and Other Political Contexts of Maironis

Author(s): Manfredas Žvirgždas / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Widely acclaimed as the Lithuanian national poet, the Catholic clergyman Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis (1862–1932) in his canonical poems of the epoch of national revival expressed his romantic primordialist point of view that every nation has an inherent right to its independence that had been given by divine institution. Linguistic factors determined national identity in Eastern Europe of the late 19th century. Maironis as a follower of linguocentric nationalism modelled the conditions for the elite Lithuanian culture which would be significant at the European level. The longing for the so-called European virtues (universally based on Christian ethics) penetrated through all the poet’s world-view, therefore he was impressed by the diligence and activism of Western nations but did not support the ideas of social activism and individual liberties, opposed the ideas of secular philosophical trends, especially socialism and scientism. Eurocentrist motives in his rhetoric did not mean any challenge to the governing conservative Russian regime because they did not invoke opposition to the ideology of Pan-Slavism which was supported by the Tsarist ideologues. The poetical archetype of springtime awakening was related to the youthful activism of the “new” political nations of Eastern and Central Europe. Maironis was one of the first Lithuanian authors who openly criticized ideas of socialism and positivism; on the other hand, he provoked discussions of the enlightened group of the developing Lithuanian-speaking elite. He regarded the slogans of liberty, equality and fraternity as deceptive justification of populism and collective violence. Sceptically regarding parliamentary democracy, he emphasized the principles of Classical-Christian law and justice and the need for solidarity, consciousness and creativity. Maironis related the ideological dispute of conservative and radical trends to the decisive struggle of Christianity and atheism. He was a consistent and orthodox Catholic thinker, the opponent of any revolutionary upheavals; discussing social questions he emphasized that politicians should take into account doctrine of the Holy See on the obligations of Christians and principles of charity.

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EZOTERIKA ŠIUOLAIKINĖJE LIETUVIŲ PROZOJE

Author(s): Ieva Naikienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 33(38)/2018

This article focuses on esotericism in contemporary Lithuanian prose. For the revelation of this topic, Donaldas Kajokas’ novel Ežeras ir kiti jį lydintys asmenys (The Lake and Other Escort Members, 2003) and Jurga Ivanauskaitė’s novel Placebas (Placebo, 2012) have been chosen. The analysed writings reveal the point of view of contemporary Lithuanian writers about esoteric beliefs. In this article, esotericism is related with persons’ feelings but is excluded from occult and parapsychology fields such as alchemy, cabbala, Tarot, etc. This work focuses on the idea that an individual, who has only a few senses, cannot reach actuality. On the other hand, the possibility of acquiring those senses is not rejected. In addition, obtaining those senses would help to reach higher, over-sensational worlds and in that way to discover personal correlation with forms of multiple personal identities. This article establishes an idea that awareness of higher worlds/spheres unlocks the possibilities of revealing the main core of human (as micro-cosmos) and the Universe (as macro-cosmos). The possibility to perceive oneself as a micro-cosmos discloses not only personal identity, but also the value of Other’s entity and inevitable entities stratifying.

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FREMDHEITSERFAHRUNGEN AM BEISPIEL DER ROMANE DAS PROVISORIUM (2000) VON WOLFGANG HILBIG UND VIENOS VASAROS EMIGRANTAI (2003) VON VALDAS PAPIEVIS

Author(s): Violeta Katinienė / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2017

The paper focuses on two novels – „Das Provisorium“ (2000) by the German writer Wolfgang Hilbig and „Vienos vasaros emigrantai“ (2003) by the Lithuanian writer Valdas Papievis – that were written after the political events which took place at the end of the 20th century (the Fall of the Iron Curtain, the Fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany and the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania) and, in a certain way, are a response to those events. One of the main objects that the comparative literary research, as an intercultural activity, analyses is the question of the self and the alien. In the novels discussed the alien shows its whole range from the everyday alien to the radical experience of the alien. Thus, in order to research these novels, it is not sufficient to regard the alien merely as the category of cultural alien. The paper is based on the literary hermeneutics concept developed by Andrea Leskoves by expanding the concept of the alien established by one of the greatest modern German philosophers, the phenomenologist Bernhard Waldenfels.

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French-Lithuanian Universe of Literary Critique by Greimas

Author(s): Loreta Mačianskaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The idea for the present article came from the doubt expressed in the thesis of the world-renowned Algirdas Julius Greimas (1917–1992) that there is an unbridgeable gap between his Lithuanian essays and French semiotics. The analysis of texts written in Lithuanian in 1943–1955, dedicated to Cervantes, Verlaine, and Corneille unveils the most important methods of his analytical work: prioritizing the text over its context; the aim to uncover the author’s authenticity. Greimas used the model of structural similarities between French and Lithuanian literatures for constructing Lithuanian literary history. In his estimation of Lithuanian poets, Greimas aimed at finding authors of the European level; a principle of analogies is fruitfully used for understanding their works. Lithuanian essays show that Greimas also wrote them as a semiotician. Some of Greimas’s contemplations about literature also indicate the limits of his thinking, but the body of his works still reveals a surprising integrity of his personality.

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Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė: neįgalaus kūno asmens savivokos formavimosi įtampa

Author(s): Aistė Birgerytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2006

The paper presents an interpretation of the autobiographic writings of Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, a prominent Lithuanian female writer and a cultural character of the late 1890s and early 1900s. The paper analyses why the disabled female writer had never put any stress on her illness in public (in her childhood she had a twisted spine and stayed a “hunchback” for the rest of her life, had a week nervous system, later had a softened knee-joint and barely could walk, and at the end of her life, she hardly could see and hear). Rather opposite, she identified herself with straight positive views – aspiring “to work for the welfare of the public”, “to disregard private interests” – and even ignored her private experience altogether. On the foundation of the contemporary cultural theories of disability (Simi Linton, Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Lennard J. Davis), the paper aims to reveal the formation of Bitë’s dual rhetorics which uncovers the history of the writer’s identity and the dramatism of her eternal existence “between”. From the point of view of the disability studies, the paper looks into the life of the writer’s parents’ family, which largely shaped Bitë’s consciousness and predetermined her choices. The paper investigates the link between the Bitë’s family philanthropic ideology and personal circumstances (in addition to Gabrielë, there were four other sick children, in Petkevièiai family); the writer’s parents’ attitude towards their daughter’s disability (lameness was not interpreted negatively, it was generally ignored); the father’s arguments not to allow the disabled daughter to pursue higher education. The paper also discusses the issue of the positive outlook on different nations, languages, cultures and gender and reserved opinions about disability that existed in Petkevièiai family. The paper concludes that the background of the writer’s parents’ family, discussed from the point of view of the cultural disability studies, essentially shaped Bitë’s consciousness, her self-identity, personal choices and the public expression of her views.

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Gendručio Morkūno kūryba vaikams ir jo „Grįžimo istorija“ literatūros teologijos požiūriu

Author(s): Asta Gustaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2017

The aim of this article is to investigate children’s literature works by Gendrutis Morkūnas, focusing on the semantics of his problem prose piece Grįžimo istorija (Story of Return) written in 2007. Gendrutis Morkūnas wrote all his five books within a span of a few years at the beginning of the 21st century, and they are included in the list of the 500 best books for children by Lithuanian authors, while the author’s books Iš nuomiško gyvenimo (Bits from a Tenant’s Life), Blusyno pasakojimai (Stories from a Flea Place) and the aforementioned Grįžimo istorija (Story of Return) are among the first hundred entries of said list. What is the importance of the aspect of Catholic theology in Morkūnas’s works? To what extent does it help in revealing the subtlest meaning of his writings? When defining the theology of literature as a literary school of investigation, we mostly refer to the theoretical insights of art historian and religious philosopher Alejandro R. García-Rivera and his concept of the theology of art; the theoretical insights of psychologist Tobin Hart, literature scholars Sharon A. Stinger and Dalia Čiočytė and philosophers Luc Ferry and Arūnas Sverdiolas were also important in defining the problematic field of this article. The children’s literature works of Morkūnas are frugal in disclosing Christian motifs explicitly; however, the Christian underlayer is not to be ignored – the artistic reality of the works is interwoven with well-known biblical metaphors and images. A person’s name as a sign of one’s dignity gains its importance as an outstanding motif that unfolds very much like in John 10:3, the antinomy of the way and the path is recurrent in the works, together with the sometimes very persistent motif of knocking etc. These aspects, characteristic of Morkūnas’s works, manifest themselves in his book Grįžimo istorija (Story of Return). Here the author presents a story about a girl named Vilija – an original character to be memorized – who embodies a power characteristic of a small girl, which, as defined by Hart, brings the child close to experiencing God: she likes to observe, is wise and capable of wondering, prone to look for answers and able to guess what the adults are thinking, to recognize their most profound needs, and she is able see what is not to be seen, what had happened some time ago and what will always remain within linear time.

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Grafemos <f> netektis Lietuvos fpaudiniuose

Author(s): Giedrius Subačius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 06/2004

In 1778 the Italian printer Giambatista Bodoni (1740-1813) printed La Faustina, a book, which was composed without the long letter <µ> for the first time in his press. In 1781 the newly cut fonts by the French printer Francois-Ambroise Didot did not include that grapheme either. This way in the last two decades of the eighteenth century the fashion to stop using the letter <f> in print began to spread throughout Europe.

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Grafemos <f> netektis Lietuvos rankrafzčiuose

Author(s): Giedrius Subačius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 06/2004

In the beginning and the middle of the nineteenth century many Lithuanian authors had dropped the long <µ> from their manuscripts: Simonas Stanevičius (1799-1848), Aleksandras Butkevičius (ca. 1780-1829), Dominikas Sutkevičius (ca. 1782-1849), Kazimieras Kristupas Daukša (1795-1865), Simonas Daukantas (1793-1864), Kazimieras Prialgauskis (1801-1856), Jonas Juška (1815-1886), Laurynas Ivinskis (1810-1881), Juozapas Èiulda (1796-1861), Kazimieras Skrodzkis (1798-1874). Simultaneously another large group of authors, however, happened to use the rudimentary grapheme <f> in their manuscripts.

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Gyvenimas, atiduotas tautosakai

Author(s): Leonardas Sauka / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 30/2005

The article contains a brief review of spheres of folkloristic activities by professor Kazys Grigas. His most outstanding achievements, however, belong to the field of paremiology: thanks to his own ceaseless attempts and under his guidance, over 200 000 proverbs and proverbial phrases were systematized, and publication of the fundamental edition of “Lithuanian Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases” launched (vol. 1, 2000). K. Grigas was the author of significant works in comparative paremiology, including books like “Lithuanian Proverbs” (1976) and “Parallels of Proverbs” (1987), and also numerous studies and problem articles. He published and examined other small forms of folklore as well, including riddles, onomatopoeias, tong-twisters, jokes, etc. K. Grigas also significantly contributed to the Lithuanian folklore historiography, conducting research into the 19th century, especially the works by S. Daukantas. K. Grigas was an active folklore collector, a devoted teacher of the young folklorists and researchers, editor of various folklore publications, etc. His merits in Lithuanian folklore research and popularization are truly magnificent.

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Hektografinis Trumpas lietuviškos gramatikos konspektas – nežinota XIX a. pabaigos gramatika

Author(s): Jurgita Venckienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2019

In the spring of 2019, historian Olga Mastianica-Stankevič found the previously unknown tome of Lithuanian grammar, Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar (Trumpas lietuviškos gramatikos konspektas), in the archive of Mečislovas Davainis-Silvestraitis in the Library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. The hectographed grammar book has a small format of 185 × 115 mm, with 32 pages, and without any information concerning the author, place or date of publication. This grammar book is not included in Lithuanian Bibliography of 1862–1904. Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar is genetically related to Petras Avižonis’s Lithuanian grammar (1898 or 1899). These two works are similar in structure, the Lithuanian material presented, usage of Latin terms and alphabet. Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar is more concise than Lithuanian grammar by Avižonis, but it is not an abbreviated version. This can be seen from the paradigms of nouns, adjectives and verbs: in Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar there is usually one example provided, but in Lithuanian Grammar it is often not in the first but in the second position, thus understood as a variant of the norm. If the Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar was made by shortening Lithuanian Grammar, the order of the norm variants would probably coincide, i.e. the first variant of Lithuanian Grammar would remain in the same position in the Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar. This feature suggests that Short Compendium of Lithuanian Grammar reflects an earlier version of Avižonis’s grammar, not yet edited by Jonas Jablonskis. This is confirmed by an analysis of the use of nasal letters in both works.

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Henriko Nagio dialogai su lietuvių egzodo poetų „Nužemintųjų generacija“

Author(s): Manfredas Žvirgždas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 69/2018

The poet of Lithuanian post-war exile in Canada, a member of the Žemininkai group Henrikas Nagys (1920-1996) was a controversial personality; until the 1960s he participated in the congresses of diaspora liberal intellectuals, introduced the aesthetics of Western Modernism and Existentialism to the younger audience. On the other hand, he emphasized the importance of linguocentric patriotism and the poet’s responsibility in the face of history. Nagys’ sister Liūnė Sutema and his friend Algimantas Mackus belonged to the later generation of Lithuanian exiles who directly experienced the crisis of identity and preferred the freedom of individual expression to declarations of collective solidarity. “The generation of outsiders” paid much attention to the mythological dimension of language, motives of folklore, a pessimist view of diaspora’s future, and catastrophist presentiments of history breaking in two. Conservative strategies of culture were essential to Nagys: he stressed the imperatives of memory-awakening, the intellectual mobilization of community, and the canonization of literary heroes.

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Herderio koncepto Humanität raiška Daukanto veikale BUDĄ Senowęs-Lëtuwiû Kalnienû ĩr Ƶámajtiû (1845)

Author(s): Roma Bončkutë / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 108/2021

Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) was the first Lithuanian national historian to find a correspondence to Johann Gottfried Herder’s term humanity. In his work Buda Senowes Lëtuwiû Kalnienû and Ƶámajtiû (The Character of the Lithuanian Highlanders and Samogitians of the Old Times, 1845), Daukantas used the word žmonystė (humanity). First, the article discusses Daukantas’ acquaintance with Herder’s works. It is stated that Daukantas, like Herder, lived in Riga. According to Daukantas’ notebooks, in which he evaluated Herder’s texts, Daukantas noted nieodbicie trzeba czytać, called die meisterhaften Arbeiten. Daukantas emphasized that humanity is directly related to human freedom, which determines creativity and elevates the nation to a higher degree of civilization. The wars with the Teutonic Order not only changed the Lithuanian way. Unable to conquer the Lithuanians, the Teutons spread false information in Europe about Lithuania. Daukantas emphasizes that the meaning of human and national life – to participate in the lives of others; when it becomes impossible, life is degraded.

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HERKUS MANTAS SOVIETINĖS LIETUVOS KINE IR LITERATŪROJE: SOCIALINĖS PRAKTIKOS IR JŲ TRANSFORMACIJOS MEDIJOSE

Author(s): Saulius Keturakis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 14 (19)/2008

The article analyses the process of creation and transformation of Herkus Mantas, the leader of Prussian uprising, one of the most prominent characters in the Baltic tribe history and its representation in the tragedy Herkus Mantas by Juozas Gruðas (1957) and the film under the same title by M. Giedrys (1972). The article analyses media structures of Herkus Mantas character providing that visual arts in the Soviet culture were considered to be more massive as compared to verbal, contrary to Western tradition, which does not recognize visual images (“pictures”) as arguments. This aspect of the Soviet theory of public perception may seem confusing, because the word in official Soviet ideology was always “primary”, which means more important, privileged, or primary in development, as well as a base for other more complex systems. If primary means the first or the most important, then secondary in a more common usage would naturally mean the systems that are of lesser importance, rather than the global systems designated by the Soviets. In this use, other types of specialized systems dependent upon language, such as writing as well as myth and religion, would be referred to as secondary. The article also analyses transformations that have occurred in the behavior of the character due to the changed dominant trends in the 1970-ties in the Soviet Lithuania. Some of the tracked changes are dependant on media (text/image) paradigms, which belong to theoretical accounts of “pictorial turn”, “turn to the visual“ or “foregrounding of the visual”. In the article, these accounts are shown as clusters of two groups: stories of the falling between words and images leading to the subordination of images to texts and closely related stories about the rise of images to the role of a new universal medium or, alternatively, to the emergence of a new integration of image, text or visual language. After the analysis of the text and image, it became clear that the character of Herkus Mantas depicted in M. Giedrys film is more active, less reflective which could be related to the general Soviet cultural trends in the 60-ties and 70-ties.

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History in Contemporary Lithuanian Literature

Author(s): Audinga Peluritytė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The purpose of this article is to show the evolution of the historical novel that began in the era of independence, to highlight the peculiarities of male and female historical narratives, and to capture critical reactions and tendencies of assessment of that kind of novel. At the beginning of independence, the poetic prose of a minimal story was established in Lithuanian literature, which was created by the most prominent Lithuanian prose writers, and the historical novel made its debut as a complex experience of poetic narration. Poetry and prose focused on archetypal narratives, national consciousness and ethnic semantics and were characterized by an abundance of associations, but not by a clear storyline. Among common variations of the male historical novel, we can observe historical novels written by women, which have won both literary awards and readers’ approval.

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ILGŲJŲ IR TRUMPŲJŲ NAUDININKO FORMŲ VARTOJIMO XVI A. LDK REFORMATŲ LIETUVIŠKUOSE RAŠTUOSE SANTYKIS

Author(s): Kęstutis Dambrauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 11/2017

The morphological features of Old Lithuanian texts have been explored by numerous linguists, however, the archaic dative forms have received much less attention. The aim of this article is to discuss the ratio of the use of short and long forms of dative in the Catechism by Merkelis Petkevičiaus (PC) and the Jokūbas Morkūnas Postilla (MP). The data comes from the PC as well as from the first 100 pages of the MP's Part I and Part III. The paper uses descriptive and comparative methods. The results show that short dative singular and plural forms dominate in the PC. Most of the long (archaic) dative forms were found in the MP's Part III. The ratio of the use of the short and long forms of dative is similar in the MP's Part I. The plural form of long dative is mostly used in the PC and the MP's Part I. The ratio of the use of singular and plural dative forms is similar in the MP's Part III. Dative singular short forms were more frequent than the long ones in the PC and the MP's Part I. The latter long dative forms were similarly used in the MP's Part III. Dative singular short forms with the ending -u are much more frequently used in the MP's Part III than in the MP's Part I and the PC. The results of the study confirm that the PC, the MP's Part I and Part III were translated by different translators.

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