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IŠ GOETHE’S IR SCHILLERIO ARCHYVO WEIMARE: DVI JOHANNO WOLFGANGO VON GOETHE’S RECENZIJOS APIE LIETUVIŲ DAINŲ RINKINĮ DAINOS ODER LITTHAUISCHE VOLKSLIEDER (1825)

Author(s): Liucija Citavičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 19/2017

Königsberg University Professor Martynas Liudvikas Rėza (1776–1840) prepared the first Lithuanian song collection Dainos oder Litthauische Volkslieder (Königsberg, 1825). It included eighty-five Prussian Lithuanian songs in Lithuanian and in German, seven melodies, comments, and a research article by Rėza. This book is the most reviewed Lithuanian publication of the nineteenth century. The interest in the Lithuanian songs in Europe was promoted by the opinion of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

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Istorinė tarpukario Lietuvos dramaturgija: naujumo ir konservatyvumo sankryžoje

Author(s): Šarūnė Trinkūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4(37)/2004

Contrary to the dramaturgy of neighbouring countries which, to a greater or lesser extent, pushed history aside during the interwar period, history was one of the most important themes in Lithuanian dramatic literature of that time. When the biggest Lithuanian literary authorities, Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis, Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, and Balys Sruoga, started to produce dramaturgical works, in many cases they chose to concentrate on historical topics. Lithuanian dramaturgy's dependency on history was also formed by the great relevance of national issues in the culture of that time, as well as by a peculiar complexity of Lithuanian dramatic literature and its disability to produce impellent and original plots. On the one hand, history inspired a variety of second-rate eulogistic plays; on the other, it became the pretext to a dramaturgy overflowing with deep dramatism. It was a theme that, so to say, "imprisoned" Lithuanian literature in a soil of conservative ideas and oddly disturbed the process of dramaturgical modernization.

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ITALŲ LITERATŪRA LIETUVOJE IR LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪRA ITALIJOJE: VERTIMŲ BIBLIOGRAFIJA

Author(s): Rasa Klioštoraitytė,Pietro U. Dini / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2009

The survey presents translations of Italian literary works into Lithuanian, as well as Lithuanian literary translations into Italian. It also proposes a brief discussion on potential directions of research in Translation Studies. The survey may serve as a preliminary and propaedeutic introduction to a more exhaustive Italian-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Italian literary translation bibliography. The authors also discuss when and under what circumstances the translations were made. The most suitable method for such a quest is the comparative method. The research has proved to be a complex one, as the historical periodization of the translations is very different. Moreover, it is quite feasible that such an extralinguistic topic should be attributed to the history of culture and cultural relations rather than to the theory of translation. Nevertheless different authors have emphasized close links between the two areas of research, thus such a survey, though not exhaustive, may serve as a basis for further study.

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Jacobas Perkuhnas prieš Michaelá Mörlinà, Johannà Schultzà ir Philippà Ruhigà traktate Wolgegrundetes Bedencken Uber die Ins Litthaufche Uberfetℨte ℨehen Fabeln Æfopi, Und derfelben pasfionirte ℨufchrifft (1706)

Author(s): Ona Aleknavičienė,Christine Schiller / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 05/2003

Bei dem in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München aufbewahrten, und von den Autorinnen jetzt entdeckten Traktat von Jacob Perkuhn mit dem Titel Wolgegrundetes Bedencken Uber die Ins Litthaufche Uberfetℨte ℨehen Fabeln Æfopi, Und derfelben pasfionirte ℨufchrifft (1706) handelt es sich um eine wichtige Quelle der zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhundertsunter der preußisch-litauischen Pfarrerschaft geführten philologischen Diskussion. Im Mittelpunktdieser im Wesentlichen vom Pfarrer in Gumbinnen Michael Mörlin bestimmtenDiskussion stand die Frage, in welcher litauischen Varietät mit der litauischen Bevölkerungzu sprechen sei.

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Jānis Endzelīns’ Letter of March 28, 1960

Author(s): William Schmalstieg / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2012

Soon after I received my doctorate at the University of Pennsylvania in 1956 my former teacher, Prof. Antanas Salys, lamenting the lack of English language text-books for his courses, suggested that we translate Jānis Endzelīns’ Baltu valodu skaņas un formas into English. Since Lithuanian has always been easier for me than Latvian I began to translate his work from the Lithuanian translation Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos (Vilnius, 1957).1 Actually I could have translated the book from Latvian, but I would have had to spend more time on that. For the Lithuanian I merely had to put the typewriter (how archaic!) and book in front of me and type. Prof. Salys soon became too busy to help and I was fortunate enough to be able to recruit the Latvian linguist Prof. Benjamiņš Jēgers from Northern Illinois University to compare my English translation with the Latvian original. In one way or another numerous other people contributed also to the translation.

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Jeronimo Kiprijono Račkauskio knygu Munkos Viešpaties (1857), Vadovo i dangu (1857) ir Balso Dievo (1858) kalbos ypatumai

Author(s): Daiva Litvinskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

The analysis of the three religious books by Jeronimas K. Raèkauskis (1825-1889) Munkà Wieszpaties (1857), Wadowas i Dangu (1857), and Baùsà Diewa (1858) shows an attempt of the author to write in the Highland Lithuanian dialect instead of his native South-Lowland (dûnininkai) one. Those Lowland Lithuanian dialect features that are the most noticeable for a Lowlander were replaced by Highland forms. But from the six linguistic Lowland Lithuanian particularities that are only occasionally noticeable by a Lowlander, Raèkauskis changed into Highland Lithuanian just one. The third group the least noticeable Lowland Lithuanian dialectal features were also unnoticed by Raèkauskis and were not changed into the Highland Lithuanian equivalents. Hypercorrect forms also bear witness to Raèkauskis' efforts to write in Highland Lithuanian. But these efforts were undermined by his limited knowledge of the Highland dialect. A comparison of Bishop Motiejus Valanèius' (1801-1875) written language to the language of the priests in his bishopric (Raèkauskis, Dominikas Budrikas [1798-1873], Kalikstas Kasakauskis [ca. 1792-1866]) demonstrates the strong influence Valanèius had on these priests. Valanèius' usage suggests that he shaped his written language to make it more accessible to the peasants and to attract the speakers of the other dialect. This language policy was eagerly followed by certain priests. Still Kasakauskis did not follow Valanèius' writings literally, he accepted Valanèius' ideas to write for the peasants in language that was understandable to them.

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Językowo-kulturowa wizja dworu na Litwie

Author(s): Krystyna Rutkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2018

The aim of this article is to provide a description of the linguistic-cultural vision of the manor on the Baltic-Slavic border. The object of the analysis is autobiographical narratives of the oldest residents of Polish villages in the districts of Meikštai and Smalvos in north-eastern Lithuania, on the border with Belarus. The people living there have perfectly retained the memory of old manors and estates, local nobility, and the relations between the peasants and the manor. The article aims to present their memories about the manor, the impact of the manor on the formation of their personalities and attitudes towards the surrounding world, and to characterise the places important for the formation of a multi-ethnic, multicultural borderland and its unique character. The analysis of the conceptualisation of the manor and the landlord by the residents of Smalvos district is based on the general assumptions of oral history, especially those concerning the narrator’s position, his/her worldview and his/her relation with the described reality. The reconstructed vision of the manor, based on the autobiographical narratives, is clearly positive. The described behaviour of the landlord to the peasants dispels the established stereotype of the landlord as a ruthless exploiter and the myth of relations with the peasants based on exploitation. Although cognitive definitions of the concepts under consideration describe the manor as a place distinct from the countryside, at the same time, however, it was a place where peasant children were welcome, taught prayers and the basics of reading and writing. The landlord is described as an educated, tolerant and understanding person who took care about his peasants and supported them.

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Jono Bretkūno Postilė (1591): nuo Lietuvių literatūros draugijos Tilžėje iki Matenadarano Jerevane

Author(s): Ona Aleknavičienė,Ieva Rekštytė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2013

In this article we describe a copy of Jonas Bretkūnas’ Postil (BP; 1591) that since August of 2012 has been kept in Yerevan, in the department of Lithuanian books in the Matenadarane institute of the old manuscripts of St. Mesrop Mashtots. This is one more BP copy that has not been included in the Lithuanian Bibliography (1969) and its Supplements (1990) so far. The copy was known before WW II , but later considered lost. Analysis of the ownership marks demonstrates that this copy between the end of the nineteenth century and World War Two was kept in three libraries in East Prussia: (1) Library of the Lithuanian Literary Society (Litauische literarische Gesellschaft) in Tilžė (Tilsit), up to 1892; (2) East German Homeland Service Library in Tilžė (Ostdeutscher Heimatdienst Tilsit), after 1923; (3) Library of the Baltic and Slavic Seminar in Königsberg University (Baltisch-slavisches Seminar der Albertus-Universität Königsberg Pr.), after 1936. It was acquired by the Library of the Lithuanian Literary Society at the period when the national movement was gaining power in Lithuania Minor, and which aimed at preserving the endangered Lithuanian language, literature, and culture as a source for scholarly research. The books of the Library of the Lithuanian Literary Society were acquired not by Tilžė Town Library as it was assumed so far, but by East German Homeland Service, a German organization which had nothing to do with Lithuanistic activity. It was this organization, not the Library of the Lithuanian Literary Society, which from the books were transferred to the Baltic and Slavic Seminar in Königsberg University where they were used for teaching and research purposes. The BP copy was also transferred to the Baltic and Slavic Seminar in Königsberg University as a source for the study of the language.

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Jono Bretkūno Postilės (1591) sklaidos istorija: egzemplioriai Krokuvoje

Author(s): Ona Aleknavičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 09/2007

This article continues research on the distribution of surviving copies of Jonas Bretkūnas’s Postilla (1591). I analyze three copies that are held in Kraków: (1) In the Jagielony library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska; BJ : Cim. Qu 5164); (2) In the Library of Czartorysky (Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie, Biblioteka XX . Czartoryskich; BCzart: 843 II Cim); (3) In the museum of Czapski (Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie, Muzeum im. Emeryka Hutten- Czapskiego; BCzap: XVI 350). All three copies of the Postilla reached Kraków in the nineteenth century: (1) the first one was acquired in 1869 by the Jagielony library; (2) the second was brought in together with the library of Czartoryski dukes in 1876; (3) the third one―together with the library of Emeryk Hutten-Czapski in 1894. The copies that are held in Lithuania have reached libraries at a later time―in the twentieth century, between 1918 and 1956 (copies that were known earlier, like the copy from the Vilnius Public Library [mentioned in 1883], and the copy from Simonas Daukantas [donated in 1911 to the Association of Lithuanian Science] disappeared). Two out of the three copies held in Kraków used to be part of private libraries―the library of the Czartoryski dukes in Puławy (from 1813; where it was kept after the Revolution of 1830–31 is unknown) and the library of Czapski in Stankawa (about 1880). Later those copies became the public property of Kraków―Czartoryskis’s in 1876, Czapskis’s in 1903. These two copies came to belong to public libraries due to the efforts of librarians and collectors. In Lithuania at least six out of ten copies reached public libraries because of the librarians and collectors. Both in Poland and in Lithuania the interest in collecting these books is similar―scholarly and cultural heritage.

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Jono Juškaičio poezijos intertekstai

Author(s): Virginija Balsevičiūtė-Šlekienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2018

The nature of Jonas Juškaitis’s poetry is heterogeneous. His poems are inhabited by texts written by other authors. Intertextuality is understood as an interaction between one’s own and someone else’s word. For this analysis, I have chosen the concepts of lexemic and textual interpretant. Lexemic interpretant can be a word play, a quibble, or a foreign word. It can also be the names of characters, borrowed from other works. Textual interpretant is a larger fragment used without quotes. The article analyses secular and religious intertexts and their functions in Juškaitis’s poems. It discusses direct and indirect citation, paying most of the attention to quoting without indicating the quotes. The analysis of specific texts reveals that the insertions of extraneous texts in Juškaitis’s poetry disrupt the integrity and linearity of the text, creating tension and provoking a dialogue. They distort syntax and increase the semantic activity of words. Intertexts determine the nature of the poetic world, making it unique. In the conclusions, I state that the abundance of citations in Juškaitis’s poetry creates a very specific poetic world, determines the complex way of looking at the world, and provides a nuanced view of the most important themes in poet’s work. The variety of intertexts gives Juškaitis’s poetry, based on peasant culture, intellectual strain. Citation without quotes has become his exceptional poetic tool.

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Jono Mačiulio-Maironio raštų rašyba ir kalba: Jauniaus sekėjo dinamika

Author(s): Jurgita Venckienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 14/2012

The first books of Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis were written and published in the last decades of the nineteenth century. At that time standard language norms had not yet been chosen and a few standard language models were competing: (1) that of Kazimieras Jaunius (the Catholic periodicals relied on it); (2) that of secular periodicals; and (3) that of Jonas Basanavičius. The paper discusses the linguistic attitudes of Maironis and their evolution, Maironis’ response to the emerging norms of standard language. The research was based on Maironis’ sermon manuscripts, history books, and poetry publications. While studying in The Samogitian Theological Seminary in Kaunas, Maironis attended Kazimieras Jaunius’ classes of Lithuanian. Maironis, being an ordinary seminarian, started to follow the model Jaunius delineated in his lectures. Thus, Maironis initially based himself on Jaunius’ ideas of orthography and standardization in period of 1888–1891; his first book Apsakymai apie Lietuvos praeigą (1886 [1891]) attests to this.

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Jono Mažylio prisiminimai apie savo tėvo, profesoriaus Prano Mažylio, traumą, ligą ir mirtį

Author(s): Liudas Mažylis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 16/2016

The text published is about the professor, doctor of medical sciences Pranas Mažylis (1885–1966) written by his son Jonas Mažylis. The text deals with the trauma, trouble, death and funeral of Pranas Mažylis and covers the period from January to March, 1966. It touches about 50 contemporaries such as medical people, public persons, and relatives. The publication was prepared by Prof. Dr. Liudas Mažylis, the grandson of Pranas Mažylis, and illustrated by the photos of an unknown photographer.

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JUOZAPO ARNULFO GIEDRAIČIO NAUJAS ĮSTATYMAS (1816): SANTYKIS SU EVANGELIJŲ LEIDIMAIS XIX A.

Author(s): Jurgita Venckienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 19/2017

In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Lithuanian Catholic community still used the Gospels (in the narrow sense) or pericops translated in the seventeenth century. The book Ewangelie Polskie y litewskie by Jonas Jaknavičius, which was first published in 1647, remained popular until the middle of the nineteenth century, it had ten or eleven editions during the period of 1803–1859. The aim of the article is to discuss the relation between the New Testament, published by the Bishop Juozapas Arnulfas Giedraitis in Vilnius in 1816, and the above-mentioned editions of the Gospels, to detect whether the Gospels were based on Giedraitis’s New Testament. The edition of the Gospels printed in 1819 differed slightly from the previous edition of 1805. It was prepared on the basis of previous Gospel editions, but not on the New Testament. This was revealed by identic errors, same text lines missed. Some missed text lines in the edition of 1819 or later editions were rebuilt according to previous Gospel editions, but not according to the New Testament. Until 1856, the Gospels were reprinted without major changes without taking into account the New Testament of 1816.

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Jurgio Baltrušaičio laiškai Giovanni’ui Papini’ui

Author(s): Ugnius Keturakis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 32 (37)/2017

The promethean program of Jurgis Baltrušaitis’ creation is especially distinctly expressed in the poet’s letters to Giovanni Papini. The world here is divided into two spheres – the earthly and the divine, and the mission of the creator is to connect them. The letters also demonstrate the motives of promethean worldview which are not so obvious in J. Baltrušaitis’ poetry: the motive of a poet-prophet, clairvoyant; self-creation of a human-creator, development into a divine, perfect individuality that can re-build the world; pursuit of absolute creativity as complete freedom of the creator; faith in the human ability to build a tower that reaches the sky – revival of the myth of tower of Babel; defiance of idealistic attitude and earthliness and pursuit of divinity; exaltation of seeing, vision as the only connection with the world of ideas. J. Baltrušaitis’ and G. Papini’s correspondence allows relating J. Baltrušaitis’ creative work not only with the Russian but also with the European tradition of symbolism. The correspondence of the two promethean minded poets – prophets was interrupted by World War I which also ruined the mythologem as a belief in the possibility of changing the world, and by the October Revolution, following the war.

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K. DONELAIČIO METŲ TIKRINIAI VARDAI KITOSE KALBOSE: VERTIMO STRATEGIJŲ PALYGINIMAS

Author(s): Adriano Cerri / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 8/2015

The inventory of proper names in Kristijonas Donelaitis’ poem Metai (The Seasons) is particularly rich and uneven. This peculiarity was observed from the first editions of the poem, although the topic remains largely unexplored, especially when one takes into account its translations into other languages. In the article 10 different translations are examined. The first part of the article is devoted to a discussion of the general features of the poem’s proper names. A classification is also proposed which could help in understanding the different solutions adopted by translators. It is possible to distinguish four classes: names indicating well-known entities which belong to the common cultural background of the author and the reader; popular names for which an equivalent exists in the translation language; uncommon names whithout equivalents; surnames. In sections 2 and 3 an analysis of the translation strategies adopted by different translators is discussed, paying particular attention to the processes of adaptation, cultural substitution, loan translation, invention of new names and names exchange. The different approaches and methodologies are illustrated and compared. Such a comparison allows for classification of the examined translations from the more adaptive to the more preservative.

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Kalba poezijoje: filologija vs. biofilija

Author(s): Giedrius Alkauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 81/2019

Kaip rašantis poeziją gyventojas, kaip išgyventos poezijos užrašytojas pateikiu keletą minčių apie lyrikos kalbą. Šios mintys nėra tik mano. Jos – bendros, nuolatos sustiprinamos giminingų sielų gravitacijos.

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Karnavališkumo estetika: Uwes Timmo Johannisnacht ir Herkaus Kunčiaus Lietuvis Vilniuje

Author(s): Violeta Katinienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2019

Carnivalisation in literary prose has been gaining prominence both in Lithuanian and German literature. The present paper compares two novels, namely, Johannisnacht by Uwe Timm (1996) and Lietuvis Vilniuje by Herkus Kunčius (2011), related not merely through their themes of current affairs and reflections of the past, but also through poetics which continues the tradition of Carnivalesque. Although the two authors represent distinctly different cultural and literary backgrounds of two countries (West Germany and Lithuania), the novels transcend to a common intercultural space by their similar narrative strategies and carnivalised worldview.

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Karolina Praniauskaitė: „Do młodego Poety“ („Jaunajam Poetui“). Eilėraščio istorija

Author(s): Reda Griškaitė,Tomas Andriukonis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2013

The name of Karolina or Karolina Anna Proniewska (Lith. Karolina Praniauskaitė, 1828–1859) today is tightly connected to the biography of another Lithuanian classical poet of the nineteenth century Antanas Baranauskas (Antoni Baranowski, 1835–1902). His acquaintance with Proniewska is considered to be one of the most important and even crucial events in Baranauskas’ biography. Proof of this is Baranauskas’ texts: both poetry and ego documents. The latter today is represented by his diary (private correspondence of the writers did not survive), and the poetry – by the literary dialogue between Proniewska and Baranauskas. Baranauskas’ diary or fragments of it were published multiple times. The fate of the poetical dialogue is different: a fragment of it (one poem of Baranauskas and one of Proniewska) was first printed in a Vilnius (Rus. Вильна, Pol. Wilno) periodical in 1857. A year later the second poem by Proniewska written to Baranauskas was included in her published collection of poems. In the following twentieth century only a few isolated pieces of this poetical conversation were published: in collections of works of both Proniewska and Baranauskas, in books of memoirs and essays, and in literary anthologies. For the first time attempts to reconstruct the complete dialog were made in 2013: two poems by Proniewska and seven poems by Baranauskas were published. But this time again they did not include Proniewska’s first work of the dialogue “Do młodego Poety” (“To the Young Poet”), which had been its impulse. Ludicrous misunderstanding ordained that this work so far was considered lost and unknown.

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KAS PAAIŠKĖJA: APIE ADOMO MICKEVIČIAUS LOZANOS LYRIKĄ

Author(s): Brigita Speičytė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2015

Iš seminaro vedėjos gavau užduotį vienos duotų temų lauke – „Kas paaiškėja: vėlyvoji lyrika kaip būties išskaidrėjimas“ – sugrįžti prie Adomo Mickevičiaus Lozanos lyrikos. Antrąją temos dalį aptarė Giedrė Kazlauskaitė pagal Vinco Mykolaičio-Putino poeziją, tad sustosiu prie pirmosios ir pratęsiu svarstymą apie poetinės formos pokyčius – šiuokart vėlyvojoje A. Mickevičiaus lyrikoje.

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Katechizm Martynasa Mažvydasa – o narodzinach litewskiego słowa drukowanego

Author(s): Marcin Niemojewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

Literature of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from its beginnings until the middle of the XVI century was not created in Lithuanian, but in other languages: Latin, Slavonic Office, German and Polish. When they began to form a powerful state, Lithuanians did not have their own written language. In its associations with neighboring countries, Lithuania received their written languages and patterns of scribal culture. A substantial turnabout in the evolution of Lithuanian writing occurred in relation to the factors, which spread throughout Europe and redefined its cultural and social shape: humanism, Reformation and printing. One of the forerunners of the changes was Martynas Mažvydas, student of Königsberg University, Protestant clergyman and a man of the Renaissance. He prepared the first Lithuanian book, titled The Simple Words of the Catechism (in original: Catechismusa prasty Szadei) and published in Königsberg in 1547. The Catechism, surpassing the framework of religious literary genre, proved and predicted essential processes in the history of Lithuanian culture. It marked the start of struggle for primacy between the Catholicism and Protestantism. It also linked the Lithuania Proper with Lithuania Minor (later Prussia‘s Lithuania), the region of great significance for development of Lithuanian literature. However, most of all, the work of Mažvydas contributed to rising the status of Lithuanian language.

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