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EZOTERIKA ŠIUOLAIKINĖJE LIETUVIŲ PROZOJE

Author(s): Ieva Naikiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 33(38)/2018

This article focuses on esotericism in contemporary Lithuanian prose. For the revelation of this topic, Donaldas Kajokas’ novel Ežeras ir kiti jį lydintys asmenys (The Lake and Other Escort Members, 2003) and Jurga Ivanauskaitė’s novel Placebas (Placebo, 2012) have been chosen. The analysed writings reveal the point of view of contemporary Lithuanian writers about esoteric beliefs. In this article, esotericism is related with persons’ feelings but is excluded from occult and parapsychology fields such as alchemy, cabbala, Tarot, etc. This work focuses on the idea that an individual, who has only a few senses, cannot reach actuality. On the other hand, the possibility of acquiring those senses is not rejected. In addition, obtaining those senses would help to reach higher, over-sensational worlds and in that way to discover personal correlation with forms of multiple personal identities. This article establishes an idea that awareness of higher worlds/spheres unlocks the possibilities of revealing the main core of human (as micro-cosmos) and the Universe (as macro-cosmos). The possibility to perceive oneself as a micro-cosmos discloses not only personal identity, but also the value of Other’s entity and inevitable entities stratifying.

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FREMDHEITSERFAHRUNGEN AM BEISPIEL DER ROMANE DAS PROVISORIUM (2000) VON WOLFGANG HILBIG UND VIENOS VASAROS EMIGRANTAI (2003) VON VALDAS PAPIEVIS

Author(s): Violeta Katiniene / Language(s): German / Issue: 4/2017

The paper focuses on two novels – „Das Provisorium“ (2000) by the German writer Wolfgang Hilbig and „Vienos vasaros emigrantai“ (2003) by the Lithuanian writer Valdas Papievis – that were written after the political events which took place at the end of the 20th century (the Fall of the Iron Curtain, the Fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany and the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania) and, in a certain way, are a response to those events. One of the main objects that the comparative literary research, as an intercultural activity, analyses is the question of the self and the alien. In the novels discussed the alien shows its whole range from the everyday alien to the radical experience of the alien. Thus, in order to research these novels, it is not sufficient to regard the alien merely as the category of cultural alien. The paper is based on the literary hermeneutics concept developed by Andrea Leskoves by expanding the concept of the alien established by one of the greatest modern German philosophers, the phenomenologist Bernhard Waldenfels.

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Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė: neįgalaus kūno asmens savivokos formavimosi įtampa

Author(s): Aiste Birgeryte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 6/2006

The paper presents an interpretation of the autobiographic writings of Gabrielė Petkevičaitė-Bitė, a prominent Lithuanian female writer and a cultural character of the late 1890s and early 1900s. The paper analyses why the disabled female writer had never put any stress on her illness in public (in her childhood she had a twisted spine and stayed a “hunchback” for the rest of her life, had a week nervous system, later had a softened knee-joint and barely could walk, and at the end of her life, she hardly could see and hear). Rather opposite, she identified herself with straight positive views – aspiring “to work for the welfare of the public”, “to disregard private interests” – and even ignored her private experience altogether. On the foundation of the contemporary cultural theories of disability (Simi Linton, Rosemarie Garland Thomson, Lennard J. Davis), the paper aims to reveal the formation of Bitë’s dual rhetorics which uncovers the history of the writer’s identity and the dramatism of her eternal existence “between”. From the point of view of the disability studies, the paper looks into the life of the writer’s parents’ family, which largely shaped Bitë’s consciousness and predetermined her choices. The paper investigates the link between the Bitë’s family philanthropic ideology and personal circumstances (in addition to Gabrielë, there were four other sick children, in Petkevièiai family); the writer’s parents’ attitude towards their daughter’s disability (lameness was not interpreted negatively, it was generally ignored); the father’s arguments not to allow the disabled daughter to pursue higher education. The paper also discusses the issue of the positive outlook on different nations, languages, cultures and gender and reserved opinions about disability that existed in Petkevièiai family. The paper concludes that the background of the writer’s parents’ family, discussed from the point of view of the cultural disability studies, essentially shaped Bitë’s consciousness, her self-identity, personal choices and the public expression of her views.

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Gendručio Morkūno kūryba vaikams ir jo „Grįžimo istorija“ literatūros teologijos požiūriu

Author(s): Asta Gustaitiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2017

The aim of this article is to investigate children’s literature works by Gendrutis Morkūnas, focusing on the semantics of his problem prose piece Grįžimo istorija (Story of Return) written in 2007. Gendrutis Morkūnas wrote all his five books within a span of a few years at the beginning of the 21st century, and they are included in the list of the 500 best books for children by Lithuanian authors, while the author’s books Iš nuomiško gyvenimo (Bits from a Tenant’s Life), Blusyno pasakojimai (Stories from a Flea Place) and the aforementioned Grįžimo istorija (Story of Return) are among the first hundred entries of said list. What is the importance of the aspect of Catholic theology in Morkūnas’s works? To what extent does it help in revealing the subtlest meaning of his writings? When defining the theology of literature as a literary school of investigation, we mostly refer to the theoretical insights of art historian and religious philosopher Alejandro R. García-Rivera and his concept of the theology of art; the theoretical insights of psychologist Tobin Hart, literature scholars Sharon A. Stinger and Dalia Čiočytė and philosophers Luc Ferry and Arūnas Sverdiolas were also important in defining the problematic field of this article. The children’s literature works of Morkūnas are frugal in disclosing Christian motifs explicitly; however, the Christian underlayer is not to be ignored – the artistic reality of the works is interwoven with well-known biblical metaphors and images. A person’s name as a sign of one’s dignity gains its importance as an outstanding motif that unfolds very much like in John 10:3, the antinomy of the way and the path is recurrent in the works, together with the sometimes very persistent motif of knocking etc. These aspects, characteristic of Morkūnas’s works, manifest themselves in his book Grįžimo istorija (Story of Return). Here the author presents a story about a girl named Vilija – an original character to be memorized – who embodies a power characteristic of a small girl, which, as defined by Hart, brings the child close to experiencing God: she likes to observe, is wise and capable of wondering, prone to look for answers and able to guess what the adults are thinking, to recognize their most profound needs, and she is able see what is not to be seen, what had happened some time ago and what will always remain within linear time.

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Grafemos netektis Lietuvos fpaudiniuose

Author(s): Giedrius Subacius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

In 1778 the Italian printer Giambatista Bodoni (1740-1813) printed La Faustina, a book, which was composed without the long letter <µ> for the first time in his press. In 1781 the newly cut fonts by the French printer Francois-Ambroise Didot did not include that grapheme either. This way in the last two decades of the eighteenth century the fashion to stop using the letter in print began to spread throughout Europe.

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Grafemos netektis Lietuvos rankrafzčiuose

Author(s): Giedrius Subacius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

In the beginning and the middle of the nineteenth century many Lithuanian authors had dropped the long <µ> from their manuscripts: Simonas Stanevičius (1799-1848), Aleksandras Butkevičius (ca. 1780-1829), Dominikas Sutkevičius (ca. 1782-1849), Kazimieras Kristupas Daukša (1795-1865), Simonas Daukantas (1793-1864), Kazimieras Prialgauskis (1801-1856), Jonas Juška (1815-1886), Laurynas Ivinskis (1810-1881), Juozapas Èiulda (1796-1861), Kazimieras Skrodzkis (1798-1874). Simultaneously another large group of authors, however, happened to use the rudimentary grapheme in their manuscripts.

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Henriko Nagio dialogai su lietuvių egzodo poetų „Nužemintųjų generacija“

Author(s): Manfredas Žvirgždas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 69/2018

The poet of Lithuanian post-war exile in Canada, a member of the Žemininkai group Henrikas Nagys (1920-1996) was a controversial personality; until the 1960s he participated in the congresses of diaspora liberal intellectuals, introduced the aesthetics of Western Modernism and Existentialism to the younger audience. On the other hand, he emphasized the importance of linguocentric patriotism and the poet’s responsibility in the face of history. Nagys’ sister Liūnė Sutema and his friend Algimantas Mackus belonged to the later generation of Lithuanian exiles who directly experienced the crisis of identity and preferred the freedom of individual expression to declarations of collective solidarity. “The generation of outsiders” paid much attention to the mythological dimension of language, motives of folklore, a pessimist view of diaspora’s future, and catastrophist presentiments of history breaking in two. Conservative strategies of culture were essential to Nagys: he stressed the imperatives of memory-awakening, the intellectual mobilization of community, and the canonization of literary heroes.

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ILGŲJŲ IR TRUMPŲJŲ NAUDININKO FORMŲ VARTOJIMO XVI A. LDK REFORMATŲ LIETUVIŠKUOSE RAŠTUOSE SANTYKIS

Author(s): Kestutis Dambrauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 11/2017

The morphological features of Old Lithuanian texts have been explored by numerous linguists, however, the archaic dative forms have received much less attention. The aim of this article is to discuss the ratio of the use of short and long forms of dative in the Catechism by Merkelis Petkevičiaus (PC) and the Jokūbas Morkūnas Postilla (MP). The data comes from the PC as well as from the first 100 pages of the MP's Part I and Part III. The paper uses descriptive and comparative methods. The results show that short dative singular and plural forms dominate in the PC. Most of the long (archaic) dative forms were found in the MP's Part III. The ratio of the use of the short and long forms of dative is similar in the MP's Part I. The plural form of long dative is mostly used in the PC and the MP's Part I. The ratio of the use of singular and plural dative forms is similar in the MP's Part III. Dative singular short forms were more frequent than the long ones in the PC and the MP's Part I. The latter long dative forms were similarly used in the MP's Part III. Dative singular short forms with the ending -u are much more frequently used in the MP's Part III than in the MP's Part I and the PC. The results of the study confirm that the PC, the MP's Part I and Part III were translated by different translators.

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Intended Fallacies: Lowered Horizons, Ideological Inversions and Employed Intimacy. Translating Judita Vaičiūnaitė’s Early Poetry into Russian

Author(s): Gintare Bernotiene / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The case of the translations of Lithuanian poetess Judita Vaičiūnaitė (1937–2001) early poetry into Russian clearly illustrates the damages an original literary text (and the author’s institution) bore seeking to gain a statewide readership. In this article the Soviet translational practice of the 1960s is discussed as a phenomenon typical of Soviet literature when intentional rewriting, expurgation and ideological remakes of the authorial text were considered to be normal. The lowered horizons when translating the minor nationality’s original poetry, notable ideological inversions and the use of the source text in the most general scheme of the plot in Vaičiūnaitė’s early poetry translations into Russian, and even intimacy used in favour of ideological records marked not only the weakness and incompetence of amateur translators but also the pressure of the censoring institutions upon the author. The invisible chains of Soviet literary patronage demonstrated that the aesthetic value of the original and its translations for the publishing and propaganda industry of that time were of secondary importance. Wishing to spread their work to the wider circle of the Soviet readers and to strengthen the symbolic power, most often authors used to agree to the substitutions and editorial interventions into the authorial text. The interactions between the propagandist-educational character of the translations of that time and the artistic aims of the translational process in Soviet literary criticism were discussed later, after the revision of the Soviet heritage, evaluating the role of literature as a servant of the Soviet power machine. The fact that Vaičiūnaitė publicly never mentioned her early poetry translations into Russian reveals her attitude towards the prevalent translational practice: it was negatory as well as instrumental. Having agreed with the imprints of the Soviet literary patronage on the translations of her texts, she took the step gaining personal legitimisation in the state-wide Soviet literary universe.

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IŠ GOETHE’S IR SCHILLERIO ARCHYVO WEIMARE: ABRAHAMO JAKOBO PENZELIO, JOHANNO WOLFGANGO VON GOETHE’S IR MARTYNO LIUDVIKO RĖZOS LAIŠKAI DĖL LIETUVIŲ DAINŲ RINKINIO DAINOS ODER LITTHAUISCHE VOLKSLIEDER (1825)

Author(s): Liucija Citaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 19/2017

The edition of the first Lithuanian songbook Dainos oder Litthauische Volkslieder (Königsberg, 1825) prepared by Königsberg University Professor and the Head of the Lithuanian Language Seminar Martynas Liudvikas Rėza is still raising questions. Some may be answered by sources kept in Weimar: Goethe and Schiller archives, Duchess Anna Amalia Library and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s private library at the Goethe’s house-museum. These sources are poorly investigated, published only in a fragmentary way and some have not yet been translated into Lithuanian. The investigation of the circumstances of the collection reveals details that were unknown or underestimated, for example, that the preparation of the Rėza collection was pushed by Abraham Jakob Penzel’s plans to prepare a Lithuanian song collection and to ask for Goethe’s support, as well as the circumstances of how and when Goethe received the manuscript of the collection from Königsberg and why he did not reply to Rėza. It also reveals some of the circumstances of preparation of the collection, methodology and subsequent Rėza’s plans that were not implemented. Some questions also remain unanswered: when, under what circumstances, and for what purpose was an identical song edition published in Leipzig in 1827 and how did it reach the library of Duchess Anna Amalia.

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IŠ GOETHE’S IR SCHILLERIO ARCHYVO WEIMARE: DVI JOHANNO WOLFGANGO VON GOETHE’S RECENZIJOS APIE LIETUVIŲ DAINŲ RINKINĮ DAINOS ODER LITTHAUISCHE VOLKSLIEDER (1825)

Author(s): Liucija Citaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 19/2017

Königsberg University Professor Martynas Liudvikas Rėza (1776–1840) prepared the first Lithuanian song collection Dainos oder Litthauische Volkslieder (Königsberg, 1825). It included eighty-five Prussian Lithuanian songs in Lithuanian and in German, seven melodies, comments, and a research article by Rėza. This book is the most reviewed Lithuanian publication of the nineteenth century. The interest in the Lithuanian songs in Europe was promoted by the opinion of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

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Istorinė tarpukario Lietuvos dramaturgija: naujumo ir konservatyvumo sankryžoje

Author(s): Šarune Trinkunaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4(37)/2004

Contrary to the dramaturgy of neighbouring countries which, to a greater or lesser extent, pushed history aside during the interwar period, history was one of the most important themes in Lithuanian dramatic literature of that time. When the biggest Lithuanian literary authorities, Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis, Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, and Balys Sruoga, started to produce dramaturgical works, in many cases they chose to concentrate on historical topics. Lithuanian dramaturgy's dependency on history was also formed by the great relevance of national issues in the culture of that time, as well as by a peculiar complexity of Lithuanian dramatic literature and its disability to produce impellent and original plots. On the one hand, history inspired a variety of second-rate eulogistic plays; on the other, it became the pretext to a dramaturgy overflowing with deep dramatism. It was a theme that, so to say, "imprisoned" Lithuanian literature in a soil of conservative ideas and oddly disturbed the process of dramaturgical modernization.

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ITALŲ LITERATŪRA LIETUVOJE IR LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪRA ITALIJOJE: VERTIMŲ BIBLIOGRAFIJA

Author(s): Rasa Klioštoraityte,Pietro U. Dini / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2009

The survey presents translations of Italian literary works into Lithuanian, as well as Lithuanian literary translations into Italian. It also proposes a brief discussion on potential directions of research in Translation Studies. The survey may serve as a preliminary and propaedeutic introduction to a more exhaustive Italian-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Italian literary translation bibliography. The authors also discuss when and under what circumstances the translations were made. The most suitable method for such a quest is the comparative method. The research has proved to be a complex one, as the historical periodization of the translations is very different. Moreover, it is quite feasible that such an extralinguistic topic should be attributed to the history of culture and cultural relations rather than to the theory of translation. Nevertheless different authors have emphasized close links between the two areas of research, thus such a survey, though not exhaustive, may serve as a basis for further study.

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Jacobas Perkuhnas prieš Michaelá Mörlinà, Johannà Schultzà ir Philippà Ruhigà traktate Wolgegrundetes Bedencken Uber die Ins Litthaufche Uberfetℨte ℨehen Fabeln Æfopi, Und derfelben pasfionirte ℨufchrifft (1706)

Author(s): Ona Aleknaviciene,Christine Schiller / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 05/2003

Bei dem in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München aufbewahrten, und von den Autorinnen jetzt entdeckten Traktat von Jacob Perkuhn mit dem Titel Wolgegrundetes Bedencken Uber die Ins Litthaufche Uberfetℨte ℨehen Fabeln Æfopi, Und derfelben pasfionirte ℨufchrifft (1706) handelt es sich um eine wichtige Quelle der zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhundertsunter der preußisch-litauischen Pfarrerschaft geführten philologischen Diskussion. Im Mittelpunktdieser im Wesentlichen vom Pfarrer in Gumbinnen Michael Mörlin bestimmtenDiskussion stand die Frage, in welcher litauischen Varietät mit der litauischen Bevölkerungzu sprechen sei.

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Jeronimo Kiprijono Račkauskio knygu Munkos Viešpaties (1857), Vadovo i dangu (1857) ir Balso Dievo (1858) kalbos ypatumai

Author(s): Daiva Litvinskaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

The analysis of the three religious books by Jeronimas K. Raèkauskis (1825-1889) Munkà Wieszpaties (1857), Wadowas i Dangu (1857), and Baùsà Diewa (1858) shows an attempt of the author to write in the Highland Lithuanian dialect instead of his native South-Lowland (dûnininkai) one. Those Lowland Lithuanian dialect features that are the most noticeable for a Lowlander were replaced by Highland forms. But from the six linguistic Lowland Lithuanian particularities that are only occasionally noticeable by a Lowlander, Raèkauskis changed into Highland Lithuanian just one. The third group the least noticeable Lowland Lithuanian dialectal features were also unnoticed by Raèkauskis and were not changed into the Highland Lithuanian equivalents. Hypercorrect forms also bear witness to Raèkauskis' efforts to write in Highland Lithuanian. But these efforts were undermined by his limited knowledge of the Highland dialect. A comparison of Bishop Motiejus Valanèius' (1801-1875) written language to the language of the priests in his bishopric (Raèkauskis, Dominikas Budrikas [1798-1873], Kalikstas Kasakauskis [ca. 1792-1866]) demonstrates the strong influence Valanèius had on these priests. Valanèius' usage suggests that he shaped his written language to make it more accessible to the peasants and to attract the speakers of the other dialect. This language policy was eagerly followed by certain priests. Still Kasakauskis did not follow Valanèius' writings literally, he accepted Valanèius' ideas to write for the peasants in language that was understandable to them.

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Językowo-kulturowa wizja dworu na Litwie

Author(s): Krystyna Rutkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 42/2018

The aim of this article is to provide a description of the linguistic-cultural vision of the manor on the Baltic-Slavic border. The object of the analysis is autobiographical narratives of the oldest residents of Polish villages in the districts of Meikštai and Smalvos in north-eastern Lithuania, on the border with Belarus. The people living there have perfectly retained the memory of old manors and estates, local nobility, and the relations between the peasants and the manor. The article aims to present their memories about the manor, the impact of the manor on the formation of their personalities and attitudes towards the surrounding world, and to characterise the places important for the formation of a multi-ethnic, multicultural borderland and its unique character. The analysis of the conceptualisation of the manor and the landlord by the residents of Smalvos district is based on the general assumptions of oral history, especially those concerning the narrator’s position, his/her worldview and his/her relation with the described reality. The reconstructed vision of the manor, based on the autobiographical narratives, is clearly positive. The described behaviour of the landlord to the peasants dispels the established stereotype of the landlord as a ruthless exploiter and the myth of relations with the peasants based on exploitation. Although cognitive definitions of the concepts under consideration describe the manor as a place distinct from the countryside, at the same time, however, it was a place where peasant children were welcome, taught prayers and the basics of reading and writing. The landlord is described as an educated, tolerant and understanding person who took care about his peasants and supported them.

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Jono Bretkūno Postilė (1591): nuo Lietuvių literatūros draugijos Tilžėje iki Matenadarano Jerevane

Author(s): Ona Aleknaviciene,Ieva Rekštyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 15/2013

In this article we describe a copy of Jonas Bretkūnas’ Postil (BP; 1591) that since August of 2012 has been kept in Yerevan, in the department of Lithuanian books in the Matenadarane institute of the old manuscripts of St. Mesrop Mashtots. This is one more BP copy that has not been included in the Lithuanian Bibliography (1969) and its Supplements (1990) so far. The copy was known before WW II , but later considered lost. Analysis of the ownership marks demonstrates that this copy between the end of the nineteenth century and World War Two was kept in three libraries in East Prussia: (1) Library of the Lithuanian Literary Society (Litauische literarische Gesellschaft) in Tilžė (Tilsit), up to 1892; (2) East German Homeland Service Library in Tilžė (Ostdeutscher Heimatdienst Tilsit), after 1923; (3) Library of the Baltic and Slavic Seminar in Königsberg University (Baltisch-slavisches Seminar der Albertus-Universität Königsberg Pr.), after 1936. It was acquired by the Library of the Lithuanian Literary Society at the period when the national movement was gaining power in Lithuania Minor, and which aimed at preserving the endangered Lithuanian language, literature, and culture as a source for scholarly research. The books of the Library of the Lithuanian Literary Society were acquired not by Tilžė Town Library as it was assumed so far, but by East German Homeland Service, a German organization which had nothing to do with Lithuanistic activity. It was this organization, not the Library of the Lithuanian Literary Society, which from the books were transferred to the Baltic and Slavic Seminar in Königsberg University where they were used for teaching and research purposes. The BP copy was also transferred to the Baltic and Slavic Seminar in Königsberg University as a source for the study of the language.

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Jono Bretkūno Postilės (1591) sklaidos istorija: egzemplioriai Krokuvoje

Author(s): Ona Aleknaviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 09/2007

This article continues research on the distribution of surviving copies of Jonas Bretkūnas’s Postilla (1591). I analyze three copies that are held in Kraków: (1) In the Jagielony library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska; BJ : Cim. Qu 5164); (2) In the Library of Czartorysky (Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie, Biblioteka XX . Czartoryskich; BCzart: 843 II Cim); (3) In the museum of Czapski (Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie, Muzeum im. Emeryka Hutten- Czapskiego; BCzap: XVI 350). All three copies of the Postilla reached Kraków in the nineteenth century: (1) the first one was acquired in 1869 by the Jagielony library; (2) the second was brought in together with the library of Czartoryski dukes in 1876; (3) the third one―together with the library of Emeryk Hutten-Czapski in 1894. The copies that are held in Lithuania have reached libraries at a later time―in the twentieth century, between 1918 and 1956 (copies that were known earlier, like the copy from the Vilnius Public Library [mentioned in 1883], and the copy from Simonas Daukantas [donated in 1911 to the Association of Lithuanian Science] disappeared). Two out of the three copies held in Kraków used to be part of private libraries―the library of the Czartoryski dukes in Puławy (from 1813; where it was kept after the Revolution of 1830–31 is unknown) and the library of Czapski in Stankawa (about 1880). Later those copies became the public property of Kraków―Czartoryskis’s in 1876, Czapskis’s in 1903. These two copies came to belong to public libraries due to the efforts of librarians and collectors. In Lithuania at least six out of ten copies reached public libraries because of the librarians and collectors. Both in Poland and in Lithuania the interest in collecting these books is similar―scholarly and cultural heritage.

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Jono Juškaičio poezijos intertekstai

Author(s): Virginija Balseviciute-Šlekiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2018

The nature of Jonas Juškaitis’s poetry is heterogeneous. His poems are inhabited by texts written by other authors. Intertextuality is understood as an interaction between one’s own and someone else’s word. For this analysis, I have chosen the concepts of lexemic and textual interpretant. Lexemic interpretant can be a word play, a quibble, or a foreign word. It can also be the names of characters, borrowed from other works. Textual interpretant is a larger fragment used without quotes. The article analyses secular and religious intertexts and their functions in Juškaitis’s poems. It discusses direct and indirect citation, paying most of the attention to quoting without indicating the quotes. The analysis of specific texts reveals that the insertions of extraneous texts in Juškaitis’s poetry disrupt the integrity and linearity of the text, creating tension and provoking a dialogue. They distort syntax and increase the semantic activity of words. Intertexts determine the nature of the poetic world, making it unique. In the conclusions, I state that the abundance of citations in Juškaitis’s poetry creates a very specific poetic world, determines the complex way of looking at the world, and provides a nuanced view of the most important themes in poet’s work. The variety of intertexts gives Juškaitis’s poetry, based on peasant culture, intellectual strain. Citation without quotes has become his exceptional poetic tool.

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Jono Mačiulio-Maironio raštų rašyba ir kalba: Jauniaus sekėjo dinamika

Author(s): Jurgita Venckiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 14/2012

The first books of Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis were written and published in the last decades of the nineteenth century. At that time standard language norms had not yet been chosen and a few standard language models were competing: (1) that of Kazimieras Jaunius (the Catholic periodicals relied on it); (2) that of secular periodicals; and (3) that of Jonas Basanavičius. The paper discusses the linguistic attitudes of Maironis and their evolution, Maironis’ response to the emerging norms of standard language. The research was based on Maironis’ sermon manuscripts, history books, and poetry publications. While studying in The Samogitian Theological Seminary in Kaunas, Maironis attended Kazimieras Jaunius’ classes of Lithuanian. Maironis, being an ordinary seminarian, started to follow the model Jaunius delineated in his lectures. Thus, Maironis initially based himself on Jaunius’ ideas of orthography and standardization in period of 1888–1891; his first book Apsakymai apie Lietuvos praeigą (1886 [1891]) attests to this.

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