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"Aukso amžiaus" pabaiga: Antano Baranausko versija

Author(s): Paulius Subacius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2(27)/2002

The works of the poet Antanas Baranauskas represent a shift from the cyclic interpretation of time, which belongs to the paradigm of natural and mythical consciousness, towards the linear historical time. This observation, which has already been discussed in the articles of the same author, here is developed in two aspects. On the one hand, it shows that the historical conceptualization of experience in Baranauskas' poetry is sanctioned by the figure of God. On the other hand, it raises the hypothesis that the linearity coming into force can be considered as the factor bringing about the Christianization of the Lithuanian consciousness. The mental reform introduced by Baranauskas is analyzed in the broad context of the paradigmatic alternatives of the perception of time that is characteristic of the European civilization.

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2015 METŲ LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪROS KATEDROS KRONIKA

Author(s): Literatura Editorial Board / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 57 (1)/2015

Kovo 12 d. docentui Kęstučiui Urbai už nuopelnus vaikų literatūrai ir skaitymo skatinimą įteikta Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės Kultūros ir meno premija. 2015 metais katedros darbuotojai parengė ir publikavo mokslo straipsnių Lietuvos ir užsienio spaudoje, dalyvavo mokslo projektuose.Profesorė emeritė Viktorija Daujotytė ir doc. Kęstutis Urba sudarė knygą „Istorijoje ir auditorijoje“, skirtą ilgametės katedros darbuotojos, docentės Petronėlės Česnulevičiūtės 90-mečiui. 2015 m. vasario 19 d. knyga buvo pristatyta Tarptautinėje Vilniaus knygų mugėje.

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Balys Sruoga ir Jurgis Baltrušaitis: vienos paradigmos ieškojimas, arba Simbolistų būties rūpestis katastrofos akivaizdoje

Author(s): Rita Tutlyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2016

The article focuses on indirect and complicated connections of Balys Sruoga’s personal attitudes and his works with the main philosophic trend of the 20th century, namely the idea of individual’s unconditioned value and issues of rebellion, anxiety, as well as temporality and purport of life, elaborated by modernist art movements (Symbolism, Impressionism and Neo-romanticism) and highlighted by Existentialism. It searches not for Sruoga’s reply to philosophical postulates or paraphrases of an important thesis, but rather for author’s authentic attitude within the context of this paradigm. Research is focused on the significance of Jurgis Baltrušaitis, a Lithuanian diplomat and poet, as well as Russian symbolist, for Sruoga. It also highlights the role of the Teacher of the younger generation, assumed by Sruoga during the Nazi occupation. In doing so, the following works are analysed: early poetry, novel, Dievų miškas (The Forest of the Gods), and drama, Pajūrio kurortas (The Resort at the Seaside). The theoretical approach to the above mentioned texts consists of the history of the 20th century ideas, the context of modern literature and trends in philosophy, Enterbter Geist (The Disinherited Mind) by Erich Heller that offered a look at the 19th century and the continuity of its thinking traditions in the 20th century, as well as the concept of the literary field proposed by Dominique Maingueneau.

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Balys Sruoga kaip personažas: keli Ričardo Gavelio tekstai kultūros atminties požiūriu

Author(s): Loreta Macianskaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2016

The article analyzes Balys Sruoga’s (1896-1947), the author of memoirs Dievų miškas (The Forest of the Gods), personal and creative reception during Soviet period; more precisely his biography’s literary reinterpretation in which the writer himself acts as a character. This new theme in Lithuanian literary science is analyzed using formerly unknown archival material, two literary scripts written by Ričardas Gavelis in 1981, which adapted The Forest of the Gods. The other material is yet another text by Gavelis, a very significant novel, Vilnius Poker (1989), in which one of the characters, professor Bolius, shares some similarities with real Balys Sruoga. The analysis of Gavelis’s texts highlights three different Sruoga’s biography cultural roles: holy fool, martyr and the victim of history. The article associates these three roles to the alteration of consciousness from classical humanism towards post-humanist nihilism, which correlates with the dichotomy of Gulag’s image as perceived by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Varlam Shalamov. In Soviet times, The Forest of the Gods functioned as the Aesopian language shield enabling authors to speak about Soviet camps. In the 1980s, the text was too dangerous to make it into a film. In the 21st century, Sruoga’s tragic fate and his book’s value have not diminished in Lithuanian culture. However, there is a need to actualize other writer’s personal and creative aspects which still hide in the shadow of cultural memory.

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Changing the Modes of National Representation: Anthologies of Lithuanian Poetry for Foreign Readers (1978–2013)

Author(s): Gintare Bernotiene / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

This article examines how Lithuanian poetry was represented for foreign readers in 15 anthologies published from 1978 to 2013 in Lithuania and abroad. The object of investigation is not a huge corpus of authors representing the official canon but the cultural, historical, political, and aesthetic aspects of Lithuanian poetry revealed in the prefaces of the anthologies. The 35 year-long process of anthologisation reveals the changing modes of national representation: the trajectory from the unknown, closed or even censored Lithuanian literature (which was oppressed by social realism and divided in two parts – exodus and Soviet Lithuanian literature) to a united picture of national literature and later to the crumbling mosaic of its parts (representing particularities grouped by gender, generations, subjects, grouping and so on). During the Soviet period the more precise translation process of Lithuanian poetry for foreign readers became possible in 70s. Till the end of the 20th century the main goal of compilers of anthologies as well as authors of prefaces was to represent national literary history beginning with the 18th century and its origins in folk culture, and highlight the historical circumstances of delayed development of national literature. From the beginning of the 21st century the care about national literature’s representation turns into a commercial project orientated towards international text circulation. According to global conditions the political resistance clearly expressed in poetic writings which was so important for the compilers of the 20th-century anthologies has transformed into the political-economic literary battlefield (the battle for publishing, translations, resistance against the dominant literary tendencies, establishment of individuality) marking a radically different political resistance.

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Cочинения старообрядцев-беспоповцев в Речи Посполитой в XVIII в

Author(s): Nadezhda Morozova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 58 (2)/2013

The article deals with the evaluation of creative works by priestless Old Believers residing in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. The study gives a special emphasis to the two main issues, i.e. 1) creative work of Feodosiy Vasilyev and his son Evstrat Feodosiyev (Feodosiyevich) and 2) the texts on activities of the Feodoseevtsy Council meetings that took place in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the first half through the middle of the 18th century. The evaluation of the original creative work of priestless Old Believers of the Polish– Lithuanian Commonwealth specified in the article enables to conclude about the gradual expansion of the territories in which settlements of Old Believers appeared and the residents of which would be involved in active polemic and literary activities. The second third of the 18th century is characterized by the highest intellectual activity that would primarily be attributed to the inhabitants of the Sebezh lands.

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Daugybingumo formos šiuolaikiniame Lietuvos teatre: postmoderni reprezentacija ar modernios tradicijos tęsinys?

Author(s): Jurgita Staniškyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2011

The article examines new forms of representation in the contemporary Lithuanian theatre as well as their correlation with the modern representation. One of the themes of analysis is different character of the relations with the past in a modern and postmodern artistic framework. Quite often the creators of the post-soviet Lithuanian theatre use pre-existing cultural templates – myths, narratives, frames of traditional historiography, together with different texts and forms from the history of the theatre, and thus produce the effect of continuation rather than a radical break with the tradition.The article focuses on the theatrical strategies that open up to the postmodern notion of plurality: intertextual representation, intersemiosis, citation, pastiche, rewriting, deconstruction. With the help of three different case studies the article demonstrates, what kind of aesthetic forms the principle of plurality acquires in Lithuanian theatre; how the past (tradition, canon, history)reappears in these performances and how their perception differs from the modern tradition.

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DIDYSIS PASAKOJIMAS SOVIETMEČIU: KELI PANORAMINIAI PROBLEMOS ŠTRICHAI

Author(s): Audinga Pelurityte-Tikuišiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 57 (1)/2015

This article deals with development of Lithuanian art of early socialist realism. The key issues of the article are following: what is the position of the Grand Narrative which was formed by mature modernism in narration of Lithuanian art of the then? The article refers to the concept of crisis of mature modernity and grand narratives. This concept has been formulated in Lyotardʼs book The Postmodern Condition (1979). The article expands this concept by sociological interpretations of Antony Giddens and historical philosophical interpretations of Wolfgang Welsch. Also the discourse of alternative modernism has been included in the discussion with artefacts of socialist realism which to the problem of the Grand Narrative renders importants arguments of fake history and altered character. The art of socialist realismʼ period has been considered against a background of concepts of modernism and alternative modernism as well as that of the tendencies of depersonalization, personification, collectivism and nationality. The narratives of the fine arts (sculpture, painting) have been evaluated from the point of view of literary narratives.

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DIE STILLE MODERNE IN DER LITAUISCHEN LITERATUR (1962–1982)

Author(s): Rita Tutlyte / Language(s): German / Issue: 56 (1)/2014

Der vorliegende Beitrag entstand auf der Grundlage einer Vorlesung am Institut für Baltistik der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald. Das Ziel war es, fremdsprachige Hörer mit den Eigenheiten der sogenannten litauischen stille Moderne bekannt zu machen. Zunächst wird auf politische und kulturelle Spannungen dieser Periode eingegangen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei auf die Weltanschauung einer ganzen Generation sowie auf das Paradigma ihres kollektiven Gedächtnisses in der symbiotischen Verflechtung von Geschichte und Mythos gerichtet. Kulturelle und historische Vorstellungen werden in dem Artikel über die Interpretation des litauischen Staatswappens, dem Vytis, verdeutlicht. Die Wahrnehmung der eigenen Identität in dieser Zeit wird am Beispiel struktueller Veränderungen in der Lyrik vorgeführt.

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DISTOPIJOS ELEMENTŲ RAIŠKA MODERNIOJOJE LIETUVIŲ PROZOJE

Author(s): Lina Buividaviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 28(33)A/2015

The theoretical problems and practical analysis of utopia and its subgenre dystopia are widely known in the global cultural discourse. Nevertheless, these analyses still remains almost terra incognita in the studies of Lithuanian prose. The aim of this article is to analyse and compare the ambivalent elements in these novels: Vilniaus pokeris (Vilnius Poker) by R. Gavelis, Užkeiktas miestas (The Town under the Spell) by R. Lankauskas, and Anapus rytojaus (Beyond Tomorrow) by J. Jankus. This article is based on the hermeneutical methodology and the context of existentialism. The theoretical part of the article “Dystopian World” describes the main sources, features, and polemical issues of genre. The first practical part “The Social-Historical Subordinated Dystopia in Lithuanian Literature” analyses the concrete historical and cultural features of the dystopian genre. The features of ontological-existential dystopia are described in the second practical part of the paper.

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EPISTOLINĖ „DRAMATURGIJA“: SOFIJOS ČIURLIONIENĖS LAIŠKAI DUKRAI

Author(s): Neringa Klišiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 57 (1)/2015

Les documents épistolaires de Sofija Čiurlionienė Kymantaitė qui témoignent de sa vie littéraire et sociale la révèlent comme une représentante très particulière de ce genre. Dans le présent article, on se concentre sur la nature dramaturgique et ludique des lettres de Čiurlionienė. Ce caractère est surtout saillant dans sa correspondance intime adressée à ses proches, et notamment à sa fille Danutė. La communication par lettres est créée selon un modèle spécifique de «jeu » théâtral (le principe du dialogue théâtral, l’instance du metteur en scène, les circonstances de la «double énonciation») qui dévoile la relation hétérogène entre mère et fille (JeTu; Je-(Elle)-Tu). Dans le présent article, on analyse les stratégies d’écriture de lettres qui varient en fonction des rôles assumés au sein de la famille. La stratégie choisie assure une relation réciproque entre mère et fille.

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ESĖ ŽANRAS KAIP ATSAKAS ŠIUOLAIKINIO SKAITYTOJO POREIKIUS

Author(s): Joanna Tabor / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 57 (1)/2015

The article reviews the popularity of essay genre in modern Lithuanian and Polish literature. It tries to answer the question of what essay’s features determine its success, and what is so special about this genre that the most important authors have chosen essay as the most appropriate form to express their creative ideas. Essay’s popularity in Lithuania and Poland at the end of XX, and in the beginning of XXI century is mainly connected with the political and social situation changes, but – even though the breakthrough of this literary form had its place more than twenty years ago – the interest in it is not decreasing. What could be the reason for this situation? Which elements of modern culture create such favorable conditions for essay’s development? We could look for the answer to this question while reflecting on the change of communication methods, on which the new media has a huge impact. The new media and its tools change the ways of communication, and reading habits. The essay genre – with its openness, freedom, flexibility and compactness – is the literary form that can meet the modern communication structure the most adequately.

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Intended Fallacies: Lowered Horizons, Ideological Inversions and Employed Intimacy. Translating Judita Vaičiūnaitė’s Early Poetry into Russian

Author(s): Gintare Bernotiene / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The case of the translations of Lithuanian poetess Judita Vaičiūnaitė (1937–2001) early poetry into Russian clearly illustrates the damages an original literary text (and the author’s institution) bore seeking to gain a statewide readership. In this article the Soviet translational practice of the 1960s is discussed as a phenomenon typical of Soviet literature when intentional rewriting, expurgation and ideological remakes of the authorial text were considered to be normal. The lowered horizons when translating the minor nationality’s original poetry, notable ideological inversions and the use of the source text in the most general scheme of the plot in Vaičiūnaitė’s early poetry translations into Russian, and even intimacy used in favour of ideological records marked not only the weakness and incompetence of amateur translators but also the pressure of the censoring institutions upon the author. The invisible chains of Soviet literary patronage demonstrated that the aesthetic value of the original and its translations for the publishing and propaganda industry of that time were of secondary importance. Wishing to spread their work to the wider circle of the Soviet readers and to strengthen the symbolic power, most often authors used to agree to the substitutions and editorial interventions into the authorial text. The interactions between the propagandist-educational character of the translations of that time and the artistic aims of the translational process in Soviet literary criticism were discussed later, after the revision of the Soviet heritage, evaluating the role of literature as a servant of the Soviet power machine. The fact that Vaičiūnaitė publicly never mentioned her early poetry translations into Russian reveals her attitude towards the prevalent translational practice: it was negatory as well as instrumental. Having agreed with the imprints of the Soviet literary patronage on the translations of her texts, she took the step gaining personal legitimisation in the state-wide Soviet literary universe.

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Istorinė tarpukario Lietuvos dramaturgija: naujumo ir konservatyvumo sankryžoje

Author(s): Šarune Trinkunaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4(37)/2004

Contrary to the dramaturgy of neighbouring countries which, to a greater or lesser extent, pushed history aside during the interwar period, history was one of the most important themes in Lithuanian dramatic literature of that time. When the biggest Lithuanian literary authorities, Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis, Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, and Balys Sruoga, started to produce dramaturgical works, in many cases they chose to concentrate on historical topics. Lithuanian dramaturgy's dependency on history was also formed by the great relevance of national issues in the culture of that time, as well as by a peculiar complexity of Lithuanian dramatic literature and its disability to produce impellent and original plots. On the one hand, history inspired a variety of second-rate eulogistic plays; on the other, it became the pretext to a dramaturgy overflowing with deep dramatism. It was a theme that, so to say, "imprisoned" Lithuanian literature in a soil of conservative ideas and oddly disturbed the process of dramaturgical modernization.

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Jono Mažylio prisiminimai apie savo tėvo, profesoriaus Prano Mažylio, traumą, ligą ir mirtį

Author(s): Liudas Mažylis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 16/2017

The text published is about the professor, doctor of medical sciences Pranas Mažylis (1885–1966) written by his son Jonas Mažylis. The text deals with the trauma, trouble, death and funeral of Pranas Mažylis and covers the period from January to March, 1966. It touches about 50 contemporaries such as medical people, public persons, and relatives. The publication was prepared by Prof. Dr. Liudas Mažylis, the grandson of Pranas Mažylis, and illustrated by the photos of an unknown photographer.

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KAS PAAIŠKĖJA: APIE ADOMO MICKEVIČIAUS LOZANOS LYRIKĄ

Author(s): Brigita Speicyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 57 (1)/2015

Iš seminaro vedėjos gavau užduotį vienos duotų temų lauke – „Kas paaiškėja: vėlyvoji lyrika kaip būties išskaidrėjimas“ – sugrįžti prie Adomo Mickevičiaus Lozanos lyrikos. Antrąją temos dalį aptarė Giedrė Kazlauskaitė pagal Vinco Mykolaičio-Putino poeziją, tad sustosiu prie pirmosios ir pratęsiu svarstymą apie poetinės formos pokyčius – šiuokart vėlyvojoje A. Mickevičiaus lyrikoje.

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Kontekstualizavimo „čia ir dabar“ eksperimentai: M. Gorkio pjesės „Dugne“ pastatymai Oslo National Theatret ir Vilniaus miesto teatre OKT

Author(s): Ramune Marcinkeviciute / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2011

The article compares and analyses two productions of the director Oskaras Koršunovas, basedon the play of Maxim Gorky “Lower Depths”, produced in Oslo National Theatret (2009) andOKT-Vilnius City Theatre (2010). This director tends to come back to the same play in differentcontexts of artistic and socio-cultural praxis (“Way to Damascus” by August Strindberg in OsloNational Theatret (2006) and in Klaipėda Drama Theatre (2007); “The Taming of the Shrewd”by William Shakespeare in Comédie-Française, (2007) and in the State Alexandra Theatre inSaint Petersburg (2010).The Norwegian and Lithuanian versions of “Lower Depths” are similar to the experience,when in 2003 Koršunovas produced “Winter” by Jon Fosse in Oslo National Theatret, and after three years created a chamber opera by Gintaras Sodeika “Vinter” (OKT-Vilnius City Theatre).The texts of Fosse and Gorky were repeated providing the productions with a new and bright discourse of the artistic experiment, as well as producing them in different spaces: “Vinter” was transformed to the Saint Catherine Church in Vilnius, and “Lower Depths” in a small studio of OKT. The drama of Fosse assumed the form of a chamber opera, and the four acts play of Gorky – the performance in one part.The Norwegian interpretation of Gorky is closer to the traditional theatrical model, and shows the aim of the director to reveal the cultural universality of the classical text. The Lithuanian interpretation was encouraged by the social situation of the contemporary Lithuania, as well as by the actors and the audience: Gorky is presented as the contemporary playwright; the director introduces fragments of “Hamlet” by William Shakespeare, re-crating and dissolving the artistic identities of his earlier performances.

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Korespondencja Jana Karłowicza z polskimi i litewskimi literatami oraz działaczami kulturalnymi

Author(s): Irena Fedorovic / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 57 (2)/2012

The collection of the Lithuanian State Historical Archives in Vilnius possesses the legacy (mainly letters) of prof. Jan Karłowicz (1836–1903), a famous Polish historian, ethnographer, musicologist and translator. The research of that legacy shows that professor’s correspondence with other writers, mainly Polish, were extensive. While living in Warsaw, he was friends with all of the most famous writers of the era of positivism (E. Orzeszkowa, M. Konopnicka, H. Sienkiewicz), he was interested in their works and encouraged them to cooperate with the monthly magazine “Wisła”. He also brought other Lithuanian writers into cooperation with this valued magazine. The letters of M. Davainis-Silvestraitis and A. Baranauskas, a connoisseur of the classicist Lithuanian literature, prove that the affairs of Lithuania were important to Karłowicz, as it was his historic homeland.

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KRISTIJONO DONELAIČIO TEMA JOHANNESO BOBROWSKIO ROMANE LIETUVIŠKI FORTEPIJONAI IR HEINZO-JÜRGENO ZIERKE’S NOVELĖSE

Author(s): Aurelija Mykolaityte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 56 (1)/2014

The article deals with the reception of Donelaitis in the German literature written in the second half of 20th century. There is the focus on two authors of this time: Johannes Bobrowski and Hans-Jürgen Zierke. The novel “Lithuanian Claviers” reflects Donelaitis’ time and parallel the Nazis’ time recognising the same situation: on the one hand, hostility between different national groups, on the other hand, trying to create the atmosphere of confidence. The writer suggests that it is possible only to creative people, artists in words and music. Such person was Kristijonas Donelaitis whose life shows for nowadays people how to behave in critical situations. Bobrowski tries to revive the memory of Donelaitis who was able to defend his community and behave in his difficult time as real Christian. Zierke demonstrates other way of developing the Donelaitis’ theme. The writer describes relationship between the priest and his parishioners. There is also an emphasis on relationship with his friend, who is a priest, and wife Ana Regina. The strategy of narration is based on reconstructing the spirit of time and portraying Donelaitis. This writer went into details of Donelaitis’ life, his writings mode reminds about the historical fiction. Thus both authors reflect Donelaitis’ theme but in very different ways.

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Lenguas, literaturas y nacionalidades en Lituania (y en el Báltico oriental)

Author(s): Pietro U. Dini / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 1/2015

This article’s focus is on Lithuania and its literature, but many considerations contained in it are also valid for the whole East Baltic cultural region. A preliminary distinction is made inside Lithuanian literature between Ortsgebundenheit and Sprachgebundenheit, in order to show and discuss the strong multilingualism which has characterized the Baltic region already in an early period. A short excursus follows, pointing out the possible importance the “national literary model” could have had in different epochs. Similarities with the situation in Latvia and Estonia, but also with other central European countries, are stressed concerning the delay in building sovereign states; a parallel is drawn especially with Catalonia. The importance and the role played by the language in all these cases is underlined and commented on. Other considerations regard the literature in exile and the new literary tendencies that have emerged after the identity protest movement at the end of the 1980s which led to the declaration(s) of independence. Finally, general thoughts are expressed concerning the concept of “national literature” in the case of countries whose history has been characterized by an intermittence of sovereignty (the case of the Baltic countries), and for other longer-established European countries. The supporters of Weltliteratur normally completely neglect these aspects. In the author’s mind, however, they also should be attentively considered.

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