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"Aukso amžiaus" pabaiga: Antano Baranausko versija

Author(s): Paulius Subacius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2(27)/2002

The works of the poet Antanas Baranauskas represent a shift from the cyclic interpretation of time, which belongs to the paradigm of natural and mythical consciousness, towards the linear historical time. This observation, which has already been discussed in the articles of the same author, here is developed in two aspects. On the one hand, it shows that the historical conceptualization of experience in Baranauskas' poetry is sanctioned by the figure of God. On the other hand, it raises the hypothesis that the linearity coming into force can be considered as the factor bringing about the Christianization of the Lithuanian consciousness. The mental reform introduced by Baranauskas is analyzed in the broad context of the paradigmatic alternatives of the perception of time that is characteristic of the European civilization.

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"Nebibliografinë" Jono Bretkûno Postilë (1591): Vlado Daumanto egzempliorius

Author(s): Ona Aleknaviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

In this article I describe the copy of Jonas Bretkûnas' Postilla (1591), which is kept in the Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Žilinskas (this is a division of the National Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis), in the section of Archival Documents and Photographs (call number: Tkr. 148). Until 1944 the copy was kept in the private collection of Vladas Daumantas. For a certain period after World War Two it was unknown to scholars. The copy was included neither in the Lithuanian Bibliography (Lietuvos TSR bibliografija, 1969; LB I), nor in the supplement volume (Papildymai, 1990; LBP). This is the tenth copy of Bretkûnas' Postilla kept in Lithuania. Daumantas' copy is not defective, but is in good condition. There are, however, certain errors of pagination. Certain circumstances attest that this copy was the property of Vladas Daumantas: (1) an inscription in purple pencil on the title page "VDaumantas" (cf. Fig. 1); (2) an inscription "VDaumanto kolekcija" in the accession book of the Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis; (3) a description of the Postilla in the manuscripts by Petras Jakðtas (a contemporary of Daumantas; they both were members of the 27 Book Lovers Society).

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2015 METŲ LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪROS KATEDROS KRONIKA

Author(s): Literatura Editorial Board / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2015

Kovo 12 d. docentui Kęstučiui Urbai už nuopelnus vaikų literatūrai ir skaitymo skatinimą įteikta Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės Kultūros ir meno premija. 2015 metais katedros darbuotojai parengė ir publikavo mokslo straipsnių Lietuvos ir užsienio spaudoje, dalyvavo mokslo projektuose.Profesorė emeritė Viktorija Daujotytė ir doc. Kęstutis Urba sudarė knygą „Istorijoje ir auditorijoje“, skirtą ilgametės katedros darbuotojos, docentės Petronėlės Česnulevičiūtės 90-mečiui. 2015 m. vasario 19 d. knyga buvo pristatyta Tarptautinėje Vilniaus knygų mugėje.

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A challenge to collective memory: Yitskhok Rudashevski’s Diary of the Vilna Ghetto

Author(s): Mindaugas Kvietkauskas / Language(s): English / Issue: 42/2018

This article aims to analyse the diary of Yitskhok Rudashevski (1927–1943), the story of its writing and publication and the existing biographical material about the author. It attempts to answer the question of what is or could be the significance of this lieu de mémoire for the current developments in Holocaust memory culture in Lithuania. The adopted definitions of cultural and collective memory and sites of memory are based on the concepts proposed by Jan and Aleida Assmann and Pierre Nora. On the one hand, the diary written by a child in the Vilnius ghetto is of major documentary, moral and aesthetic significance and stimulates individual empathy. On the other hand, the text raises acute issues reflecting a conflict between different memory narratives and interpretations of history. Pro-Soviet sympathies of the author, negative imagery of Lithuanians and certain deheroisation of the ghetto community make the text a “problematic” memory site. These challenges of the diary are interpreted as indicators showing whether contemporary Holocaust narrative in Lithuania is already mature enough to accept the dialogical forms of cultural memory.

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A lív költészet nyomában

Author(s): Péter Pomozi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2017

This short study evokes a Baltic Finnic language that is now almost extinct, i.e. Livonian. After offering basic information on the medieval Livonian language area and the former dialectal distribution, the article focuses upon the linguistic heritage of the Salaca Livonian groups, who once lived along the seabanks of the Riga gulf and the Salaca and Svētupe rivers. The Livonians’ history does not end with their ancestors’ death. Curland Livonian has been revitalised, a standard grammar, vocabulary and spelling have been developed. This language is spoken in many places and on many forums, e.g. at summer courses and universities. Two remarkable volumes of poetry, containing the poems of Ķempi Kārl, were also published recently. The second part of the study is dedicated to the lyrical world of Ķempi Kārl, who experiments in his work with the poetical infinity of Salaca Livonian.

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Absurdo idėjos transformacijos mirusio dievo pasaulyje

Author(s): Marijus Šidlauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2017

This article discusses the origins and transformation of the idea of the absurd in the modern secularized world. Submitted for consideration is the Latin locution “credo quia absurdum,” a saying ascribed to Tertullian, and how this locution was implicated in the evolution of the idea of the absurd and reflected in literature and art. Examined in the paper are the modifications caused by existential and social changes as well as the interaction of both objective and subjective factors. Using sociohistorical arguments, the author begins to polemicize with the absurdity-suggestive deduction considering the emptiness of existence and the absence of God as somewhat absolute facts. Regarding the reflection of absurdity in Lithuanian culture, the context of religious existentialism, represented by such works as Jobo drama (The Drama of Job) by A. Maceina and Žmogus be Dievo (Man without God) by J. Girnius, was of significant importance. The abovementioned works stimulated a deeper and more authentic artistic insight into the problem. In the panorama of Lithuanian literature of the 20th century, signs of absurdity can be seen in the works of classical (V. Mykolaitis-Putinas, B. Sruoga, H. Radauskas, M. Martinaitis), avantgarde (P. Morkūnas, S. Šemetys) and postmodern (M. Ivaškevičius, S. Parulskis, G. Grajauskas) authors. The performances of A. Ambrasas, which were staged at the Institute of Art in the late sixties, stand out as a distinguishing and methodically framed phenomenon of the theatre of the absurd.

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Akanie jako środek stylizacji językowej w powieściach litewskich Józefa Weyssenhoffa

Author(s): Magdalena Plusa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 34 (39)/2018

Józef Weyssenhoff (1860–1932) was a Polish writer who dedicated to Kaunas, Lithuania two of the most significant novels in his literary output – “Unia” (1910) and “Soból i panna” (1912), often called “Lithuanian novels”. He was deeply emotionally connected with this region since he was a child. Both these texts constitute a valuable source of knowledge concerning the status of regional variant of Polish language and its formal characteristics that were used in the ground-breaking decades of the 19th and 20th century. These characteristics were used by the writer as a means of masterly conducted linguistic stylization. Among the presented by Weyssenhoff’s linguistic facts characteristic for Northern Borderlands there can be found a process called ‘akanie’ what basically means the pattern of pronouncing unstressed vowels /e/ and /o/ as /a/. Which of the peculiar indicators concerning the specific vowel pronunciation is evidenced in the studied texts (phonetic parameter or a phenomenon that has experienced morphological processes)? How do they serve as a means of linguistic stylization? The following article presents a brief description of the peculiar process called ‘akanie’ which was known to Józef Weyssenhoff from Kaunas, Lithuania and which he then deliberately introduced in his two novels as a function of a literary manifestation.

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Aktyvios veiklos veiksmažodžių semantika Kristijono Donelaičio „Metuose“

Author(s): Agne Lisauskaite,Vilma Zubaitienë / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 35(40)/2019

This paper investigates the semantics of the verbs of activity in the first Lithuanian poem “The Seasons” by Kristijonas Donelaitis. It aims to examine the meanings of the verbs of activity. The research covers 51 verbs, selected from the poem, which are subjected to qualitative content analysis and frame semantics methodology. The verbs which best represent the frames and sub-frames were selected applying the method of the qualitative content analysis. The frames of Work, Damaging, Speak on topic, Motion, Ingestion and Entertainment, evoked by the selected verbs, are examined using the frame semantics methodology. Core and peripheral elements of frames and sub-frames are distinguished. Also, the means of expression, used to convey them, are analyzed. The research has shown that the verbs of activity can form the core of the mentioned frames. However, not all situations found in FrameNet have corresponded with the frames and sub-frames that were analysed in this work.

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Alfonso Maldonio eilėraščio „Pabudimas iš miego“ genezė

Author(s): Donata Mitaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2018

Critics ranked poem “Pabudimas iš miego” (Waking Up from Sleep) as one of the best Alfonsas Maldonis’s poems in his collection Rytas vakaras (Morning Evening) (1978). The first manuscript of the poem written in 1970 can be found in poet’s archive. Poem’s text and the exact date of the document indicate that the poem was inspired by the death of a famous Lithuanian linguist Jonas Kazlauskas. It is believed that the Soviet KGB which persecuted Kazlauskas is to blame for the linguist’s death. By comparing the manuscript and the printed version of the poem, we can see how the poet eliminates the details of a particular event from the text. However, the foreboding of danger and violence that is very strongly felt from the very beginning remains in the final version. The inner turmoil of the lyric subject also stays. The subject is trying but is unable to understand what kind of behavior would be suitable in that specific situation. It can be assumed that Maldonis had two goals when editing the manuscript. First, he wanted the poem to be published. The poet knew that censors would have removed the poem from the book because of the references to Kazlauskas’s death. Second, Maldonis’s aim was to write a poem which would have carried a universal meaning. From the poet’s manuscripts one can conclude that it is precisely the move from the mundanely concrete to the more general image is characteristic to the genesis of Maldonis’s poems.

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Alfonso Nykos-Niliūno eilėraščiai intermedialumo aspektu: poezijos ir dailės dialogo atvejis

Author(s): Monika Andrulyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 35(40)/2019

The article analyses a dialogue of poetry with art in five Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas’ poems. It has been selected to apply an intermedial analysis, which provides analytical tools assisting in studying the parameters of a dialogue with art. The most important thing is the conception of ekphrasis predicting the gesture of media change – expressing visual work in words. It has been based on the typology of Laura M. Sager Eidt’s ekphrases, which allows seeing that the studied poems of Nyka-Niliūnas are dominated by a dramatic ekphrasis, the essential feature of which is an intensive autoreflection. The article studies in deep the particularity of an intermedial dialogue: it is considered on which basis the poetry of Nyka-Niliūnas is associated with artworks, how this dialogue is given prominence and what meaning growth is seen. It is analysed how art intertexts in the poems establish new meanings, and the aspect of linguistic visualisation is discussed. It has been seen that the strategy of intermedial reading is mostly formed in the titles of poems, which are introduced to the dialogue with the situation of visual media. The art quotations in the analysed texts perform different functions – activate the subjects of representation problems and representation variability, help in creating tension between visualisation and acoustics and strengthen the ideas of philosophy of existence.

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Algimantas Mackus kaip kultūrinis herojus

Author(s): Dalia Satkauskyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 69/2018

The author of this article analyzes the poetry, the cultural activities, and the personality of the Lithuanian émigré poet Algimantas Mackus (1932-1964) and comes to the conclusion that Mackus could be interpreted as a cultural hero who introduced new literary and existential values to Lithuanian society. Using the traditional resources of Lithuanian poetry, such as folklore structures and Christian images, he totally transforms them into a so-called unornamented language, gives an existential dimension to the notions of exile, and inscribes that poetry into existential and post-existential paradigms of Western literature. The author suggests that we can interpret Mackus’s poetry in unornamented language as an answer to Theodor W. Adorno’s statement that to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric.Mackus’s contemporaries regard his personality, his everyday behavior, and his cultural activities in the Lithuanian émigré community as expressions of commitment, responsibility, and orderliness, and interpret these features as being in radical opposition to his avant-garde poetry. The author of the article questions this opposition by arguing that both his poetry and his personality have aspects of excess and intensity that connect different aspects of Mackus’s activities, and that these aspects make him an exceptional figure of Lithuanian culture. Mackus’s rich and controversial personality, his life and literary trajectories embody the main historical tendencies of post-war Western intellectual life and deserve to be analyzed in a monograph.

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Algimanto Mackaus ir Liūnės Sutemos autobiografiniai tekstai, arba apie išdidumą egzilyje

Author(s): Gitana Vanagaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 69/2018

This article, analyzing the autobiographies and autobiographical texts of the poets Algimantas Mackus and Liūnė Sutema published in Lithuanian and émigré periodicals, focuses on the main issue of their self-understanding, Who am I, having chosen to emigrate? This question is ever-present in both their poetry and their life texts. With the help of some claims of existential philosophy, I aim to show that answering this question involves raising other questions whose lexical components are based on concepts drawn from existential philosophy, such as guilt, responsibility, freedom, absurdity, and revolt.

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Algirdo Landsbergio „Graikijos Vėjas“: Naratyvo ypatumai ir mito intertekstas

Author(s): Laimute Adomaviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 32 (37)/2017

The article analyses novella “Graikijos Vėjas” (1956) of the exile prose writer, playwright, literary and theatre critic Algirdas Landsbergis (1924–2004) by applying the narratological analysis and the theory of transtextuality. The article is based on Gérard Genette’s classical narratology and the theory of transtextuality and Irina Melnikova’s theory of intermediality. It is an innovative approach since it has not been applied for the selected text so far. The analysis of novella’s narrative, space and time (order, duration, frequency) and narrative mode has shown that there exists the relation between time and space in the text. Temporal succession of events (one extended day) is described by providing the story of earlier events in a chronological order. The narrative is twofold: on the one hand, it consists of the fixed internal focalisation, on the other hand of zero focalisation. The analysis of transtextual relation between the own and others’ texts has revealed the significance of the context of the Greek culture. The writer uses the heritage of European mythology creatively: he transforms the classical myth of Theseus by ironizing the plot, reminding the love story of Theseus and making a parody of heroes’ former features (strength, bravery, noble ambitions and actions).

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Algirdo Landsbergio kritika: lietuvių–lenkų kultūrų dialogas

Author(s): Laimute Adomaviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 35(40)/2019

Algirdas Landsbergis (1924–2004) was one of the few critics whose erudition, creative intentions, comparative education, language proficiency and international competence and activities, provided opportunities to transcend the boundaries of the Lithuanian literature, avoiding the “provinciality” of literature. The article analyses the critique of Landsbergis literature and theatre-related to Polish culture. The chosen research of this part of the criticism texts is innovative because it has not been studied in more detail. The critic’s mission – to evaluate the Polish and Lithuanian literature in the context of Central-Eastern Europe – is highlighted in the criticism articles, reviews and annotations published in 1969–1998. The analysis of criticism texts allowed to highlight the dialogue between Lithuanian and Polish literature and cultures. In criticism relating to Polish culture, here viewed the latest works by Polish-speaking writers, mostly their translations, in order to evaluate the aesthetic value, structure, style of the work, to describe the writer’s growth, the place of his work in the context of peer-reviewed author’s creative works or in Polish literature (the basis of comparison is the Lithuanian literature or literature of other Middle East European countries). In this way, the critic performed an educational mission – introducing the addressee (a Lithuanian emigrant and Lithuanian behind the Iron Curtain) to the situation of the Middle East European region or the world culture, and literature; encouraged to resist the Soviet regime.

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Anos Achmatovos kūrybos recepcija Lietuvių egzodo literatūroje (Henrikas Radauskas, Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas, Tomas Venclova)

Author(s): Alena-Sofia Ivinskaya / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2018

This article discusses the memoirs, diaries, translations, dedications, poetry and critical works of three Lithuanian exodus poets: Henrikas Radauskas, Alfonsas Nyka-Niliūnas and Tomas Venclova. These Lithuanian poets of the exodus are hardly possible to associate with any kinds of literature movements. Therefore, the reception of Akhmatova’s creative work will be reviewed separately in the context of the creative heritage of the selected authors. Under the new concept of reception, the perception process is not a constant fact – it is a changing, dynamic phenomenon. The theory of reception considers the most important aspect – the accepting side – therefore, it is important to analyze the horizons of the expectations of these Lithuanian poets, their aesthetic perception of art and the way they evaluate poetry. This article takes into account the “horizon of expectation” of the Lithuanian poets, their aesthetic attitudes, perception of art in general and poetry in particular, as well as some features of their poetic creativity.

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Apie Marthos Springborn romano Paskutinis Prūsų sukilėlis Herkus Mantas vertimą į lietuvių kalbą

Author(s): Sigita Barniškiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 09/2007

Der vorliegende Artikel setzt sich mit dem Problem der instrumentellen Übersetzung auseinander, d.h. der Übersetzung, die sich nach den Bedürfnissen und Eigenschaften des Adressaten richtet. Es geht um die litauische Übersetzung durch Pulgis Andriušis (1938) des 1897 herausgegebenen Romans Herkus Monte. Eine Erzählung aus Altpreußens Vorzeit von Martha Springborn. Der Titel des Romans steht nur im Gesamtverzeichnis des deutschsprachigen Schrifttums 1700–1910, Bd. 137, der Vorname der Autorin war aber nur in der Ausgabe Der Kreis Preußisch-Eylau. Geschichte und Dokumentation eines ostpreußischen Landkreises zu finden.

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Augalinės kilmės asmenvardžiai šiuolaikinėje lietuvių vaikų prozoje

Author(s): Aurelija Griteniene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 71/2014

The object of the research article is the names of 82 characters featuring plant origin (36 names of persons, 26 names of mythological and fictitious creatures and 20 names of animals) which were found in 41 piece of literature by 27 contemporary children prose literature authors. The process of onymisation i.e. the conversion of common words into proper names is discussed; also, the ways of derivation and formats of characters’ names are analyzed, as well as the lexemes serving as the most common underlying words are identified and the function of such names in fiction texts is discussed.

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BALTŲ IR KRIKŠČIONIŠKŲJŲ SIMBOLIŲ ESTETINĖ TRANSFORMACIJA PETRO DIRGĖLOS „KARALYSTĖJE“

Author(s): Vytautas Martinkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2018

This article deals with the epic “The Kingdom” by Petras Dirgėla, a historical work of literature in 14 parts (books) as a subject of multivariable senses of faith (esteem). The significance of these symbols as religious aesthetic (literary) values is analysed. The aim of the article is to discuss the relationship between religious symbols from different epochs (pre-Christian and Christian) and their transformation into aesthetic values in the historical novel. The research seeks to examine the change in symbolic values of religion in the historical Lithuanian novel as a subject of different cultural symbols.The research seeks to address the questions: 1) Can symbols of a Baltic religion changed to Christian ones essentially affect the form of epic work? 2) Which symbols of the Baltic religion in the epic “The Kingdom” are most important to the narrator in establishing the kingdom’s literary world? 3) How does the novel transform the religious symbols into aesthetic (literary) values? Answering the questions raised is an important aesthetic issue of Lithuanian philosopher Juozas Mureika (the theory of aesthesis). The article proposes the following conclusions. The Baltic and Christian symbols in the novel “The Kingdom” are equally important to its literary form. The structure of the work (form) and the traits of narrative poetics are determined by the fundamental value of any faith – the connection between the road of earthly human life and the kingdom of heaven (the spiritual). The historical interrelationships between the symbols of different religions increase the multiplicity of poetic means (such as symbols, metonymy and metaphors) and their aesthetic effect in literary works. One of the most important symbols that actively determines the structure of an epoch`s boundaries is water and a path. Their variables are sea and lake, road and passenger. The last most significant element in the novel is the symbol of the tree (or forest). From an aesthetic perspective, it is not only the significance of these (and all other) symbolic signs that is important, but also their “architectonics”, through which the reader experiences the whole set of symbols of a work and establishes new archetypal meanings.

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Balys Sruoga ir Jurgis Baltrušaitis: vienos paradigmos ieškojimas, arba Simbolistų būties rūpestis katastrofos akivaizdoje

Author(s): Rita Tutlyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2016

The article focuses on indirect and complicated connections of Balys Sruoga’s personal attitudes and his works with the main philosophic trend of the 20th century, namely the idea of individual’s unconditioned value and issues of rebellion, anxiety, as well as temporality and purport of life, elaborated by modernist art movements (Symbolism, Impressionism and Neo-romanticism) and highlighted by Existentialism. It searches not for Sruoga’s reply to philosophical postulates or paraphrases of an important thesis, but rather for author’s authentic attitude within the context of this paradigm. Research is focused on the significance of Jurgis Baltrušaitis, a Lithuanian diplomat and poet, as well as Russian symbolist, for Sruoga. It also highlights the role of the Teacher of the younger generation, assumed by Sruoga during the Nazi occupation. In doing so, the following works are analysed: early poetry, novel, Dievų miškas (The Forest of the Gods), and drama, Pajūrio kurortas (The Resort at the Seaside). The theoretical approach to the above mentioned texts consists of the history of the 20th century ideas, the context of modern literature and trends in philosophy, Enterbter Geist (The Disinherited Mind) by Erich Heller that offered a look at the 19th century and the continuity of its thinking traditions in the 20th century, as well as the concept of the literary field proposed by Dominique Maingueneau.

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Balys Sruoga kaip personažas: keli Ričardo Gavelio tekstai kultūros atminties požiūriu

Author(s): Loreta Macianskaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2016

The article analyzes Balys Sruoga’s (1896-1947), the author of memoirs Dievų miškas (The Forest of the Gods), personal and creative reception during Soviet period; more precisely his biography’s literary reinterpretation in which the writer himself acts as a character. This new theme in Lithuanian literary science is analyzed using formerly unknown archival material, two literary scripts written by Ričardas Gavelis in 1981, which adapted The Forest of the Gods. The other material is yet another text by Gavelis, a very significant novel, Vilnius Poker (1989), in which one of the characters, professor Bolius, shares some similarities with real Balys Sruoga. The analysis of Gavelis’s texts highlights three different Sruoga’s biography cultural roles: holy fool, martyr and the victim of history. The article associates these three roles to the alteration of consciousness from classical humanism towards post-humanist nihilism, which correlates with the dichotomy of Gulag’s image as perceived by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Varlam Shalamov. In Soviet times, The Forest of the Gods functioned as the Aesopian language shield enabling authors to speak about Soviet camps. In the 1980s, the text was too dangerous to make it into a film. In the 21st century, Sruoga’s tragic fate and his book’s value have not diminished in Lithuanian culture. However, there is a need to actualize other writer’s personal and creative aspects which still hide in the shadow of cultural memory.

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