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"Aukso amžiaus" pabaiga: Antano Baranausko versija

Author(s): Paulius Subacius / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2(27)/2002

The works of the poet Antanas Baranauskas represent a shift from the cyclic interpretation of time, which belongs to the paradigm of natural and mythical consciousness, towards the linear historical time. This observation, which has already been discussed in the articles of the same author, here is developed in two aspects. On the one hand, it shows that the historical conceptualization of experience in Baranauskas' poetry is sanctioned by the figure of God. On the other hand, it raises the hypothesis that the linearity coming into force can be considered as the factor bringing about the Christianization of the Lithuanian consciousness. The mental reform introduced by Baranauskas is analyzed in the broad context of the paradigmatic alternatives of the perception of time that is characteristic of the European civilization.

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"Nebibliografinë" Jono Bretkûno Postilë (1591): Vlado Daumanto egzempliorius

Author(s): Ona Aleknaviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 06/2004

In this article I describe the copy of Jonas Bretkûnas' Postilla (1591), which is kept in the Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Žilinskas (this is a division of the National Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis), in the section of Archival Documents and Photographs (call number: Tkr. 148). Until 1944 the copy was kept in the private collection of Vladas Daumantas. For a certain period after World War Two it was unknown to scholars. The copy was included neither in the Lithuanian Bibliography (Lietuvos TSR bibliografija, 1969; LB I), nor in the supplement volume (Papildymai, 1990; LBP). This is the tenth copy of Bretkûnas' Postilla kept in Lithuania. Daumantas' copy is not defective, but is in good condition. There are, however, certain errors of pagination. Certain circumstances attest that this copy was the property of Vladas Daumantas: (1) an inscription in purple pencil on the title page "VDaumantas" (cf. Fig. 1); (2) an inscription "VDaumanto kolekcija" in the accession book of the Art Museum of Mikalojus Konstantinas Èiurlionis; (3) a description of the Postilla in the manuscripts by Petras Jakðtas (a contemporary of Daumantas; they both were members of the 27 Book Lovers Society).

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2015 METŲ LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪROS KATEDROS KRONIKA

Author(s): Literatura Editorial Board / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2015

Kovo 12 d. docentui Kęstučiui Urbai už nuopelnus vaikų literatūrai ir skaitymo skatinimą įteikta Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės Kultūros ir meno premija. 2015 metais katedros darbuotojai parengė ir publikavo mokslo straipsnių Lietuvos ir užsienio spaudoje, dalyvavo mokslo projektuose.Profesorė emeritė Viktorija Daujotytė ir doc. Kęstutis Urba sudarė knygą „Istorijoje ir auditorijoje“, skirtą ilgametės katedros darbuotojos, docentės Petronėlės Česnulevičiūtės 90-mečiui. 2015 m. vasario 19 d. knyga buvo pristatyta Tarptautinėje Vilniaus knygų mugėje.

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A challenge to collective memory: Yitskhok Rudashevski’s Diary of the Vilna Ghetto

Author(s): Mindaugas Kvietkauskas / Language(s): English / Issue: 42/2018

This article aims to analyse the diary of Yitskhok Rudashevski (1927–1943), the story of its writing and publication and the existing biographical material about the author. It attempts to answer the question of what is or could be the significance of this lieu de mémoire for the current developments in Holocaust memory culture in Lithuania. The adopted definitions of cultural and collective memory and sites of memory are based on the concepts proposed by Jan and Aleida Assmann and Pierre Nora. On the one hand, the diary written by a child in the Vilnius ghetto is of major documentary, moral and aesthetic significance and stimulates individual empathy. On the other hand, the text raises acute issues reflecting a conflict between different memory narratives and interpretations of history. Pro-Soviet sympathies of the author, negative imagery of Lithuanians and certain deheroisation of the ghetto community make the text a “problematic” memory site. These challenges of the diary are interpreted as indicators showing whether contemporary Holocaust narrative in Lithuania is already mature enough to accept the dialogical forms of cultural memory.

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A lív költészet nyomában

Author(s): Péter Pomozi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2017

This short study evokes a Baltic Finnic language that is now almost extinct, i.e. Livonian. After offering basic information on the medieval Livonian language area and the former dialectal distribution, the article focuses upon the linguistic heritage of the Salaca Livonian groups, who once lived along the seabanks of the Riga gulf and the Salaca and Svētupe rivers. The Livonians’ history does not end with their ancestors’ death. Curland Livonian has been revitalised, a standard grammar, vocabulary and spelling have been developed. This language is spoken in many places and on many forums, e.g. at summer courses and universities. Two remarkable volumes of poetry, containing the poems of Ķempi Kārl, were also published recently. The second part of the study is dedicated to the lyrical world of Ķempi Kārl, who experiments in his work with the poetical infinity of Salaca Livonian.

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Absurdo idėjos transformacijos mirusio dievo pasaulyje

Author(s): Marijus Šidlauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2017

This article discusses the origins and transformation of the idea of the absurd in the modern secularized world. Submitted for consideration is the Latin locution “credo quia absurdum,” a saying ascribed to Tertullian, and how this locution was implicated in the evolution of the idea of the absurd and reflected in literature and art. Examined in the paper are the modifications caused by existential and social changes as well as the interaction of both objective and subjective factors. Using sociohistorical arguments, the author begins to polemicize with the absurdity-suggestive deduction considering the emptiness of existence and the absence of God as somewhat absolute facts. Regarding the reflection of absurdity in Lithuanian culture, the context of religious existentialism, represented by such works as Jobo drama (The Drama of Job) by A. Maceina and Žmogus be Dievo (Man without God) by J. Girnius, was of significant importance. The abovementioned works stimulated a deeper and more authentic artistic insight into the problem. In the panorama of Lithuanian literature of the 20th century, signs of absurdity can be seen in the works of classical (V. Mykolaitis-Putinas, B. Sruoga, H. Radauskas, M. Martinaitis), avantgarde (P. Morkūnas, S. Šemetys) and postmodern (M. Ivaškevičius, S. Parulskis, G. Grajauskas) authors. The performances of A. Ambrasas, which were staged at the Institute of Art in the late sixties, stand out as a distinguishing and methodically framed phenomenon of the theatre of the absurd.

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Akanie jako środek stylizacji językowej w powieściach litewskich Józefa Weyssenhoffa

Author(s): Magdalena Plusa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 34 (39)/2018

Józef Weyssenhoff (1860–1932) was a Polish writer who dedicated to Kaunas, Lithuania two of the most significant novels in his literary output – “Unia” (1910) and “Soból i panna” (1912), often called “Lithuanian novels”. He was deeply emotionally connected with this region since he was a child. Both these texts constitute a valuable source of knowledge concerning the status of regional variant of Polish language and its formal characteristics that were used in the ground-breaking decades of the 19th and 20th century. These characteristics were used by the writer as a means of masterly conducted linguistic stylization. Among the presented by Weyssenhoff’s linguistic facts characteristic for Northern Borderlands there can be found a process called ‘akanie’ what basically means the pattern of pronouncing unstressed vowels /e/ and /o/ as /a/. Which of the peculiar indicators concerning the specific vowel pronunciation is evidenced in the studied texts (phonetic parameter or a phenomenon that has experienced morphological processes)? How do they serve as a means of linguistic stylization? The following article presents a brief description of the peculiar process called ‘akanie’ which was known to Józef Weyssenhoff from Kaunas, Lithuania and which he then deliberately introduced in his two novels as a function of a literary manifestation.

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Algimantas Mackus kaip kultūrinis herojus

Author(s): Dalia Satkauskyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 69/2018

The author of this article analyzes the poetry, the cultural activities, and the personality of the Lithuanian émigré poet Algimantas Mackus (1932-1964) and comes to the conclusion that Mackus could be interpreted as a cultural hero who introduced new literary and existential values to Lithuanian society. Using the traditional resources of Lithuanian poetry, such as folklore structures and Christian images, he totally transforms them into a so-called unornamented language, gives an existential dimension to the notions of exile, and inscribes that poetry into existential and post-existential paradigms of Western literature. The author suggests that we can interpret Mackus’s poetry in unornamented language as an answer to Theodor W. Adorno’s statement that to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric.Mackus’s contemporaries regard his personality, his everyday behavior, and his cultural activities in the Lithuanian émigré community as expressions of commitment, responsibility, and orderliness, and interpret these features as being in radical opposition to his avant-garde poetry. The author of the article questions this opposition by arguing that both his poetry and his personality have aspects of excess and intensity that connect different aspects of Mackus’s activities, and that these aspects make him an exceptional figure of Lithuanian culture. Mackus’s rich and controversial personality, his life and literary trajectories embody the main historical tendencies of post-war Western intellectual life and deserve to be analyzed in a monograph.

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Algimanto Mackaus ir Liūnės Sutemos autobiografiniai tekstai, arba apie išdidumą egzilyje

Author(s): Gitana Vanagaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 69/2018

This article, analyzing the autobiographies and autobiographical texts of the poets Algimantas Mackus and Liūnė Sutema published in Lithuanian and émigré periodicals, focuses on the main issue of their self-understanding, Who am I, having chosen to emigrate? This question is ever-present in both their poetry and their life texts. With the help of some claims of existential philosophy, I aim to show that answering this question involves raising other questions whose lexical components are based on concepts drawn from existential philosophy, such as guilt, responsibility, freedom, absurdity, and revolt.

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Algirdo Landsbergio „Graikijos Vėjas“: Naratyvo ypatumai ir mito intertekstas

Author(s): Laimute Adomaviciene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 32 (37)/2017

The article analyses novella “Graikijos Vėjas” (1956) of the exile prose writer, playwright, literary and theatre critic Algirdas Landsbergis (1924–2004) by applying the narratological analysis and the theory of transtextuality. The article is based on Gérard Genette’s classical narratology and the theory of transtextuality and Irina Melnikova’s theory of intermediality. It is an innovative approach since it has not been applied for the selected text so far. The analysis of novella’s narrative, space and time (order, duration, frequency) and narrative mode has shown that there exists the relation between time and space in the text. Temporal succession of events (one extended day) is described by providing the story of earlier events in a chronological order. The narrative is twofold: on the one hand, it consists of the fixed internal focalisation, on the other hand of zero focalisation. The analysis of transtextual relation between the own and others’ texts has revealed the significance of the context of the Greek culture. The writer uses the heritage of European mythology creatively: he transforms the classical myth of Theseus by ironizing the plot, reminding the love story of Theseus and making a parody of heroes’ former features (strength, bravery, noble ambitions and actions).

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Apie Marthos Springborn romano Paskutinis Prūsų sukilėlis Herkus Mantas vertimą į lietuvių kalbą

Author(s): Sigita Barniškiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 09/2007

Der vorliegende Artikel setzt sich mit dem Problem der instrumentellen Übersetzung auseinander, d.h. der Übersetzung, die sich nach den Bedürfnissen und Eigenschaften des Adressaten richtet. Es geht um die litauische Übersetzung durch Pulgis Andriušis (1938) des 1897 herausgegebenen Romans Herkus Monte. Eine Erzählung aus Altpreußens Vorzeit von Martha Springborn. Der Titel des Romans steht nur im Gesamtverzeichnis des deutschsprachigen Schrifttums 1700–1910, Bd. 137, der Vorname der Autorin war aber nur in der Ausgabe Der Kreis Preußisch-Eylau. Geschichte und Dokumentation eines ostpreußischen Landkreises zu finden.

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Augalinės kilmės asmenvardžiai šiuolaikinėje lietuvių vaikų prozoje

Author(s): Aurelija Griteniene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 71/2014

The object of the research article is the names of 82 characters featuring plant origin (36 names of persons, 26 names of mythological and fictitious creatures and 20 names of animals) which were found in 41 piece of literature by 27 contemporary children prose literature authors. The process of onymisation i.e. the conversion of common words into proper names is discussed; also, the ways of derivation and formats of characters’ names are analyzed, as well as the lexemes serving as the most common underlying words are identified and the function of such names in fiction texts is discussed.

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Balys Sruoga ir Jurgis Baltrušaitis: vienos paradigmos ieškojimas, arba Simbolistų būties rūpestis katastrofos akivaizdoje

Author(s): Rita Tutlyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2016

The article focuses on indirect and complicated connections of Balys Sruoga’s personal attitudes and his works with the main philosophic trend of the 20th century, namely the idea of individual’s unconditioned value and issues of rebellion, anxiety, as well as temporality and purport of life, elaborated by modernist art movements (Symbolism, Impressionism and Neo-romanticism) and highlighted by Existentialism. It searches not for Sruoga’s reply to philosophical postulates or paraphrases of an important thesis, but rather for author’s authentic attitude within the context of this paradigm. Research is focused on the significance of Jurgis Baltrušaitis, a Lithuanian diplomat and poet, as well as Russian symbolist, for Sruoga. It also highlights the role of the Teacher of the younger generation, assumed by Sruoga during the Nazi occupation. In doing so, the following works are analysed: early poetry, novel, Dievų miškas (The Forest of the Gods), and drama, Pajūrio kurortas (The Resort at the Seaside). The theoretical approach to the above mentioned texts consists of the history of the 20th century ideas, the context of modern literature and trends in philosophy, Enterbter Geist (The Disinherited Mind) by Erich Heller that offered a look at the 19th century and the continuity of its thinking traditions in the 20th century, as well as the concept of the literary field proposed by Dominique Maingueneau.

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Balys Sruoga kaip personažas: keli Ričardo Gavelio tekstai kultūros atminties požiūriu

Author(s): Loreta Macianskaite / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2016

The article analyzes Balys Sruoga’s (1896-1947), the author of memoirs Dievų miškas (The Forest of the Gods), personal and creative reception during Soviet period; more precisely his biography’s literary reinterpretation in which the writer himself acts as a character. This new theme in Lithuanian literary science is analyzed using formerly unknown archival material, two literary scripts written by Ričardas Gavelis in 1981, which adapted The Forest of the Gods. The other material is yet another text by Gavelis, a very significant novel, Vilnius Poker (1989), in which one of the characters, professor Bolius, shares some similarities with real Balys Sruoga. The analysis of Gavelis’s texts highlights three different Sruoga’s biography cultural roles: holy fool, martyr and the victim of history. The article associates these three roles to the alteration of consciousness from classical humanism towards post-humanist nihilism, which correlates with the dichotomy of Gulag’s image as perceived by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Varlam Shalamov. In Soviet times, The Forest of the Gods functioned as the Aesopian language shield enabling authors to speak about Soviet camps. In the 1980s, the text was too dangerous to make it into a film. In the 21st century, Sruoga’s tragic fate and his book’s value have not diminished in Lithuanian culture. However, there is a need to actualize other writer’s personal and creative aspects which still hide in the shadow of cultural memory.

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Bûdvardžiu su priesaga -iškas(-a) posesyvinës reikšmës statusas senuosiuose raštuose

Author(s): Saulius Ambrazas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 04/2002

Most Old Lithuanian texts of the 16th-17th centuries are translations. Their syntax and lexicon were under the heavy influence of the originals. A similar problem with regard to the influence of the originals sometimes occurs in investigations of word formation too. In Old Lithuanian texts adjectives with the suffix -iðkas(-a) usually have a possessive meaning and are encountered side by side with the adnominal genitive, cf. the example from Ewangelie Polskie y Litewskie (1647) by Jonas Jaknavièius: Iey ieºmes (abä iemiá=ºkus) dayktus µaki=ºan iumus / a teãiau ne tikite / kaypog iey µakiãia iumus dungiákus tikieµite 17120-26. Such usage is not characteristic of modern Lithuanian where derivatives of this type usually denote resemblance. Therefore Pranas Skardþius (1943) and some other investigators were inclined to see the influence of the Slavonic languages in the possessive usage of adjectives with the suffixe -iðkas(-a) in Old Lithuanian texts.

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CANTI POPOLARI LITUANI: THE FIRST COLLECTION OF LITHUANIAN FOLK POETRY IN ITALIAN

Author(s): Novella di Nuncio / Language(s): English / Issue: 7/2014

The essay starts by analyzing an editorial project, the series Poesia popolare indoeuropea (Indo-European Folk Poetry), realized in Italy in 1930 under the guidance of the expert of Slavic Studies Ettore Lo Gatto. The series aimed at a vast audience, with the objective to inform and sensitize the society to ancient and folk literatures of the Indo-European area, a theme not so popular and almost unknown at that time, but also not easy to study, considering the historical period was closed to international cultures. Unfortunately, it was a short experience: the volumes composing the series were just three. The second one, Canti popolari lituani (Lithuanian Folk Songs) by Giuseppe Morici, is the first collection of Lithuanian dainos translated into Italian. This study places a special emphasis on Morici’s work, analyzing its contents and, through its example, reflecting on the issue of translation.

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Changing the Modes of National Representation: Anthologies of Lithuanian Poetry for Foreign Readers (1978–2013)

Author(s): Gintare Bernotiene / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

This article examines how Lithuanian poetry was represented for foreign readers in 15 anthologies published from 1978 to 2013 in Lithuania and abroad. The object of investigation is not a huge corpus of authors representing the official canon but the cultural, historical, political, and aesthetic aspects of Lithuanian poetry revealed in the prefaces of the anthologies. The 35 year-long process of anthologisation reveals the changing modes of national representation: the trajectory from the unknown, closed or even censored Lithuanian literature (which was oppressed by social realism and divided in two parts – exodus and Soviet Lithuanian literature) to a united picture of national literature and later to the crumbling mosaic of its parts (representing particularities grouped by gender, generations, subjects, grouping and so on). During the Soviet period the more precise translation process of Lithuanian poetry for foreign readers became possible in 70s. Till the end of the 20th century the main goal of compilers of anthologies as well as authors of prefaces was to represent national literary history beginning with the 18th century and its origins in folk culture, and highlight the historical circumstances of delayed development of national literature. From the beginning of the 21st century the care about national literature’s representation turns into a commercial project orientated towards international text circulation. According to global conditions the political resistance clearly expressed in poetic writings which was so important for the compilers of the 20th-century anthologies has transformed into the political-economic literary battlefield (the battle for publishing, translations, resistance against the dominant literary tendencies, establishment of individuality) marking a radically different political resistance.

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Cочинения старообрядцев-беспоповцев в Речи Посполитой в XVIII в

Author(s): Nadezhda Morozova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 58 (2)/2013

The article deals with the evaluation of creative works by priestless Old Believers residing in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century. The study gives a special emphasis to the two main issues, i.e. 1) creative work of Feodosiy Vasilyev and his son Evstrat Feodosiyev (Feodosiyevich) and 2) the texts on activities of the Feodoseevtsy Council meetings that took place in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the first half through the middle of the 18th century. The evaluation of the original creative work of priestless Old Believers of the Polish– Lithuanian Commonwealth specified in the article enables to conclude about the gradual expansion of the territories in which settlements of Old Believers appeared and the residents of which would be involved in active polemic and literary activities. The second third of the 18th century is characterized by the highest intellectual activity that would primarily be attributed to the inhabitants of the Sebezh lands.

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Daugybingumo formos šiuolaikiniame Lietuvos teatre: postmoderni reprezentacija ar modernios tradicijos tęsinys?

Author(s): Jurgita Staniškyte / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 2/2011

The article examines new forms of representation in the contemporary Lithuanian theatre as well as their correlation with the modern representation. One of the themes of analysis is different character of the relations with the past in a modern and postmodern artistic framework. Quite often the creators of the post-soviet Lithuanian theatre use pre-existing cultural templates – myths, narratives, frames of traditional historiography, together with different texts and forms from the history of the theatre, and thus produce the effect of continuation rather than a radical break with the tradition.The article focuses on the theatrical strategies that open up to the postmodern notion of plurality: intertextual representation, intersemiosis, citation, pastiche, rewriting, deconstruction. With the help of three different case studies the article demonstrates, what kind of aesthetic forms the principle of plurality acquires in Lithuanian theatre; how the past (tradition, canon, history)reappears in these performances and how their perception differs from the modern tradition.

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Didaskaliniai epizodai Juozo Erlicko ir Herkaus Kunčiaus dramaturgijoje

Author(s): Neringa Klišiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2017

The purpose of this article is to analyze Juozas Erlickas and Herkus Kunčius' dramatic texts, written at different periods, on the whole of the interaction and relationship between the didascalic episodes and the verbal action of the characters that are the dialogues. The didascalic episodes represent a particular case of the dramatic writing, peculiar to the two authors. Contrary mental scenic remarks, they deviate from the trajectory traced by the dialogues of the characters and begin to function autonomously as narrative "tables", interposing themselves in the dramatic action or by breaking it. The introduction of the didascalic episodes based on the playful union between theatricality and narrativity in a dramatic work makes it possible to distinguish the essential aspects of the analysis of this interaction: the enunciative aspect highlighting the trace of the author, who takes or the form of the soliloquy, and the narratological aspect in which the attention is concentrated on the textual fabric of the functions of the author and the reader / spectator as well as on that of their relation to the subject of the drama. We come to the conclusion that the appearance of a didascalic episode on the stage (real or imagined) is a mode of action that allows the theater to show its signs, especially those that are not intended to be seen. Transformed into discourse, the didascalic text appears as the dramatic material that breaks the links with fiction based on the principles of realism.

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