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Nga fillimet e shkrimit shqip te ideja e një gjuhe të përbashkët letrare shqipe

Nga fillimet e shkrimit shqip te ideja e një gjuhe të përbashkët letrare shqipe

Author(s): Anila Omari / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2015

In this essay the author traces back the conception of the idea of a common Albanian literary language. On this occasion the analysis contemplates the cultivation of the Albanian language at different stages of its writing history since the beginning of writing in Albanian until the Renaissance period, when conditions were created for the need of a common language for all Albanians as a main motive for national awakening. This is done in connection with the circumstances of political and social history of each period and based on the cultural-literary areas of Albanian (after Çabej’s classification of Albanian literature). The author concludes that for the first time the explicit idea of a common literary language was suggested by the Italo-Albanian intellectuals Demetrio Camarda (1864, 1866) and Girolamo de Rada (1847, 1870), then by the Albanian Renaissance activists Zef Jubani (1871, 1877) and Sami Frashëri (1899). Additionally, this essay considers the status of the Albanian language in its preliterary period at the time of the first Albanian state formations, such as the Principality of Arbanon (1190-1255), where the official and cultural languages were Greek and Latin; however, some indirect data are reported here on the use of local language in religious teaching, based on a document of Pope Innocent III.

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Doktrina e kërshtenë e Bellarminos në një variant të shqipëruar nga Atë Guagliata S.I., (1845)

Doktrina e kërshtenë e Bellarminos në një variant të shqipëruar nga Atë Guagliata S.I., (1845)

Author(s): Evalda Paci / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2015

The Christian doctrine compiled by Father Giuseppe Guagliata (Rome, 1845), constitutes a bilingual version that the studies in the field of philology of Albanian texts take an interest in. The submitted work in two languages in Italian and Albanian, contains interesting usages in some aspects, including the versions of the basic prayers in the liturgy of hours, adjectival and nominal forms that in some cases reflect a continuation of usages that are encountered in the previous works of the written Albanian literature. Despite of a few textual incoherences that are noticed during the research, its study enriches the overview of research on the earliest doctrinal manuals written in Albanian

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Kalket gjuhësore në roman in Shija e bukës së mbrûme të Ernest Koliqit

Kalket gjuhësore në roman in Shija e bukës së mbrûme të Ernest Koliqit

Author(s): Brunilda Dashi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2015

The essay examines the linguistic caiques in Ernest Koliqi’s “Shija e bukës së mbrûme” novel, following a similar study on the two novellas “Hija e maleve” e “Tregtâr flamujsh” by the same author. The survey of the study on the calque ends focusing on the model language, Italian, which has been and still is the most important linguistic referent for the Albanian language with regards to the coinage of numerous neologisms. On the basis of typology, the study focuses on the structural calque with specific reference to perfect structural calque and imperfect structural calque. For practical purposes, these categories are divided into derivational calque and compositional calque, both studied analytically. The specular categorical classification, in the two languages, is accompanied by the identification and characterization of the differences realization of the calque in the target language. Also phrasal calques are divided into perfect and imperfect and the difference in typology of phraseological units with co-occurrences is evidenced. Neologisms in this category involving Italian loans, already acquired and stabilized, constitute a separate group. The syntactic calques found are few, they are not established and do not affect the structure of the Albanian language. The semantic calques are largely a result of enlargement of the meanings with the figurative use of terms that are already synonymical in the two languages. The phenomenon of linguistic calque in the novel is primarily concerned with the grammatical categories of the name, the adjective and the adverb. In addition to common headwords, Koliqi introduces in Albanian language neologisms of medical, biological, religious, literary and academic terminology.

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Krisja e parë në brezin e viteve 1960: rasti i novelës “Dikush më buzëqeshte”

Krisja e parë në brezin e viteve 1960: rasti i novelës “Dikush më buzëqeshte”

Author(s): Shaban Sinani / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2015

Albanian literature has created myths and demons in all periods. Oral literature inherited the demonization of the most powerful medieval kingdoms of the time before ottomans: the deception of republic of Saint Mark through the figure of baiulus, bailo; so much as the deception of kingdom of Aragon (through the figure of katallan and saraçen). The literature of Romanism demonized the turkish dog, but, without arriving till to the demonization of neighbors, which was shown in the period under the control of the state, especially with Lahuta e Maids (Gj. Fishta, 1937), where Albanians and Slavs are born n’mëni t’ sho’shojt (angry with each - other). The literature of socialist realism, as a literature of contradicts and antagonism, except the traditional demonizations, created the demonized Europe, the demonized west, that always constructs anti - Albanian projects, together with its supporters inside: diversionists, agents, declasses pennons influenced by bourgeoisie. Démonisation in Albanian literature of socialist realism arrived till in the deception of the write by the write. It is known the public polemics that caused short story “Dikush më buzëqeshte” (F. Arapi, 1972), where, in 5 - 6 pages, added after the decision of its publishing, the author aimed the satirization of the novel “Kronikë në gur” and of its author, too. According the relators of the time, through the short story “Dikush më buzëqeshte” author wanted to devalue non-heroic childhood of the author of the novel Kronikë në gurë. This phenomenou arrived till the creation of a tradition of counterworks: the story Tregtar e skeleteve (K. Trebeshina, Prishtinë 2006), is shown like a counter work against the novel (Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur; Mekami, Turkish medody (K. Trebeshina, Prishtinë 1994) counterstays to the novel “Kështjella”, while Kukudhi (K. Trebeshina, 1993) satirizes “Kush e solli Doruntinën”. Démonisation of I. Kadaré, as a port of the tradition of politic use of the intellectuals, for paradox, had also its international component, with the inclusion of foreign scholars in investigation of enemies or their invention in Kadaré’s work.

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Migjeni, shkrimtar aq i diskutuar

Migjeni, shkrimtar aq i diskutuar

Author(s): Klara Kodra / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2015

In this article we arrive to the conclusion that Migjeni is a writer of centre in Albanian literature and he has an European value; that there were some excesses in his sociologic interpretation and also in psychoanalytic one; that his Nietzscheanism is reduced to anticlericalism and the cult of strong person, but the empathy of writer for “small man” doesn’t leave him to ignore “the crowd of slaves” that Nitzche poses to his Superman, nor to accept his inhuman aspect which is interweaved with superhuman in the concept of German Philosopher. White two so-called Nietzschean poems offer different ideas: the satirisation of a dictator to “The superman forms” (Trajtat e mbinjeriut) and the aspiration for a leader who has come out from the people breast, who isn’t against him to “To be born the man” (Të lindet njeriu”; Migjenis’s work stays between the optimism and pessimism: the first social and ethical that expresses trust to the man and progress, the second existential and relative, which is connected with the smallness and inability of the man against the universe and its lows; that writer belongs to literary current of realism, but of a special realism, grafted with elements of some modernist currents like expressionism and symbolism.

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Trashëgimia letrare dhe procesi i kombformimit modern tek shqiptarët

Trashëgimia letrare dhe procesi i kombformimit modern tek shqiptarët

Author(s): Genciana Abazi-Egro / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2015

The Albanians commenced to look back at their literary heritage in the second half of the XIXth Century. In this framework, it was thought of, as the very first step to precisely inventorise the existing heritage. One of the highlights of this endeavor was to include in it the writers and poets from all the Albanian territories, as well as from all the religious beliefs. It was considered as the first necessary stage that precedes their full publication. Meanwhile the publication of the literary heritage of the Albanian nationalists is the second stage of the attempt to the cultural affirmation of the modem Albanian nation. It should be considered as well, as an attempt to smooth the edges that existed between the era of nationalism and the pre nationalist one that preceded it. Even the publishing policies that were applied, concretely speaking, the modernization of the Albanian language and the replacement of the words of the Turkish origin, that sometimes led to the complete change of the religious and cultural concepts, a typical illustrative example is Ervehe published by Jani Vreto, were precisely aiming at this adaptation. Apart from this element, the approach towards the literary heritage during the nationalist era, should be considered even as the embryonal phase of the study of the Albanian literature. On the other side, the literary heritage of this era is closely connected with the nation forming process. It intended to show not only what the Albanians were capable of creating, but also to encourage the very creation of the modem national identity.

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ROBERT ELSIE DHE GJUHA SHQIPE

Author(s): Shefkije Islamaj / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 47/2017

Robert Elsie, the prominent albanologist of our days, has left behind a rich scientific and cultural work. This is best evidenced by his works published in Albanian, but most of them in foreign languages, first of all in English; this is evidenced by a large number of studies, commentaries, reviews and articles published on various issues related to Albanian language, to its written literature and oral literature, ethnography, anthropology and mythology. This paper analytically and synthetically presents Robert Elsie's contribution to the Albanian language, namely its history and its present. In order to do that were considered these works: Përkthimet e hershme shqipe të Biblës në dorëshkrimet e Todhrit (Early Albanian translations of the Bible in Todhr's manuscripts); Alfabetet shqipe: të huazuar dhe të krijuar (Albanian alphabets: borrowed and created); Leksikun e kulturës popullore shqiptare (Albanian folk culture dictionary); then studies and papers: Dorëshkrimi Elbasanas i Ungjijve 1761 dhe lufta për krijimin e një alfabeti shqiptar(The Gospel's Elbasan Manuscript 1761 and the struggle for the creation of an Albanian alphabet); Letërsia shqipe në dorëshkrimet greke: tradita ortodokse në shekullin tetëmbëdhjetë dhe në fillim të shekullit nëntëmbëdhjetë në shkrimet shqipe (Albanian literature in Greek manuscripts: orthodox traditions in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century in the Albanian writings);

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SOFJA SI QENDËR E ZHVILLIMIT TË SHQIPES

Author(s): Anton Pançev / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 36/2017

This paper aims at outlining the role of Sofia as a centre of development for Albanian language in the late 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. This text is only a brief survey, focusing on the analysis of the learning and teaching of the Albanian language in Bulgaria, on the work of some Albanian teachers in Sofia and on their contributions for the Albanian Revival. Are mentioned and some results and developments of Albanian studies in Bulgaria too. One important source for acquaintance with the education on Albanian language in Bulgaria is the activity of the Albanian colony in Sofia. In the last decades of the XІX century an Albanian colony in the capital city of Bulgaria was established and it was determined to make a considerable impact on the development of the Albanian culture and education. The Albanian newspapers and magazines dedicated many pages on education matters and relevant actual events. Namely the reference and the overall analysis of this content is the goal of the current presentation.

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NË DORË TË MITIT: FIKSIONI E POLISI

Author(s): Kujtim Rrahmani / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 36/2017

This paper aims at providing an overview of the myth as a generator of fiction and polis, their commonalities and particularities. In its origins of the kinship with myth, the fiction behaves at the same way like with polis as an ethical-political order. By itself, fiction seeks to be identified with poiesis as a mythic source, by forging fact versus polis. Polis get damaged from the presence of myth insofar as polis get destroyed from the lack of myth.Within the European space, from its origins to the present, myth has walked on three avenues that sometimes tend to cohabit but often take different directions. Historically and idiosyncratically observed, the myth was raised on the pillars that belong to the ethical, religious, and aesthetic avenues. This is why the attribution of the myth to these avenues becomes a way of looking at the world, in this paper.

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MANDALA PËR LETËRSINË ROMANTIKE ARBËRESHE

MANDALA PËR LETËRSINË ROMANTIKE ARBËRESHE

Author(s): Serafina Lajçi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 22/2018

Review of: Matteo Mandala, “Studime filologjike për letërsinë romantike arbëreshe”, ”Naimi”, Tiranë, 2012

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Love, Sexuality and Power in Albanian Traditional Folk Songs
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Love, Sexuality and Power in Albanian Traditional Folk Songs

Author(s): Orjona Shegaj / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2017

This article examines how traditional love and erotic songs can be used to describe the discourse on power relations in Albania. Traditional love and erotic songs in Albania seem to be grounded in the contradiction between the natural, intimate expression of love and erotic feelings on the one hand and the moral codes of patriarchal society and state power on the other hand. Considering the socio-cultural and political context, the main focus of this article is to examine the songs as social texts and to investigate them as political spaces in which people express different forms of resistance: resistance towards the power of social hierarchy within the family and resistance towards other social structures. Secondly, the article sheds light on sexuality, which, as a pillar of identity, comes as a product of social relations framed by power and closely related to the social, political, and cultural context of society. The article is based on material from the folklore archives of the Institute of Cultural Anthropology and Art Studies in Albania and from different fieldwork on this issue. It explores only the textual dimension of the Albanian love songs in the sense of an “oral source”.

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Letërsia dhe hegjemonia

Author(s): Nysret Krasniqi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

As we know literature in all cultures is not isolated phenomenon. Examining on Albanian history of literary writing we can observe many ideological and intentional poetical and narrative forms which are embodied by fear of hegemony. The main purpose of this paper is identifying the concept of hegemony, as the very notion indicates based on the roots of ancient and modern connotations, in romantic and pre-modern literary forms. Discussing hegemony in Albanian writing of those formations validated it’s presence as a collective physiological haunting transmitted in the philosophy of creative processes especially as an authorial intentionality. This intention is based on the fear of diminishing of particular identity. Authors like Naim Frasheri, Pasko Vasa, Gjergj Fishta are well known of the historicizing nation with images of the past with the aim of continuity in the present with the psyche of the fear of hegemony. As a result we have many literary strata which indicate refusing certain forms of oppression and in this domain structure of restriction and the concept of the fear of the other. Restriction dictated establishing legendary figures which the crucial aim was to defend well known heritage but lacking of new perspectives and broader communications between cultures. Moreover, fear of the other as a potential hegemony gained higher basis on the so called socialist realism literature. Political doctrine of dictating literature on how to be sympathetic against foreign modes of expression realized one type of literature which is very aggressive toward accepting the other as an objective and valuable bridge of experiences and cultures. Thus, in those thematic units this paper analyses various modes of identity-formation such as restriction, symbolic representation of national identity, images of the other as a construction of identity as a fear of hegemony.

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Koncepti dialogjik ndaj tjetrit në veprën e Kadaresë

Author(s): Lindita Tahiri / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

This article aims at emphasizing the dialogic concept toward ‘the other’ as depicted by Kadare in his work as a way of creating universal art and facing the severe communist regime. Through the inclusion and metaphorization of ‘the other’, Kadare manages to erupt not only Albanian isolation but also the stylisttic boundaries and the literary infertility of socialist realism. In an ambiance which attempted to dissemble literature through appointed works in service of daily political interests, through his vision of ‘the other’ Kadare managed to prove the superiority of art, firstly by saving language and thought from Orwellian deterioration. This vision of Kadare will be seen through thematic selection in his oeuvre such as the world beyond, the world of dreams, the world of the past, of mistery, but also through the point of view of the narration which, instead of aiming at an objective narrative which transmits the full truth, it transmits unfinished and limited versions of events, through vague and undefined characters that go beyong the limits of ‘the other’. The concept of ‘the other’ in this study will be interrelated to the postmodern view of Derrida regarding the binary oppositions in which Western metaphysics relies upon and in which one of the oppositions is priviledged and defines The Other as the inferior element. Consequently, the self turns into the final source of meaning, thus creating a logocentric mode of thinking or the assumption of a final source of the truth. This study analyzes the dialogic narration of Kadare which liberates the reader from the cuffs of a final assumption, of a decisive thought and of dogmatic language.

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Tjetri sipas të tjerëve te Gjenerali i ushtrisë së vdekur

Author(s): Ag Apolloni / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Trying to see Albania with the stranger's eye, Ismail Kadare in his novel The General of the Dead Army has shed all the information that was available from the foreigners' documents on Albanians. Even the patriotism of Albanians, which is the most visible color of the novel, builds up with the opinion of the others. Then all what the Italian priest speaks here has a base, scientific or pseudo-scientific. The incorporation of the priest's information and the Albanian ethnography, alternate between two perspectives: how the others see us and how we are actually. What Kadare tells about Albanians has been said by foreigners: George Byron, Herbert Louis, J. F. Fallamerayer, Ami Boue, etc.

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Të tjerët dhe fiksioni shqiptar

Author(s): Dije Demiri-Frangu / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Albanian literature is full of others; they function through physical and conceptual opposition. Characters as a hierarchy in addition to the structural role create contrast differences, and often the conflict through the other. Our literature has recently begun the conflict with ours, and in the cases of fighting the harmful habits of ideologies (the real socialism) where the other one comes with the purpose of ruining yours and build his own. In this case, fiction through the use of the other becomes a tool, even a catalyst for changes and above all, for building of fictional intrigue.The other or the stranger - is the hierarchy that creates the ultra-human in the social context, it creates the caste that builds and maintains certain relationships, certain national and social statuses.There are many of these others in literature, and they are different. But a considerable number of Renaissance poems, mainly in the type of devotional poetry, many authors devote poetry to the friends of the Albanian people. Others in Albanian literature mostly are enemies and less - mostly in some lyrical are friends, but in addition, in this case the other is the other, and they are the writer’s lover.

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Letërsia shqipe e shekullit XX në përthyerje me veten dhe me tjetrin/tjetrën

Author(s): Muhamet Hamiti / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Twentieth-century Albanian literature was produced in a flux of refractions with its own self and the Other. The specificity of our literature lies in the nature and kinds of these refractions which are bound by internal and external laws, but also literary and political exigencies. The pre-modern (late Romantic) and modern Albanian literature of the first half of the century as well as the Socialist Realist and modern and modernist literature of the second half of the century was accompanied by the literary criticism, the non-fiction literature, which varied in its range of originality as much as fiction did. The Albanian literature of the twentieth century - which sounds like our century for people as old as the author of this paper - was refracted through the national and the political. In extremis, the politicization of literature and the politicization of literary scholarship occurred in the half-century of Socialist Realist literature in Albania, of Socialist Realism as a quasi-literary method and vehicle for control of the minds and hearts of Albanians in dictator Enver Hoxha’s Albania. Kosovo, under Yugoslav dictator Tito, was not spared entirely of this calamity either, although it emerged less scathed from it due to a different political environment.A high literature, an authentic literature, was produced in Albania in the first half of the century, as was the case also in both Albania and Kosovo in the second half of the century. A low literature, either poor or in the service to power, was written throughout the century, especially during the era of Socialist Realism in Albania, when literature as such and literary scholarship aped the Soviet variant, an unprecedented plagiarism which had become the policy of the Marxist-Leninist establishment, both of its commissars and its academic cabal. This is more evident for many now in hindsight, from the perspective of the 21st century, although, to their credit, the Albanian scholars from Kosovo and the Diaspora had exposed it in the last three decades of the century.Who is the Other in and of the 20th century Albanian literature? How does it affect the literature in its own right and the literature of the second degree, literary criticism? What was the Self for authentic, high literature (tradition, values of Albanian identity, bearings with(in) the Western cultural milieu) materialized often as the Other (the conservative, the alien, the hostile) for the low literature of Socialist Realism. Modern and modernist literary tendencies which emerged in the literature of the second half of the century, sometimes in close quarters time-wise with original developments elsewhere, became the Other, the assailable, for the prevailing low literature canonized by the Communist regime. The ubiquitous range and influence of this literature is evidenced by a mediocre literature which submitted itself unwittingly to it. The agon (struggle) for aesthetic supremacy between high and low literature was incessant. Literary criticism was a participant and arbiter in this agon.

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Tjetri në letrat shqiptare të realizmit socialist: letërsia e udhëtimit, poezia e angazhuar dhe kritika e angazhuar. Rasti i Ismail Kadaresë dhe Gent Arbanës - Motive me diell (1968), Linja të largëta. Shënime udhëtimi (1971) dhe shkrimet me pseudoni

Author(s): Edmond Çali / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

The image of "The other" in the Albanian literature of socialist realism: travel literature, engaged poetry and engaged criticism. The case of Ismail Kadare and Gent Arbana. Motive me diell (1968), Linja të largëta. Shënime udhëtimi (1971) and the pieces with pseudonyms in “Drita” newspaper (1973-1987). In this paper, we discuss the poems “Vietnam”, “Bateritë kundër ajrore” and “Ullinjtë shqiptarë në Vietnam” taken from Motive me diell and the chapter “Nën qiellin e Vietnamit” from the book Linja të largëta. Shënime udhëtimi. Focused on the writings of I. Kadare published under the name Gent Arbana, we highlight some of them published in the newspaper "Drita". In the isolation of socialist realism I. Kadare is one of the very few who can give the other's image because he has the freedom to do so. He could travel abroad, meet foreigners, write for them. It was one of the few that could give someone else's image in some genres of writing. He could write about America, Denmark, Paris, Moscow, Vietnam, Russian literature after 1960, Western literature of the time, special authors, publishing concerns, and about the culture of "The other" at the time. This theme in his work is also related to other topics in his work such as repetition in the literary work and the importance of variant in his prose and poetry.

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"Tjetri" në tekstet letrare të Fishtës

Author(s): Bajram Kosumi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Considering that Gjergj Fishta (1871-1940) is regarded as one of the most prominent writer in Albanian Literature, especially with his epic and satire, the review of the presence and social and literature status of “The Other” in his work is significant not only for his writing but for the whole Albanian literature. The concept of “The Other” in literature has derived from cultural and sociological studies, therefore the study of this concept in literature is also a result of text analysis, in relation with cultural and sociological studies, thus the concept of “The Other” is primarily related to cultural, philosophical, ethical, political and sociological principles. From the prism of the text analysis, several models of “The Other” in Fishta’s texts are identified, however, the source of these models has two common denominators: one, the mentality of a patriarchal and closed society; and two, the moral of a society that has been forced to suffer the status of captivity for a long time.In this article, the models of “The Other” will be defined and argued by the examples from the Fishta’s texts. Based on Fishta’s literary text, conclusions will be provided about the culture of “The Other” in Albanian society of the first half of the 20th century. In this article the experience of English Cultural Studies is used for the concept of “The Other”, especially the studies of Eduard Said, Bozidar Jezernik, Cvetan Todorov, Anthony Giddens, Georg Simmel, etc.

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"Vdekja e tjetrit" në shkrimet letrare të Mitrush Kutelit

Author(s): Kastriot Gjika / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Death is not only one of the most universal topics, in addition to love, travel, life, beauty, etc., but is also seen as one of the most difficult to deal with, both ethically and psychologically and religiously. The most natural tendency of the last century has been to avoid death as topic, to non-rebound directly, to project it euphemistically into other areas of the individual or collective world.But Kuteli's case is somewhat specific and quite contrary to this trend. Death is so present in Kuteli's narrative prose, that he seems to have explored it with all his techniques and literary means in all of its individual, social, ethical, religious manifestations. We can affirm that he has a special interest in this subject and he's familiar with it."The Death of the Other", however, as a concept explored in his writings, but also in other paraliteratur and nonfictional writings, gives us a complete insight into his ethical, religious, philosophical and literary concepts of death and of life itself."The death of the other," is seen in confrontation and in a comparative way with "my death", in the M. Kuteli's "rrëfenja"-s, but also in other its writings.

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Vetvetja si një tjetër - transidentiteti në dramën "Nita" të Josip Relës

Author(s): Valbona Berisha / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

The issue of identity is at the centre of all literary observations which express the complex relationship between self and the other. The need to recognize ourselves in relation to the others, to assert its identity, belongs to every individual, every community and every culture. Identity can be seen as a result of a temporary cultural process, which is in constant transformation.In this research we will present one of the most delicate issues regarding female-trans- identity. For this we will rely on the theory of Paul Ricour's "Soi-même comme un autre - self as another", in the drama "Nita" of Josip Rela. Heroine, Nita is the female character who represents the best issue of trans- identity and self-definition. Like any other girl, she also has an identity, a father and the lover Zef. However, everything changes from the moment when the residents of the village Brisk of Shkodra, from the fear of Turkish attacks move to villages Arbnesh of Zadar, in Croatia. Before leaving, Nita promises to Zef that she would wait for him for the rest of her life. And to avoid the young men who wanted to marry her, she asks the consent of the Elderly Council to be declared as a male. Her Trans -identity endorsed by a church ceremony and she was baptized by the name Tani. But how did Nita felt into other skin?To answer this complex issue we will first point to Nita's desire to be another, secondly experiences, the challenges within herself at the transit phase and, finally, the anxiety she experiences to return to herself.

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