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Metaforiniai ekonomikos terminai

Author(s): Rasuolė Vladarskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2012

The use of metaphorical terms in the terminology of a particular field of science is closely related to the research objects of that field. If concrete, tangible, frequently used or seen objects are being named, metaphorical nomination is based on the external similarity of objects; in this case a secondary nomination is quite common, for instance in terminology of building, engineering or biology. In economics there are not so many tangible objects, more often things related to various phenomena, actions, operations or relations are being named. Therefore metaphors are based on the similarity of functions and various associations; metaphors specific to particular authors are quite usual. On the whole metaphorical nomination is not very common in Lithuanian terminology of economics.

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Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2012

The Russian–Lithuanian manuscript Teisės terminų ir kitų reikalingų teismams žodžių žodynėlio projektas (Draft dictionary of law terms and other words necessary in court) prepared at the Ministry of Justice in 1919–1920 is a scientifically interesting object of terminology and terminography history. This article analyses two-word Lithuanian equivalents of Russian terms and other words and their combinations presented in this unpublished dictionary. There are 1723 different Lithuanian two-word combinations in this dictionary. Usually they are terms of law or word combinations which were used in the language of law at that time (not treated as terms anymore). As could be expected from the dictionary of terms the majority of word combinations presented are nominal combinations (1416). The majority of them have the form of a term. Research showed that about 600 words represent the main element of a term and about 800 words are the subordinate element. The generic terms raštas (document), teisė (law, right) and mokesnis (tax, payment, charge) in singular as well as in plural form have the largest number of specific elements. The most frequent specific elements are the words byla (case), teismas (court), and teisė (law, right) in genitive and in singular or in plural. Comparison of the frequency of the main and subordinate elements of terms shows an inverse proportionality: terms with main elements which are presented in the dictionary three or more times comprise 59 % and terms with such subordinate elements – 44 %, respectively there is 41 % of terms with the main element which occurs once or twice and 56 % of terms with such subordinate element. It is quite probable that the wider variety of subordinate elements is predetermined by the wider possibilities of expression of these elements. In addition, synonymous two-word terms usually differ in the subordinate but not the main element.

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Angelo ir velnio pavadinimai 1800–1882 metų katekizmuose

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2014

Names of the angel and the devil make a small group of terms of religion in Lithuanian catechisms published in 1800–1882. The article deals with the names of the angel (angelas, ×Aniolas, archangelas, ×archaniolas, kunigaikštystės, ponystės, galybės, wyresnybės, serapinai, kerubinai, sostai, ×tronai, angelas Dievo, ×aniolas Dievo, geras ×aniolas, šventas ×aniolas, Angelas sargas, etc.) and the names of the devil (velnias, antikristas, šėtonas, biesas, ×čertas, kipšas, juodasis, nelabasis, piktasis, prakeiktasis, žaltys, ×levas, ×ledokas, kelmas, pikta dvasia, piktas ×aniolas, kaltasis ×aniolas, prakeiktas ×aniolas ir kt.) taken from the catechisms of the above period. One-word and complex terms in respect of their origin are grouped into terms of Lithuanian origin, non-Lithuanian origin (international words and loan-words) and mixed origin.

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Mykolo Miežinio Lietuviszkai–latviszkai– lenkiszkai–rusiszko žodyno lietuviški ir latviški sinoniminiai bei variantiniai augalų vardai

Author(s): Solvita Labanauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2014

Lietuviszkai-latviszkai-lenkiszkai-rusiszkas žodynas (1894) by Mykolas Miežinis is one of the very few printed dictionaries from Lithuania proper in the 19th century. It contains a huge number of words from folk language which subsequently fell out of usage. Among other such words this dictionary presents names of plants in Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Russian. The article deals with Lithuanian and Latvian terms which have synonyms and variants. The attempt to establish what plants were named by words found in Miežinis’ dictionary was successful. There are very few names of plants in Latin in this dictionary; therefore it was not always easy to identify the plant under a particular name. In some cases Latvian names were helpful. In some cases Miežinis presented names of different plants as synonyms probably because these plants were not distinguished in the folk language and were named by similar names. There also are opposite cases when the same name was used for different plants.

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Figūrų ir tropų pavadinimai 1918–1940 m. literatūros mokslo darbuose

Author(s): Asta Mitkevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2014

The article deals with 77 one-word names of figures and tropes used in the works of the theory and history of literary science (26 in total) published in Lithuanian between 1918 and 1940 (period of independent Lithuania). Terms are analyzed in respect of origin and synonymy.These conclusions are drawn: 1) All borrowings were international terms. More than one third of them had variants. 2) 9 concepts were named only by Lithuanian-origin terms. 21 terms were used for that purpose (they made from three to five synonymic lines) and the most popular terms are still used today. 3) International terms had from one to three Lithuanian synonyms (14 synonymic lines in total). Most Lithuanian synonyms of international terms were names of action in respect of derivation and terms of different expression were not established. From those international and Lithuanian synonyms now just the international ones are used except the Lithuanian terms laipsniavimas “gradation” and įasmeninimas “personification”.

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Kazimiero Gaivenio medicinos terminų taisymai

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 21/2014

Šių metų sausio 18-ąją būtų suėję 80 metų žymiam lietuvių kalbininkui terminologui Kazimierui Gaiveniui (1934–2003). Per 40 nenuilstamų ir vaisingų darbo metų kalbos ir terminologijos baruose K. Gaivenis lietuvių kalbotyros, atskirų mokslo sričių ir bendrosios periodikos leidiniuose paskelbė per 400 straipsnių kalbos mokslo ir praktikos bei terminologijos klausimais. Nemažai straipsnių parašyta chemijos, fizikos, matematikos, karybos, botanikos, zoologijos, radioelektronikos, elektrotechnikos, architektūros, žemės ūkio, ekonomikos ir kitų sričių terminų taisyklingumo, darybos, raidos ir kt. klausimais. Didžioji šių publikacijų dalis neprarado aktualumo savo teorinėmis ir praktinėmis terminologijos įžvalgomis. O kiek terminų K. Gaivenis pataisė ar patikslino, sunku būtų ir suskaičiuoti...

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Jūra biologijos nomenklatūroje

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 22/2015

The paper deals with Lithuanian names in biological nomenclature related with the word jūra (sea). It pays most attention to names of fish (due to the large number of such names containing this word), but also the names of mammals, birds, other animals and plants are researched. An attempt is made to show the variety of names and patterns of their creation and to draw attention to the lack of systematicity and other faults. There is a settled trend in Lithuanian nomenclature to indicate the habitats of both animals and plants using components with the suffix -inis derived from various words meaning places and geographical features. On the basis of this model the connection of an animal or a plant with the sea (lives in the sea or grows near the sea) is, according to the prevailing trends of the creation of biological nomenclature, most frequently indicated by the word jūrinis.

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Perceptyviosios dialektologijos instrumentai ir tyrimų kryptys: variantų arealai mentaliniuose žemėlapiuose (Biržų atvejis)

Author(s): Daiva Aliūkaitė,Danguole Mikulėnienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 74/2016

The paper discusses the possibilities of application of the principles of perceptual dialectology in the Lithuanian regional variability research. In addition, a brief history of the principles of perceptual dialectology formation is introduced. The foundation of the research part of the paper is the material from the scientific project Standard Lithuanian Language Place in the Mental Map. On the basis of research data of one of the area points – the geolect of Biržai – this paper shows how the research based on the principles of perceptual dialectology can be integrated into the study of traditional Lithuanian dialects and new new varieties. The article focuses on the data of the task “draw a map” in the area of the geolect of Biržai. The character and density of perceptive isogloss in the drawn maps of the young residents of Biržai reveals that the ordinary members of the language community have different images of dialecticism as distinctive features. The drawn maps of the young residents of Biržai show a non-conflicting relationship with the code of environment, which, in turn, draws optimistic prospects for the geolect of Biržai

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Frizētavu nosaukumi Latvijā: semantiskais aspekts

Author(s): Anitra Roze / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 74/2016

In addition to other types of visual information, the names of various shops, cafés, and entertainment or utility services (ergonyms) constitute a significant part of the city landscape. The names, which are often motivated by the creativity and associative thinking of the owners of these establishments or by some obscure factors, together create a typical subsystem of linguistic view. The article mainly focuses on the names of hairdressers and beauty parlours – both the onomastic and nomenclature components of these names, as well as the motivation behind these ergonyms. An attempt is made to find out which types are most popular. The material used for this research is comprised of 1,933 names of hair salons and beauty parlours which were gathered from the online directories www.1188.lv and www.zl.lv. Some names were observed directly. They are classified into three groups – names in Latvian, English, and in an indefinable language. Each of these groups is then further analyzed.

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Vidžemės sodybų pavadinimai, suponuoti ornitonimų (paukščių pavadinimų): 1826 m. Vidžemės gubernijos kadastro duomenys

Author(s): Ilga Jansone / Language(s): English Issue: 73/2015

total of 505 housenames of Vidzeme containing a bird name and mentioned in the Vidzeme Gubernya (souls) revision materials of 1826 have been analyzed in the article. Most ornitholexemes used in Vidzeme housenames are widely known and used appelatives in the modern Latvian language, for example, balodis, bezdelīga, dzenis, kaija, strazds, vārna, vanags, žagata, cīrulis, zvirbulis, vālodze, lakstīgala. A total number of Latvian lexemes in Vidzeme housenames amounts to 43 units and they refer to wild birds, whereas three Latvian lexemes refer to domestic birds, and also the general lexeme putns and the lexeme with a high degree of generalization – gailis together with compounds pur(va)gailis, mež(a)gailis, ezergailis, rudz(u)gailis and sil(a)gailis. The bird names used only in certain subdialects such as pelēda, strads and strods, žīgurs, and žēgurs have seldom been used.

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Naujų krypčių užuomazgos Latvijos onomastikoje

Author(s): Laimute Balode / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2015

The article is devoted to recent socio-onomastic studies at the University of Latvia. They mostly cover research works in toponymics and anthroponymics carried out on the basis of questionnaires completed by philology students: the overview of rare, only once registered personal names in Latvia, as well as new trends and tendencies in the formation of Latvian personal names; parents’ motivation and value reference-points in choosing the newborn’s name, sources and persons involved in the process of choosing the name. In the field of toponymy an interest has especially increased in informal urbanonymy: about 700 slang urbanonyms from the largest cities of Latvia were collected and analysed trying to find out the motivation of their formation, the ways of derivation and young people’s attitude towards such unofficial place names. Ergonymics is yet another area of onomastics, which has not been analyzed before. The work of Kristiāna Tīlika started the study of Latvian ergonyms (names of institutions, companies, firms, enterprises and other businesses): employees of various companies were interviewed about the origin and motivation of the company’s name. Unusual, creative names of cafés, restaurants and shops of Riga were studied by Ojārs Bušs. The interest in the names of commercial products (or economonyms) has been increasing in the world over the last decades. The functions of such names as Latvija and Rīga in ergonyms and economonyms of Latvia were examined by Laimute Balode. O. Bušs tried to compare economonyms with the nation’s mentality.

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„Drovių ir basų eilėraščių“ pavadinimai: apie Jano Tvardovskio neaiškius sinekdochinius biblionimus

Author(s): Serhiy Yermolenko / Language(s): English Issue: 72/2015

The author focuses on some titles of poems by the Polish author priest Jan Twardowski (1915-2006) which he calls synecdochical (since they repeat a part of the text they name), in particular, those of them which seem to be uninformative, randomly and arbitrarily chosen as well as vaguely, if at all, motivated by the poem’s content. He explains their specific nature as determined by semiotic features of motivation proper to them as poetic text names, on the one hand, and by their role as an integral part of poetic text, on the other: taken out of their context and put in the prominent position of the title, such text fragments not only formally designate the text according to the ‘pars pro toto’ principle, but also get reinterpreted, acquiring new meaning as well as imparting an additional sense to the poem. The seeming vagueness of such titles acts as a means of making the reader seek the information they add to the text. Because of their vagueness and utter stylistic modesty, these titles represent those features of J. Twardowski’s poetics that reflect the Christian virtues of poverty and the belief in the incredible.

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XIII amžiaus prūsų asmenvardžiai prūsų registre

Author(s): Irene DUKAVIČIENĖ / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 72/2015

The article reviews the 13th century Prussian personal names from the historical source Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (Prussian registers until the end of the 13th century) in order to reveal the historical context of existence of Prussian personal names. It also discusses the formation of certain personal names and explains their origin as well as the influence of the German language on the change of personal names.The importance of Prussian personal names to the research of Baltic proper names is unquestionable. It should be noted that Prussian (i.e. Baltic) proper names are the earliest recorded facts of the Baltic languages.

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Nëpër lexime alegorike si çelësa semantikë për romanin “Nëpunësi i pallatit të ëndrrave”

Author(s): Arben Prendi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2016

In most of his literary works, Ismail Kadare has used purposely and intuitively symbol, allegoric analogy, irony and grotesque, especially to highlight the threads that link contemporary totalitarian regimes with the old ones, such as: Fascist, Nazi, Communist, Zogistic regimes etc., with ancient Greek regimes, Egyptian Pharaohs, Medieval, Ottoman Empire etc. Moreover narration, supported of the ironic view of human history, and especially of the Albanian one, has brought criticism to this history filled with drama, tragedy, but also tragicomedy. The literary work of I. Kadare is an aesthetic contradiction to the literature and political orders of the communist regime. This contradiction is realized through the language of the art where symbols, metaphors, allegorical! analogies, irony and grotesque etc., are elements that are permanent and characteristic of the author. The language of these, supported in these elements, is predominant in some novels, as: “Nëpunësi i pallatit të ëndrrave” / “Pallati i ëndrrave”, “Përbindëshi”, “Qorrfermani”, “Piramida” etj. Its decryption reveals the semantic wealth and the aesthetic value of the literary work of this author in its entirety. In this regard, the novel “Nëpunësi i pallatit të ëndrrave” (1981), is the emblematic literary work that shows how the above components of the artistic language function in the literary work of the Kadare. As noted in this article, the aforementioned figures are not only elements of a stable language of art, but also semantic keys for the decodification of the artistic language used in novel “Nëpunësi i pallatit të ëndrrave” (1981) / “Pallati i ëndrrave” (1985), as well as in other prose works. Through them can be deciphered the true essence and aesthetic values of this work, which today has gained a new look due to the new possibility of reading and interpreting it.

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Strukturbezogene Klassifikation bulgarischer Sprichwörter

Author(s): Hrisztalina Hrisztova / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2017

Im Rahmen des vorliegenden Beitrags werden die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Analyse geläufiger bulgarischer Sprichwörter präsentiert. Die Analyse hat zweierlei Ziele verfolgt: Zum einen sollten die den Proverbien zugrunde liegenden syntaktischen Strukturen ermittelt werden; zum anderen sollte die These von Neal R. Norrick überprüft werden, die besagt, dass sich beinah alle syntaktischen Grundstrukturen bzw. Satzformen einer Sprache in ihren Sprichwörtern wiederfinden (vgl. Norrick 2007: 383).Zu diesem Zweck wurde zu Beginn der Untersuchung für jedes einzelne Sprichwort die ihm zugrunde liegende syntaktische Struktur ermittelt. In einem weiteren Schritt wurden die einzelnen Strukturen mit den Kategorien eines im Vorfeld entwickelten, hierarchisch strukturierten Klassifikationsmodells abgeglichen, in dem sämtliche bulgarischen – von der traditionellen Grammatik beschriebenen – Satzformen als eigenständige Klassen dargestellt wurden. Durch das Zuordnen der Daten zu den diversen Kategorien sollte auch die Idee von einer systematischen Klassifikation bulgarischer Sprichwörter aufgrund ihrer syntaktischen Struktur erstmals in die Praxis umgesetzt werden.Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung haben die von Norrick aufgestellte These bekräftigt: Bis auf zwei Strukturen konnten im Sprichwortkorpus Beispiele für alle kodifizierten Satzformen nachgewiesen werden. Ferner konnte festgestellt werden, dass die meisten aktuell gebräuchlichen bulgarischen Sprichwörter die Form eines einfachen Satzes haben und dass die Proverbien, die auf diesem Satztyp basieren, gleichzeitig auch die höchste Vorkommenshäufigkeit in der modernen geschriebenen bulgarischen Sprache aufweisen.

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Comprehension and use of the literary terms pastišs (pastiche) and parodija (parody) in Latvian literary studies

Author(s): Anita Helviga,Sigita Ignatjeva / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2017

Straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti pagrindinius latvių kalbos terminų pastišs ir parodija suvokimo ir vartojimo bruožus, remiantis latvių literatūrologijos raidos chronologija (lyginant su rusų ir britų literatūrologija), akcentuojant šių terminų specifinius bruožus bei pabrėžiant jų pokyčius. Užsienio autorių šaltiniai (britų ir rusų) pateikia parodijos ir pastišo apibrėžtis, kurios apskritai yra platesnės nei latviškuose šaltiniuose, dažnai nurodomos sąsajos tarp hipoteksto ir hiperteksto, ryšiai su susijusiais žanrais bei akcentuojami abiejų terminų skirtumai. Nepaisant to, netgi šios apibrėžtys gali prieštarauti viena kitai: įvairūs teoretikai laikosi skirtingų nuomonių apie terminų reikšmes ir jų reprezentavimą. Būtina atlikti tolesnius tyrimus, skirtus parodija termino vartosenai ir ypač pastišs termino vartosenai latvių kalboje, kad būtų galima tiksliau apibrėžti jų reikšmes tiek terminologijos, tiek kasdienio vartojimo srityse bei apibūdinti jas leksikografiniuose šaltiniuose. Siekiant išvengti skirtingų termino pastišs interpretacijų latvių terminologijoje, būtina suformuluoti apmąstytą apibrėžtį. Tiek užsienio, tiek Latvijos publikacijose pateikiamos terminų pastišs ir parodija apibrėžtys prieštarauja viena kitai, kartais beveik sutampa, nes turi bendrų bruožų ir negali būti visiškai atskirti. Latvių literatūrologijoje yra poreikis suformuluoti šiuolaikiškas ir plačias minimų terminų apibrėžtis. Šios apibrėžtys turėtų apimti tokius aspektus: – komiškumą (humorą, ironiją, satyrą); – santykį su hipotekstu; – stilizavimo lygį; – klestėjimo laikotarpį, asociaciją su estetizmo judėjimu. Nei pastišas, nei parodija negali būti apibrėžiami remiantis jų reprezentacija literatūroje visais laikotarpiais ir visose kultūrose. Jų raiška literatūroje pasikeitė, ir dėl šios priežasties transformavosi ir pats sąvokų supratimas.

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Функции специальной лексикографии в общенациональной системе «наука- технологии-инновации»

Author(s): Vyacheslav Shcherbin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 24/2017

The functions of the term, special dictionaries and main directions of special lexicography are considered in the article. The results of the search for systemic substantiation for elaboration of the single theory of terminology, science of terminology,and terminography are presented. The following conclusions are substantiated: a) the use of a unified definition of the term function; b) the description of semiotic peculiarities of special dictionaries, as well as c) factoring in the functional structure of the nation-wide system science–technologies–innovation in the process of designing of special dictionaries will facilitate the solution of the key objectives of modern special lexicography.

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Роль социальных сетей в формировании речевой культуры общества

Author(s): Dana Bartosh,Maria Kharlamova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 18/2018

The article deals with the features of communication in social networks and the impact of this communication on the speech culture of the participants in the communication. The authors investigate communication in social networks as a social phenomenon in the context of contemporary trends in the development of Russian language and draw conclusions about the patterns and consequences of online communication. The article also analyzes the degree of influence of individual culture on speech behavior in social networks.

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Metaphorical Schemes In The Representation Of Some Emotions

Author(s): Aglika Dobreva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

There is a close relationship between emotions and language, especially in the field of metaphorical language. Metaphors that stand for emotions in English and Bulgarian are the focus of the article. The emotion concepts combine physiological experience and culture-specific models. The article focuses on different schemes representing basic emotional meaning. The cognitive models and schemes are probably universal but there are different linguistic representations and some culturally modified forms of representations.

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LINGUO-SOCIAL AND CULTURAL COMPETENCE AS A FACTOR OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE FOREIGN PHILOLOGY TEACHER

Author(s): Dmytro A. Begeka / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2019

The relevance of the research: the relevance of this research is grounded by the need for the improvement of the professional training of the future foreign philology teacher for work at the Pedagogical University. The aim of the research: the aim is an analysis of the main elements of the linguo-social and cultural competence (LSCC) in the context of the professional training of the future Master as a future English philology teacher at the Pedagogical university for the formation of the LSCC among the Foreign philology students and improvement of the training quality. Research methods: a linguo-social and cultural method, system and structural analysis; systemization and generalization; empiric method (practical experience studying, observation, questioning, grading and self-rating etc.); pedagogical experiment; mathematical methods etc. Results: there was developed a form of the questionnaire concerning the definition of the future Master preparation level for the formation of linguo-social and cultural competence among the students; the subject knowledge was defined as well as the knowledge of standards in the context of the future Master’s acquisition of practical skills concerning the linguo-social and cultural competence among the students. At the nascent stage of the experiment in comparison with the acknowledge stage the future Masters of the experimental groups demonstrated a much higher interest for another culture, showed the ability to teach the students on the ground of the cultures dialogue, they faced a strengthened understanding of the non-verbal speech, ability to use different communicative roles, to work out the speech patterns, idioms, phraseological units etc. In general there was achieved the increased level of the future Masters qualification of the experimental groups in comparison with those of the control group. Significance of the research: Originality of the research lies in application within the pedagogical experiment of package of measures oriented to preparation of the future English philology teacher for work at the Pedagogical university as well as in development of requirements as obligatory conditions concerning the specialist training. There was formed a notion of the linguo-social and cultural competence of the future Foreign philology Master of the Pedagogical university; content, cognitive tasks, means and ways of the professional training of the future specialist under research were found out. Reading of the special purpose educational course and processing of the questionnaire brought a positive result.

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