LJUDEVIT GAJ ȘI PAVEL JOZEF ŠAFARIK
This paper refers to the influence of the ideas of the Slovak linguist Pavel Jozef Šafarik to Ljudevit Gaj, the leader of Croatian national revival, also known as the Illyrian movement.
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This paper refers to the influence of the ideas of the Slovak linguist Pavel Jozef Šafarik to Ljudevit Gaj, the leader of Croatian national revival, also known as the Illyrian movement.
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English idioms and sayings are frequently used not only in written English but also in spoken English. Learning idioms is a way of enriching one's vocabulary, the different meaning connected with them being often surprising. Among English idioms, the idioms and sayings related to feelings and emotions are abundant. A widely-known question in English of the type “How are you?” has either simple answers, like “I am fine”, “I am very well, thank you”, or more complex, elaborate answers which describe the speaker’s mood or his real state of mind. This is why our article is trying to give a list of all these idioms related to feelings and emotions.
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Language in action defines one’s identity, individualizes. This article aims to highlight the types of religious language, among which we list: biblical, theological, liturgical language, church organizational language, homiletical, catechetical language, church history and church music language. Each of these variants or sublanguages of religious language has certain characteristics, which differentiate these types from each other. Narrative, descriptive, argumentative, explanatory, dialogical sequences respond to universal human needs and are illustrated with examples from the Bible. Religious discourse has been classified according to several criteria: form, content, pragmatic perspective. Despite various discursive strategies, of so many variants of religious language, its unity and stability are still noticeable. The good knowledge of the type of language leads to a correct understanding of the message transmitted.
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The major importance that the Romanian school attaches today to the cultivation of the language raises the responsibility of the teachers to the highest levels. They must make a common front in order to enrich, transform and nuance students' vocabulary. The most important role is obviously played by the teacher of Romanian Language and Literature. Synonyms and antonyms are active elements in the language as they increase its expressive potential. The student must be oriented not only to relatively new, unknown words, but also to some of the common ones, but which have a large number of synonymous equivalents. Deciphering the meaning of expressions, finding the opposite meaning by contrast and using them in different semantic contexts have a special formative value, because they demonstrate to students the lexical richness and beauty of our language, involve them in an active process of language acquisition, whose effect is none other than the development of communication, analysis and argumentation skills, necessary not only in school, but also in daily activities, in current communication. Literary texts present us with innumerable hypostases of the two quantitative and qualitative components of synonymy, of the richness of vocabulary. The writers' creation best reflects the entire richness of the language, with all the historical and geographical areas of speech, with the acquisitions and innovations that highlight its expressiveness, emphasizing the role of polysemy and especially of synonymy. Without the works of writers, our language would not be as rich today, because it would be limited to the template elements, modern, neological, avoiding synonymy and old, popular expressive constructions.
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Sociolinguistics studies all aspects of the relationship between language and society. Sociolinguistic research in multilingual communities aims at the distinct functions of language. The objective of the study is to evaluate sociolinguistic aspects identified in the Bârgăului Valley region, Bistrița-Năsăud County, represented by the selection of speaking subjects according to the diastratic dimension (with variables such as social class, secondary education, higher education), the diagenerational dimension (with the variables age, sex) and the diaphasic dimension (thematic conversations). Through these variables, the variation of the language of a speaking subject will be individualized according to its status under the influence of different factors.
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The tourist discourse must draw the attention of the potential tourist, it must inform, surprise, seduce, convince...there are so many functions that travel agents try to fulfill by various means, among which language plays an important role. One of the purposes of the travel guide is to sell a tourism product or service. The linguists who analyzed the tourism discourse have answered the question “how do tourism specialists manage to convince readers to become potential tourists, to buy the product on offer?” These linguists have stressed that, since it is a way to capture the attention of the target audience and to seduce it, the tourism language is characterized by creativity and innovation, which attempt to create an atmosphere favorable to the promotion of a product or service.
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When writers feel the need to persuade the readers to a particular point of view, they employ specific techniques, structures, as well as explicit parts of speech. The present article attempts to show that adverbs are an important part of this process, occurring essentially when journalists need to evaluate the accuracy of deeds or observations and present them compellingly enough so that they can stand a validity test from the part of potential readers. Two newspaper articles have been chosen, from a tabloid and a ‘highbrow’ newspaper, respectively, to illustrate how a specific style of presentation influences adverb occurrence as well as its distribution and lexical realization.
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The researchers establish the fact that the concept of the” semantic field” is an important component of the linguistics. At the beginning of the appearance of the concept:” the semantic field”, the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure mentioned it, using the name of:” the associative groups of lexemes”. Ferdinand de Saussure figured the language as a system of elements between which some associative connections are going to be established. Then,” the semantic field” was elaborated on by the great linguists G. Ipsen and Jost Trier, starting with the first half of the XX th century. Afterwards, other linguists such as: Leo Weisgerber, André Jolles, N.S. Trubetzkoy talked about the concept of the” semantic field” which they called it:” the lexical field”. The modern theories concerning the concept of the” lexical field” were revealed by the linguists E. Coseriu, Horst Geckeler, G. Mounin, J. Picoche, Angela Bidu-Vrănceanu , etc.
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The present article was conceived as a concentrated introduction to the theory of lexical-semantic fields. The extraordinary development in recent decades of studies in this field implies a particular variety of theoretical and methodological orientations that it reflects. The understanding of theoretical concepts allows a better understanding of them, providing a series of clues as to their area of relevance, their mode of operation, their unclear aspects and their practical effectiveness.
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Specialists in the field find very difficult to define the interlinguistic subtitling from a theoretical point of view, because it does not only involve the passage from one language to another, but also the passage from oral to writing and finally to reading. Nowadays, due to the phenomenon of globalization, the translation is an absolute necessity, while subtitling has become the most widely read translation in the world. Therefore, the need to understand and define the practice of subtitling is more and more acute. The present article deals with the problem of subtitling as a hybrid discipline at the crossroads between oral and written, between interpretation and translation.
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Until the first part of the twentieth century, the theory of terminology was highly descriptive and normative, having the Wüsterian desideratum of monosemy of terms at its core. Despite its shortcomings, the classical theory of terminology has had its benefits. The term-concept correspondence reduces ambiguity, improves specialized communication, facilitates the creation of conceptual hierarchies, and draws the cognitive structure of a specialized field, thus enabling the creation of taxonomies and the compilation of standardized terminologies. From this point on, the way the term was perceived changed significantly, reaching the modern theories of terminology from the '90s, which situated terms in context. Specialized languages were no longer totally dissociated from common language, while polysemy was detected transdisciplinarily, through the conceptual transfer from one discipline to another. With this in mind, the present paper aims at illustrating how these theories of terminology may reflect the many facets of Maritime Terminology.
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Our study aims to depict the meanings of the word travel / traveller as they appear in the specialized explanatory dictionaries. We have shown the extent to which these words have become known in the common language (idioms, phrases, proverbs).
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In the present paper I have tried to highlight the fact that many of the prepositions, which require the genitive case both those that are part of the group of primary prepositions and those that are part of the group of secondary prepositions, appear in collocations and can have different meanings and that also, in contemporary language, they are not recognized as derivatives or compound words.
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The lexical system involves a lot of units between which there is a set of relationships. They can be identified on several levels: on the line of the plane of expression, on the line of the plane of the content of the lexical units or at the same time on both planes. Based on these relationships, we can distinguish certain lexico-semantic categories, including polysemy, synonymy and antonymy. In this study we will make a brief presentation of them, because they are among the most well-known, but also controversial semantic relations.
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The issue of defining the lexical fields caught the attention of numerous linguists from Romania and abroad. The current article analyzes the concept of lexical-semantic field and presents some viewpoints regarding these primary paradigmatic structures. Basic concepts used in the analysis of a lexical-semantic field are defined and exemplified, analysis in which the common semes of the lexemes that make up the respective field are identified, but also the variable ones. The semantic analysis of the fields, in which the semantic oppositions are also noticed, is based on dictionaries. The particularities of the lexicon’s structure are highlighted also through the description of the lexical-semantic fields.
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A correct knowledge of the Romanian language implies an approach and a recovery of the most important linguistic works, for a disclosure of the context and resources of the Romanian language at that time, but also of the normative aspects proposed by the respective grammars. The end of the 18th century, it is described under the brand of the Enlightenment, an ideology with a social and spiritual approach that urges many scholars to reflect and write. Although the Romanian language gained prestige as a language of worship in the church, Slavonic languages will continue to provide models through published materials and translations, as a result, the Cyrillic alphabet will be used for a long time. In the 18th century, starting with Eustatievici-Brașoveanul, Samuil Micu, Gheorghe Șincai and continuing, after 1797, with Radu Tempea, Paul Iorgovici, Ion Budai-Deleanu, Constantin Diaconovici-Loga and other grammarians wrote valuable grammar books, which grounded the normative basis of today's grammar of the Romanian language.
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From a phonetic point of view, the literary language of the 19th century, as reflected in the travel writings of the time, has variations determined by the transition alphabets and the influence of regional dialects. The evolution tendencies of the language, at phonetic level, are the approach to the Wallachian variant and the adoption of new phonetics, to the detriment of the old ones, definitively abandoned. Towards the end of the century, the number of fluctuating forms decreases, registering an obvious tendency of unification and balancing of the phonetic structure of the Romanian literary language. In this paper we aim to present some phonetic features that characterize the writings of the nineteenth century, accompanied by examples excerpts from 19 travel texts analyzed, which is a valuable material on the literary norms of the time.
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Having in view the importance of textual analysis in terms of text comprehension, the present study aims to achieve a detailed classification of the most important cohesiveness elements provided by examples from different types of food engineering texts: specialized, didactic and popularization ones.
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This paper seeks to address the complex question of legal language, as a crucial part of social interaction at formal, administrative level. The theoretical part focuses on three main elements – legal discourse, legal texts and legal translation, while the practical part provides several examples for each of the abovementioned components. A significant amount of the given article is dedicated to defining and classifying key concepts in legal terminology, using various resources of both Romanian and foreign researchers, as well as to examining certain difficulties that emerge in translation process, thus requiring specific translation strategies and methods and implying an interdisciplinary approach, as this is a matter of great interest not only for legal professionals, but also for linguists all around the world.
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Due to its interdisciplinary nature, psycholinguistics has many correlations with other fields and a wide field of application. In the present study, we will focus on the relationship between stylistics and psycholinguistics, given the multiple implications of the latter in stylistics, poetry, literary criticism in general.
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