Синтаксис на метаезика

Author(s): Mariana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The article presents metalanguage as a cognitive phenomenon with its own syntactic paradigm. The paradigm of syntactic bonds of metalanguage is substantiated by the method of cognitive modelling. The analysis is based on the cognitive reading of the definitive sentence characteristics predicative, modality, intonation completeness and grammatical formation. The principle of cognitive integration between concepts, phenomena is applied.

Към историята на предлога Освен

Author(s): Mariyana Tsibranska-Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The article discusses one of the linguo-didactologic goals oriented to the teaching of Old Bulgarian (Slavonic) as the establishing of systematic relations between diachrony and synchrony. Concrete example are the uses of the preposition except in a translated juridical text from 1262, some of which overlap with the contemporary use of the preposition except in complex conjunctions appropriated to the administrative style. The main conclusion concerns the localization character of except in texts and manuscripts of Southern, or Balkan Slavic origin. The Preslav Literary School plays a definitive role for its imposing in the literary language. The unchangeable prepositional functions prove the continuity between the Medieval and the Modern Bulgarian language.

English Mnemonic Lexicon: Constituent Structure and Verbalization Potential

Author(s): Irina Tivyaeva,Olga Syomina / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper presents a study of the system of lexical devices used by English speakers to verbalize theirpersonal memory experiences. The approach presented in the paper presupposes inclusion of nonnarrativestructures into the spectrum of language forms conveying mnemonic meanings and extends thelatter so as to encompass the meanings of encoding, storage, retrieval and loss. The research is based onthe hypothesis that lexical units expressing memory-related meanings in English constitute a specificallyorganized system. A variety of communicative contexts representing mnemonic situations are analyzed asto d evelop a t ypology o f m emory v erbalizers i n E nglish, estimate t heir f unctional p otential a nd role i nobjectifying personal memory experiences on the lexical level. The results confirm the original hypothesisand suggest that mnemonic lexicon as a linguistic reflection of the mnemonic faculty is an important andlargely understudied element of the language – memory system.

Creating the Authorial Self in Academic Texts: Evidence From the Expert’s Style of Writing

Author(s): Tatiana Szczygłowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper reports on an analysis of stance expressions in a 439,490-word corpus of Ken Hyland’s academic prose, encompassing 64 single-authored texts from journals, edited collections and his own monographs. Using WordSmith Tools 6.0, the study aims to find out how this expert academic writer creates his authorial self through stance mechanisms. The results reveal that Hyland’s authorial participation in his discourse is mostly manifested through hedges, somewhat less definitely through boosters, but relatively infrequently by attitude markers and self-mention. The choice of the specific stance devices indicates a preference for detached objectivity when formulating empirically verifiable propositions and a shift towards subjectivity when referring to discourse acts and research methodology. These findings contribute to our understanding of stance-taking expertise in applied linguistics and may thus assist novice writers in the field in a more effective management of their own performance of self inacademic prose.

Новелата като алтернатива на риболова в "развлеченията" на Джироламо Парабоско (XVI в.)

Author(s): Petia Petkova-Staleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The article analyses a little-explored collection of short stories – novellas – by the sixteenth-century Italian novelist Girolamo Parabosco. The argument is developed that in Diporti several innovative features occur for the first time. While following the structure of Boccaccio’s frame novel, the text refrains from imposing a common theme and digresses into several alternative genres, such as discussions, poetry, comment.

PRIKAZ ITALIJE U UDŽBENIKU "NUOVO MAGARI": NE SAMO "DOLCE VITA"

Author(s): Tijana N. Kukić,Danijela M. Janjić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 69/2019

Nel presente saggio osserviamo Italia come brand. Uno dei primi con- cetti che viene in mente quando si tratta dell’Italia è dolce vita caratterizzato dalla leggerezza della vita, dalla spensieratezza e dal godersi il momento. Abbiamo deciso di analizzare in quale modo l’Italia venga rappresentata nel manuale Nuovo Magari perché esso si distingue dalla maggioranza dei manuali di lingua italiana soprat- tutto per un approccio critico. Nuovo magari, per i livelli C1 e C2, tende a offrire un’immagine imparziale dell’Italia, la quale, come tutti i paesi, attraversa periodi di problemi relativi alla società, e fa scoprire anche aspetti non così positivi o famosi del bel paese, volgendo l’attenzione a diversi realistici e davvero interessanti fenomeni culturali, storici, sociali e linguistici.

СИНЕСТЕЗИЈСКА МЕТАФОРА У СРПСКОЈ КЊИЖЕВНОСТИ ЗА МЛАДЕ

Author(s): Jelena Lj. Spasić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 69/2019

The paper aims to determine the role of synesthetic metaphor in Serbian youth literature. The analysis has been conducted on contemporary Serbian prose and poetry for youth. The approach of the research is qualitative-stylistic, while the primary method used in the study is the linguistic-stylistic one. The focus is on the morphological and semantic analyses of synesthetic metaphor. Synesthetic metaphor is represented as a special linguo-stylistic category that is evaluated primarily from the point of view of the purpose of synesthetic transference. The synesthetic meta- phor, as any other kind of metaphor, communicates complex images and feelings to young readers. It sharpens one’s imagination, represents a specific way of thinking and appeals directly to the senses of young readers.

САВРЕМЕНА ПРОУЧАВАЊА ЈЕЗИКА И КЊИЖЕВНОСТИ

Author(s): Milan Todorović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 69/2019

К вопросу о признаках квазисимвола

Author(s): Nadya Cherneva,Grigoriy Valeriyevich Tokarev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2020

The author proceeds from the assumption that a quasi-symbol is a kind of cultural symbol. It is established that the verbal nature of a quasi-symbol determines the specifics of its meaning and functioning. The verbal shell of symbolic meaning is more plastic than the nonverbal one. Quasi-symbols can be used either absolutively, in the form of independent whole-formed units, or non-absolutively as parts of phraseological units and paremias. The definition of a quasi-symbol is carried out by modeling the situation in which it realizes its actional potential. In the cognitive aspect, the quasi-symbol is related to the prototype. It is revealed that the semantics of a quasi-symbol is formed on the basis of connotations of words. The quasi-symbol content plane is open for generating new meanings. The meaning of such a unit is typically abstract, kaleidoscopic, and situation-oriented. It is proved that the quasi-symbol is a kind of constructor and regulator of reality. It is proved that the figurative basis plays a key role in the semantics of a quasi-symbol: it forms a cognitive-semantic platform for the formation of new semantic layers, acts as a means of objectivizing ideas, represents a typical situation, implements the intention of imperativeness, and performs a semiotic function. When forming semantic layers of a quasi-symbol, universal transport models by adjacency and similarity work. The actionality and imperative semantics of a quasi-symbol determine its  energetic potential. It is determined that quasi-symbols are value-oriented: they can be divided into ideologically deterministic and non-deterministic. In the course of the analysis, it was found that the quasisymbol is characterized by the following features: abstract semantics, imagery, kaleidoscopy, situational orientation, imperativeness, precedence, semantic diversity, paradigmatism. 

Preface

Author(s): / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The preface summarises the content of the issue.

Статутът на собствените имена от гледна точка на етнофразеологията

Author(s): Maria Dobrikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

In the introductory part of the article the author analyzes phraseological units with toponymic and ethnonymic components, explicitly connected with a specific historical event, which is part of consciousness of a certain society established as a negative experience. The second part focuses on chosen phraseological units in Slavic languages containing onymic components in their structure that have the character of an a semantic linguistic sign, do not significantly contribute to the emotiveness and imagery of the unit, i. e. they do not influence its phraseological character to a large extent. Lastly, the author deals with the process of phraseologization and motivation of the Slovak phraseme byť (bývať) v Tramtárii (tramtárii) having its origin in mythology or, more specifically, fairy-tales, and its Bulgarian equivalent “гори Тилилейски (тилилейски)”.

Българските ЕДИ-местоимения и техните съответствия на руски език

Author(s): Elena Yu. Ivanova,Petya Osenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

In Bulgarian a specific type of indefinite pronouns (formed with ЕДИ-) has been observed. Their role is not only to substitute the original information in the reported speech, but also to reduce it and make it “unspecific”. In Russian the same role is undertaken by the demonstrative pronouns of the type такой-то, тот-то, тогда-то. Very often these pronouns are semantically ambiguous. The current paper presents a contrastive corpus study of Bulgarian and Russian forms of the pronouns in question. The Bulgarian-Russian equivalents are described in their nominal, adjectival and adverbial usages. The similarities and differences are outlined in the structure of the “unspecifying” nominal phrases, in the position of the elements as well as in their functions

САДРЖАЈИ ИЗ ПРАВОПИСА У УЏБЕНИЦИМА СРПСКОГ КАО СТРАНОГ ЈЕЗИКА НА НАПРЕДНОМ НИВОУ

Author(s): Marija Isailović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 71/2020

In the teaching of Serbian as foreign language, spelling is taught at the elementary and middle level of knowledge, so that a student at an advanced level is able to use all spelling rules. The topic of this work is spelling materials in printed textbooks of Serbian as foreign language at an advanced level. Textbooks used in this work are printed during the 21st century, so later ones. The goal is to check and present spelling contents in textbooks for the students who study Serbian as a foreign language at an advanced level, as well as to get recommendations for the authors of future textbooks. It can be expected that: a) in university textbooks for advanced level there are activities to systematize knowledge acquired at an elementary and intermediate level, as well as compound tasks which combine more spelling rules; b) spelling contents in the textbooks for special courses are methodologically constructed in order to contribute undertoning and expanding of particular parts of knowledge. The analysis has shown that the latest textbook production pays attention to spell- ing and gives direction for the future authors. It can be inferred that: a) due to the lack of spelling instructions for foreigners only, it is necessary to introduce spelling exercises in textbooks (in accordance with textbook conception); b) in activities intended for improving ortography competence, spelling rules should be related to other competences.

КОМПОНЕНЦИЈАЛНА АНАЛИЗА ГРУПЕ СИНОНИМА ГЛАГОЛА "ЗУРИТИ" И ЊИХОВИ ЕНГЛЕСКИ ПРЕВОДНИ ЕКВИВАЛЕНТИ

Author(s): Katarina Subanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 71/2020

In this paper, the componential analysis of the English and Serbian groups of synonyms of the verb stare has been conducted. The main aims of the research are the representation of the groups of synonyms of the verb stare, as well as the emphasis of the diagnostic characteristics on which the examined verbs differ. Eventually, the suggested translations of the verbs have been studied. The main conclusion is that the Serbian language contains fewer verbs belonging to this semantic field. For that reason, most of the synonyms have been defined by a semantically neutral verb (e.g. look) modified by an appropriate adverb or a compound adjective. What is more, the results show that the consulted dictionaries and corpora provide detailed and complete information on this subject.

УТИЦАЈ НОВИНАРСКОГ ЖАНРА НА ПРЕНОШЕЊЕ ТУЂЕГ ГОВОРА У НОВИНСКИ МЕДИЈ

Author(s): Katarina Mijaljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 71/2020

Inclusion of others’ words into authorial discourse is actually the trans- mission of someone else’s speech. Forms of the journalistic style of writing are used in order for transmission of other people’s speech to have the same expressive value as to readers of newspaper media. In the introductory part we present the impor- tance and role of journalistic style of writing in transferring someone else’s speech into newspapers. The paper also discusses two grammaticalized types of conveying another’s speech - direct and indirect - from daily newspapers published in the Re- public of Serbia. We will pay attention to the examples taken from the texts that are an integral part of the daily newspapers which we have divided into two large groups, depending on whether they belong to the model of direct or indirect speech and what their fuction is in a given context.

Constructing the Hybrid Identity of the ‘Stranger’:

Author(s): Villy Tsakona,Rania Karachaliou,Αrgiris Archakis,Angela Ralli / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The aim of our study is to examine the multiple ways Greek immigrants position themselves in terms of cultural identity. Recent approaches to immigrants’ cultural identities tend to employ the concept of transnationalism to account for their hybridity and fluidity. Here, we intend to show that Georg Simmel’s ([1908] 1971) notion of the ‘stranger’ is also relevant to the analysis and interpretation of such transnational identities. In this context, and drawing on positioning theory (Davies and Harré 1990), we argue that our informants mainly construct hybrid ‘stranger’ identities as both Greeks and Canadians or as feeling Greek but not when in Greece. Our data consists of 15 semi-structured interviews exploring the immigrant experiences of Greeks who migrated to Canada from the mid-1940s until the late 1970s. The analysis focuses on (a) the discursive means the informants employ to construct the hybrid identity of the ‘stranger’, and (b) the specific purposes they fulfill. It appears that hybrid self-positionings are achieved via the use of (a) the disclaimer ‘I am/feel Greek but…’, (b) metaphors, (c) small stories, and (d) repair mechanisms. We also argue that, via constructing ‘stranger’ identities, the immigrants of our data claim Greekness, on the one hand, and legitimize themselves as Canadian citizens on the other, while also distancing themselves from the Greeks living in Greece and the respective negative stereotypes.

O bramie pupowej i pryskaczce, czyli o stylu dziecięcego mówienia do siebie

Author(s): Edyta Manasterska-Wiącek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Dzieci przedszkolne i wczesnoszkolne poza komunikowaniem się z otoczeniem często „rozmawiają” same ze sobą – mówią do siebie i dla siebie. Podjęte w niniejszym artykule rozważania dotyczą analizy wypowiedzi dzieci na płaszczyźnie językowej. Na wskazanie cech charakterystycznych mówienia do siebie pozwoliły wypisy z kilku zarejestrowanych zabaw dzieci. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań autorka dowodzi, że można mówić o odrębnym stylu „mówienia do siebie”. Cel wewnętrznego komunikowania się jest tylko pozornie inny niż w tradycyjnej komunikacji – ma swojego nadawcę i odbiorcę. Jest on jednak na tyle specyficzny, że komunikacja między nadawcą a odbiorcą generują się w jednym umyśle. Korpus badawczy został przeanalizowany na poziomie leksykalnym, morfologicznym, składniowym oraz na poziomie tekstu. Pozwoliło to na uwypuklenie osobliwości mówienia do siebie dziecka, m.in. spontaniczność wypowiedzi naruszanie spójności wypowiedzi, liczne mikrotematy zabawy, niejasność komunikatu słyszanego „na zewnątrz”, kreatywność, teatralizacja. // Apart from communicating with the outside world, children at kindergarten and early primary school often “speak” to themselves and for themselves. The present article attempts to reflect upon children’s speech in its linguistic dimension, aiming at isolating the characteristic features of speaking to oneself based on a few recorded children’s plays. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there exists a separate style of “speaking to oneself”. The objective of internal communication is not much different from the traditional interaction – it does have its sender and receiver. However, it is peculiar since the interaction between these two persons is generated in a single mind. The research corpus has been analysed on the level of lexis, morphology, syntax and discourse. As a result, idiosyncratic features of a child’s speaking to oneself have been isolated, such as spontaneity of speech, violation of coherence of speech, numerous micro-topics of play, ambiguity of the message when heard “on the outside”, creativity and dramatization.

Tłumaczenie i weryfikacja napisów w filmach i przedstawieniach teatralnych

Author(s): Paweł Madej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Badanie napisów jest młodą dyscypliną naukową. Nie ma wielu publikacji analizujących i prezentujących kwestię tłumaczenia audiowizualnego, w szczególności napisów filmowych/teatralnych. Dlatego nie ma wielu źródeł istotnych informacji dotyczących problemu. Przykłady zawarte w tym tekście pochodzą z autorskiej obserwacji filmów i spektakli teatralnych. Autor odwołuje się do badań przeprowadzonych wśród kinomanów podzielonych na trzy grupy – osoby z wykształceniem filologicznym, osoby z wykształceniem uniwersyteckim oraz osoby bez wykształcenia uniwersyteckiego. Tekst dotyczy także napisów z przedstawień teatralnych (Teatr Dramatyczny, Teatr Studio, Nowy Teatr). Wybrano następujące spektakle. Kabaret J. Kandera, Rosyjski kontrakt Andrieja Płatonowa. Ciekawy przypadek psa wieczorową porą Simona Stephensa, Biedny Ja, Suka i Jej nowy koleś Michała Walczaka, Nasza klasa autorstwa Tadeusza Słobodzianka oraz Bent Martina Shermana. W kolejnych częściach artykułu autor przedstawia realia dotyczące etapów tworzenia napisów filmowych lub przygotowania nadtytułów teatralnych i ich weryfikacji. Odpowiada na pytanie, kto, kiedy i jak ocenia te napisy. // Subtitles research is a young discipline in the field of science. There are not many publications analyzing and presenting the issue of audiovisual translation, in particular film/ theatre subtitles. Therefore, there are not many sources of relevant information concerning the issue. Examples included in this text come from the author’s observation of films and theatre performances. The author makes reference to the research conducted among moviegoers divided into three groups – people with philological educational background, people with university background, and people without any university education. The text also relates to subtitles from theatre performances (Teatr Dramatyczny, Teatr Studio, Nowy Teatr). The following performances were chosen: Cabaret by J. Kander, The Russian Contract, by Andrei Platonov, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Simom Stephens, Poor Me, the Bitch, and Her New Guy by Michał Walczak, Our Class by Tadeusz Słobodzianek and Bent by Martin Sherman. In the following sections of the paper, the author presents realia concerning the stages of film subtitles or theatrical supertitles preparation and their verification. He addresses the question who, when and how evaluates these subtitles.

Niewerbalne style komunikacyjne w przekładzie

Author(s): Maria Mocarz-Kleindienst / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Komunikacja niewerbalna towarzyszy bezpośredniej ustnej komunikacji werbalnej. Niewerbalne środki komunikacyjne, konstytuujące style komunikacyjne kulturowo uwarunkowane, są zjawiskiem, którego nie sposób pominąć również w przekładzie. Przekład, w szczególności audiowizualny i ustny, sprzyja poznawaniu niewerbalnych stylów, m.in. w zakresie kinezyki, chronemiki, proksemiki, pantomimiki, haptyki pochodzących z innych obszarów kulturowych. Oprócz funkcji poznawczej niewerbalne style komunikacyjne pełnią funkcję wspomagającą proces tłumaczenia (np. ustnego). Niekiedy niewerbalne środki komunikacyjne pomagają zweryfikować jakość przetłumaczonego przekazu werbalnego. // Nonverbal communication accompanies direct oral verbal communication. The means of nonverbal communication, constituting culturally determined communication styles are a phenomenon which cannot be overlooked in translation. Translation, in particular audiovisual and interpretation, helps to become familiar with nonverbal styles, inter alia relating to kinesics, chronemics, proxemics, pantomimics, haptics from other spaces of culture. Apart from a cognitive function, nonverbal communication styles also serve an auxiliary function in the translation process (e.g. oral translation). Sometimes nonverbal communication styles help to verify the quality of translated verbal communication.

Review of the Book:

Author(s): Grzegorz Cebrat / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017