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Eesti keele sõnaprosoodia lõuna-läänemeresoome taustal

Author(s): Karl Pajusalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2014

The article presents an overview of the specific traits of Estonian word prosody as compared to other Southern Finnic languages, based on the results of experimental phonetics gained over recent years. First the Southern Finnic language group is defined on a diachronic basis. The group includes North Estonian (the basis of standard Estonian), Votic, Livonian and South Estonian. The following analysis is focused on Estonian ternary quantity alternation (consonantal and vocalic), tonal contrast in Livonian and Estonian, foot isochrony in Southern Finnic languages, the emergence of velar vowel harmony and the later disappearance of vowel harmony, reduction and peripheralization of the vowels of non-initial syllables, elision of sounds and transference of accent, and, finally, constraints on quality alternation. Each object of research is analysed on the background of the other languages of the group and their dialects. The comparative study demonstrates that specific traits of Southern Finnic prosody are the most widely represented in Livonian, while their representation in South Estonian is somewhat higher than in North Estonian. Votic prosody has the most traits in common with Northern Finnic languages. However, Southern Finnic languages share certain traits with Sami and with Mordvin languages, which are not characteristic of Northern Finnic. In summary, it becomes clear that the specific traits of Estonian prosody are of different age and origin, reflecting not only contacts with cognate languages but also intra-language changes as well as areal developments in the Circum-Baltic area.

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Balti areaali tüpoloogilisi sarnasusi morfosüntaksi valdkonnas

Author(s): Birute Klaas-Lang,Miina Norvik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2014

The article discusses a couple of morphosyntactic issues of the Circum-Baltic languages, such as subject and object cases, expression of indirect command, and conveyance of indirect message, analysing their formal and functional differences and similarities. The main emphasis lies on the comparison of Estonian and Lithuanian, considering Livonian and Latvian as an intermediary link. The formal and pragmatic analysis of subjects and objects reveals that of the Circum-Baltic languages the distinction between the partial and total objects, resp. subjects is the clearest in Estonian and Lithuanian. In Latvian and Livonian, as well as in Russian there is considerably more convergence and/or constraints in case usage. Estonian and Livonian proved to be an intermediary link between the Finnic and Baltic languages as far as the use of verbal particles and prefixes to distinguish between perfectivity and imperfectivity is concerned. The formal and functional analysis of indirect command/request involves comparison of synthetic and analytic forms. It appears, for example, that the Lithuanian combination of particle tegul + indicative compares easily with the Estonian las + indicative form, as well as with the corresponding constructions in Latvian and Russian. Again, Livonian offers a transitional case, where the relevant construction includes both the particle la’z and a jussive form. Here Estonian and Lithuanian differ in that in Estonian an indirect request or command can be retrospective as well as perspective, whereas Lithuanian permits the latter direction only. As to information from a third source all the languages in question convey it using participles without a copula verb. Such way of expression combines narrativity with doubt. While Estonian, Latvian and Livonian have a specific morphological marker (e.g. Est -vat) for the quotative, Lithuanian has not. However, Lithuanian enjoys more diversity in combination of participles with various tense forms than Estonian, for example, which is also reflected in the Lithuanian expression of indirect command or request.

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Jootraha

Author(s): Jüri Viikberg / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2014

In most countries a tip or gratuity (Est. ’jootraha’) is an extra amount of money given to someone as a reward for good service. Usually the sum is small and goes straight to the attendant (waiter, taxi driver, hairdresser). In Estonian the word (in the form of yotoraa) was first recorded in the 16th century and is a loan translation from Low German (cf. drink-, drinke-gelt ‘Trinkgeld’). Initially the word was used in the sense of a sacrifice (drink offering) to house fairies, but later it acquired the meaning of extra money given to the attendant for buying himself a drink. As beer was a customary drink at that time, we may very well call the extra allowance beer money. The Low German loan translation jooduraha can be related to an earlier Estonian word joot (Pl. usu. joodud) that meant offering food and drink to guests on some family occasion (christening, wedding) or celebrating the completion of a major work (e.g. the building of a boat or a windmill). We can find examples in the folk tradition that jootu joodi (’a drink was had’) also to ensure the success of a forthcoming undertaking (seal hunting, letting the cattle out for the first time in spring). By the 19th century the word jooduraha had basically acquired the meaning of a reward to someone (errand boy, postman, coachman) in return for a service. The word jootraha first appeared in dictionaries in 1917. Today (young) Estonians often use the word tipp (< English tip) instead of jootraha.

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Lümanda, Lümandu ja Lümatu

Author(s): Evar Saar / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2012

On the Estonian territory there are at least six, if not seven place names with a putative underlying form *lüm(m)ättü. In view of settlement history those names refer either to old villages, medieval manors or similarly dispersed old allodial farms. as the landscapes where the places thus named sit do not look similar at all there is little hope in finding an appellative referring to a common characteristic of the landscape. Instead we can argue that the motivating name, which has originally contained a passive past participle, might rather be a pre-Christian personal name. The participial suffix belongs to the most frequent ones in ancient Finnic names. The personal name *lüm(m)ättü cannot be reduced to the orthodox form Kliment(i) of Clemens. Most of the medieval spellings of the names are luminitial, while the first spellings associable with the Estonian adaptation Leemet of Clemens appear in the 17th century. The hypothetical personal name *lüm(m)ättü can be compared to those deriving from the Finnic stem lempi, including the name of Lembitu, the 13th-century elder of sakala. It is surmised that one of the possible reasons behind the emergence of the lüm-initial variant could have been the perception of the sound of the personal name *lemmittü as expressive, which triggered a series of names with varying vowels.

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Punning on Anglicisms - a Manifestation of Linguistic Ingenuity

Author(s): Nevena Alexieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2004

The considerable lexical impact of English on Bulgarian, especially over the past decade of radical social and political changes, has manifested itself not only in an ever growing number of anglicisms, but also in an amusing linguistic exercise on the part of intellectuals of a humorous cast of mind. That this is not an isolated national phenomenon becomes clear from a paper entitled “Continental pundits”, whose author, M. Gorlach, describes a few cases of recent puns on anglicisms in German. In a footnote he remarks, “There must be plenty of evidence for similar uses of English words in other languages” (Gorlach, 1994:52). But while the German puns in his paper appear to represent the more serious, linguistically centred type of wordplay, which is partly rooted in the greater closeness of English and German, my selection contains exclusively puns that can be defined as witty, even facetious-sounding, linguistic remarks on topical social phenomena.

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Етимология и фонетична еволюция на думата lambir (ламбър ‘липа’) в говора на турскоезичното население от Сърнена Средна гора

Author(s): Christo Saldžiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2004

В съвременния говор на турскоезичното население от района на Сърнена Средна гора1 единственият начин за обозначаване на липа е думата lambir1. Нейната особена фонетична конструкция повдига редица въпроси, свързани с взаимодействието между езиците от Балканския полуостров. Първият съществен проблем е свързан с отношението на lambir към общотурската лексема за липа Матиг (ъхламур). Последната се явява заемка в турския от гръцката дума (рлароирд и носи всички особености на турската езикова адаптация. На първо място трябва да бъде отбелязана протезата на ъ, чрез която се усвояват в турския думи с две или повече начални съгласни: islav (ислав) - славянин, Istranca (Ъстранджа) - Странджа1 2 * 4. Отпадането на краесловния вокал и също може да се разглежда като елемент от един традиционно наложил се модел на усвояване на гръцките заемки в турския - fener (фенер). В този аспект с голяма доза сигурност може да се предполага, че отсъствието на краесловно и при lambir се дължи на първоначалните фонетични промени, настъпили при усвояването на думата в турските говори.

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Wenn Krieg in postheroischer Gesellschaft ausbricht. Überlegungen zu ‚Cassandra-Rufen‘ der Literatur

Author(s): Monika Wolting / Language(s): German Issue: 31/2022

Literature has the ability to refer to potential conflicts in societies earlier than any other media. Contemporary German-language literature reacts enthusiastically to the wars in Iraq, the former Yugoslavia, in the peripheral regions of the Russian Federation and last but not least in Afghanistan. A new figure of the soldier emerged. A soldier who comes from the post-heroic society and breaks down mentally and physically in wars. So the question arises, how would people react if a war broke out in post-heroic society and not on its fringes?

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SLUŽBENA TROJEZIČNOST U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI NA PRIMJERU JEDNOGA DOKUMENTA

Author(s): Emira Mešanović-Meša / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2022

Official trilingualism in BiH in the last 20 years is reflected in the preparation of legal documents and similar acts in three official languages, and each such document is published in official gazettes of BiH in three language versions: Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. Each language version should be in line with the norm of its standard and at the same time be different from the other two versions. The harmonization of these language versions with the norms has been the subject of previous research, and in this paper we will observe the differences at all language levels between the three versions of one official document.

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O TRILJSKOM GOVORU

Author(s): Marijana Tomelić Ćurlin,Tina Mladina / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2022

Speech of Trilj belongs to the group of Shtokavian dialect. Dialectological analysis is based on the most recent data collected by field research and, in this way, the paper provides a brief examination of linguistic characteristics of speech of Trilj. Those characteristics were not precisely described in today’s literature on any level; neither phonological, morphological nor on any other linguistic level possible. The emphasis in this paper is on those characteristics which are typical of Shtokativan dialect. The local dialect of Trilj is described using the data excerpted from the recordings which were recorded in 2020 and 2021 using a dictaphone.

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Soome-ugri seminar

Author(s): Sven-Erik Soosaar / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2012

Report on the conference “Soome-ugri seminar” held at Estonian Language Institute on December 6th 2011.

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Liivi aasta tipnes konverentsidega riias ja tartus

Author(s): Karl Pajusalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2012

Report on the conferences held in Riga and Tartu initiated by The Year of the Livonian Language and Culture 2011.

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Ustav süda ja truu käsi

Author(s): Heli Laanekask / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 06/2013

Review of: J. H. Rosenplänteri maakeele päevaraamat. Faksiimiletrükk keeleliselt redigeeritud rööpteksti, kommentaaride ja saatesõnaga. Koostanud Vello Paatsi ja Kristi Metste. Litteraria. Eesti kultuuriloo allikmaterjale. Vihik 25. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, 2012. 223 lk.

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Question design in veterinary consultations: Question forms and client responses in accomplishing problem presentation in a Malaysian context

Author(s): Noorjan Hussein Jamal,Mei Yuit Chan,Shameem Rafik-Galea,Ngee Thai Yap,Geok Imm Lee,Puteri Azaziah Megat Abd Rani / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Question design by medical practitioners has been shown to have important consequences on how patients present their problems in clinical consultations. Linguistic structure of questions as part of question design implements different communicative and pragmatic functions, and hence, affects patients’ response in different ways. This study examined types of questions asked by veterinarians in the problem presentation phase of the clinical consultation in relation to their linguistic forms and functions. Veterinary illness consultations were video-recorded and veterinarians’ question types, their linguistic forms and clients’ response in the interaction were identified and examined. The results show that the general inquiry question implemented using the open-ended wh-question structure and the closed-ended declarative interrogative are the preferred forms used by veterinarians to solicit patients’ presenting problems from clients. Also, alignment of the linguistic form of questions with their pragmatic functions and the discourse goal of problem presentation affects clients’ ascription of veterinarians’ actions. The findings from the study can inform veterinarian communication training for more effective veterinarian-client communication to accomplish problem presentation in clinical consultations.

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On persuasive strategies: Metadiscourse practices in political speeches

Author(s): Hadi Kashiha / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This study attempted to investigate the persuasive meaning of metadiscourse markers in political speeches to see to what extent and how persuasive discourse is constructed in this genre through metadiscourse practices. To this aim, twenty-six political speeches given by Barack Obama, a former president of the United States, were analyzed using a discourse analytic approach and following Hyland’s (2005ab) interpersonal models of metadiscourse to identify the frequency and persuasive function of interactive and interactional devices used. The findings indicated that the persuasive meaning conveyed by metadiscourse was for the most part context-dependent, which sometimes required the speaker to rely on a combination of devices to organize his discourse, persuade audiences,attract their attention and engage them in arguments. Furthermore, interactional devices were more frequently used than interactive ones, reflecting that engaging audiences in arguments and showing one’s attitude and evaluation towards propositions were more likely to contribute to constructing a persuasive political speech. Findings can be discussed in terms of raising the awareness of second language speakers toward the linguistic and pragmatic conventions of political discourse and how persuasive discourse is constructed through metadiscourse markers.

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Management of therapist directiveness in integrative psychotherapy: A corpus-assisted discourse study

Author(s): Jesse W. C. Yip / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Healthcare practitioners often face the dilemma of whether to provide advice during medical consultations due to concerns around affecting patients’ autonomy in decision making. Healthcare practitioners’ directiveness in patient–practitioner interactions may influence the success of medical consultations. Research has revealed that healthcare practitioners employ various communicative strategies and linguistic patterns to manage directiveness in medical consultations, such as the notions of likelihood and uncertainty, use of information, and politeness. Nonetheless, few scholars have examined how psychotherapists manage directiveness in counseling or psychotherapy sessions. Directives are inevitable speech acts in counseling or psychotherapy. Therapists may encounter challenges when producing directives, such as preventing clients from seeking their own solutions or clients becoming excessively dependent on therapists’ suggestions. Drawing upon the systems of mood and modality in systemic functional linguistics, this article employs a corpus-assisted approach to investigate therapists’ directives in terms of phraseological patterns, use of modality, and corresponding interpersonal meanings. Results reveal that therapists tend to manage directiveness by forming indicative directives and using low-value modulation modality. This article is the first corpus-assisted study to contribute to an understanding of therapist directiveness in psychotherapy from a lexico-grammatical perspective.

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Nazwy i ich statystyka w urbanonimii i hodonimii na terenie gminy Kórnik

Author(s): Agnieszka Kijak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2022

This article offers an analysis of the street names in the villages located in Kórnik Commune, Poznań County. Both semantic and structural analysis was performed. The street names were grouped according to whether they contained one, two, and three or more elements. They were also divided into substantival, adjectival, and adverbial ones. Semantic classification was also carried out, according to which the following categories of names were distinguished: topographic, directional, cultural, relational renewed, commemorative, geographic, referring to nature, metaphoric, derived from professions, and other. The structural analysis demonstrated that the most numerous category contained short, oneelement adjectival names. The semantic analysis pointed out that the largest semantic categories contained names referring to nature, topographic, and metaphoric. The article provided also a rank list of names showing those with the highest number of nominations, which was juxtaposed with a similar nationwide ranking of this type of names. The author also noted that the names linked by a chain of associations tend to appear in close geographical proximity to each other, although they are not always classified into one thematic field.

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Skrzydlate słowa ktoś widzi ciemność a. ciemność widzi oraz ich modyfikacje we współczesnej polszczyźnie

Author(s): Dorota Połowniak-Wawrzonek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2022

In the contemporary Polish language, there are registered stable word-groups formed under the influence of a film or a TV serial. Quite frequently, preserved are titles of films, serials, fragments of utterances of their characters, fragments of the film songs. Among them distinguishable are the phrasemes, the winged words, coming from the films directed by Juliusz Machulski. In this article the word-group ktoś widzi ciemność or ciemność widzi was investigated, which today has a status of winged words. In certain contexts, structural meaning of the phrase ktoś widzi ciemność or ciemność widzi becomes visible, while in others the superimposed meaning is conveyed, i.e. ‘someone perceives reality pessimistically’ or ‘someone doesn’t know, doesn’t get it’. Sometimes both the structural meaning and one of the superimposed meanings are revived. In the texts, besides the canonical form of the phrase, its modifications also appear. For instance, registered were the listing phrases ktoś widzi jawność, ktoś taniość widzi, ktoś widzi postęp, as well as an adding modification ktoś ciemność widzi nad liniowym. The innovations reinforce the invariant.

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Od toastu okolicznościowego do przemówienia. Program nauczania retoryki na Pekińskim Uniwersytecie Języków Obcych

Author(s): Andrzej Ruszer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2022

Rhetoric classes within the Polish language and culture specialization in Beijing have a short, merely two year tradition. The classes prepare the students to deliver short and long rhetoric speeches, master persuasion techniques and the body and gesture language. The classes are practical, with the theoretical foundation limited to a historical outline of the Quintilian rhetoric, explaining the inductive function and its two varieties, persuasive and manipulatory, as well as the stylistics. Particularly important part of the course is learning of the topoi and archetypes of the Mediterranean culture by the Chinese students and finding their equivalents or variants in their native culture. In the article, the basic genera of rhetoric were described and hypothetical analysis of a public speech was presented. Furthermore, described were the educational content included in the syllabus and the criteria of evaluation, with particular attention paid to the origin of the rhetoric classes within the Polish language and culture studies in Beijing.

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Передача специфических звуков марийского языка в памятниках письменности конца XVII — XVIII вв.

Author(s): Oleg Sergeev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2022

The article deals with the designation of the specific vowels of Mari ӓ, ӧ, ӱ, ӹ and the consonant ҥ in early written monuments. The first writings appeared in the Latin alphabet. In these valuable sources, there is a fixation of letters unknown from the Russian graphic system. Unfortunately, authors of books and short texts, compilers of glossaries or word lists didn’t spell consistently. In the early writings based on the Cyrillic alphabet, Mari specific sounds are transmitted in different ways. They are mainly transmitted by similar Russian graphemes or by their combinations. The modern form of the letters appeared and became fixed in the graphic system of the Mari language in the second half of the 19th century after the formation of the Translation Commission of St. Gurius (Gurij).

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Feminizm Hareketlerinin Güncel Türk Dili Kullanımına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Deneme

Author(s): Sertan Alibekiroğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

One of the important features of language is that it carries vitality.For this reason, language, like every living thing, undergoes changes for various reasons. Changes in a language are often preceded bysome social events, changes in a political course, scientific and technological developments. The impact of scientific and technological developments can be seen in our daily life. However, the impact of social and political developments in a language is mostly dependent onsome revolutionary developments. Feminist movements, which emerged as one of the results of the industrial revolution in the beginning of the 19th century, had a revolutionary character. As a result, it caused new terms, concepts and definitions to settle in languages both in the social and political field. Women’s participation in work life, and especially in social life, and their being an important part of manufacturing caused significant changes in the women’s profile shaped by home and household. These changes needed to be named, defined and included as terms in languages. Although in the beginning women’s participation in work lifecovered a narrow area, it has increased considerably recently. In addition to the increase of women’s participation in business and social life, developments in communication technologies continue to be one of the factors that necessitate changes in languages throughout the world. In this study, the effects of feminism thought and movements on today’s Turkish usage have been tried to be exemplified.

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