Kaks nooremat laensõna

Author(s): Iris Metsmägi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01/2016

The article discusses the origin of the Estonian words klopp ‘block of wood’; dial. ‘piece of wood; block-shaped (part of) object’ and räsima ’shake up, entangle, tear (and hurt); disfigure by trampling or crushing etc; grab, grasp’. The word klopp is a German loanword, < Gm Kloben, Klobe ‘block of wood, split billet; small planing bench; hook; door hinge’, with the original general meaning ‘split object’. The same stem occurs in the dialectal compound kloopsaag, kloppsaag ‘two-man saw for longitudinal sawing of boards and planks’ < Gm Klobensäge, Klobsäge id. The word räsima with identical meaning is a Russian loanword, < Rus тряст´и ‘shake, jiggle, make jiggle, jolt’, 1st person present singular трясу́, 2nd person singular imperative тряс´и. The back-vowelled rasima derives from the same Russian source.

Ambipositsioonide morfsüntaktilise varieerumise kirjeldusi kvantitatiivsete profiilide abil

Author(s): Mirjam Ruutma,Aki-Juhani Kyröläinen,Kristel Uiboaed,Maarja-Liisa Pilvik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 02/2016

Certain Estonian adpositions can occur either as prepositions or as postpositions (e.g. ümber maja, maja ümber ’round the house’). In this study, we refer to these as ambipositions and the goal of this study is to find the motivation for this positional variation in usage. The data come from the Estonian Dialect Corpus, which contains natural dialectal speech, allowing us to simultaneously include both linguistic as well as dialectal factors as part of the analysis. Here, we have included five ambipositions, läbi ’through’, mööda ’along’, vastu ’against’, üle ’over’ and ümber ’around’, that occurred with sufficient frequency in both positions. All utterances of these ambipositions in the corpus were included as part of this study and the results of the quantitative analysis, based on classification trees, showed that out of eight factors considered for the analyses, six influenced the realization of these ambipositions in usage, either as preposition or as postposition. The following factors significantly influenced their realization: dialect, case of the complement, word order, animacy of the complement’s referent, number, semantic function of the adposition. Verb tense and length of the adpositsional phrase were not significant for any of the analyses. In addition to identifying the abovementioned factors that influenced their realization globally, we provide an analysis for each of the ambipositions displaying their morpho-syntactic and geographical profile. In general, these profiles can be used, for example, in lexicography or in language teaching. Finally, the results indicate that the usage profiles of these ambipositions are rather specific and their realization appears to be more strongly influenced by linguistic rather than dialectal factors.

Sõnaraamat, mis pakub huvi keelesaarte uurijale

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2018

Review of: Sarmīte Balode, Ilga Jansone. Kalnienas izloksnes vārdnīca 1-2. Rīga: LU Latviešu valodas institūts, 2017. 1. kd 648 lk, 2. kd 720 lk.

Kirjakeele väärtus: muutumine ja püsimine

Author(s): Reet Kasik / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2019

Kirjakeel selle sõna tänapäevases tähenduses – keele ühtseim, standardiseeritud keelekuju – muutub ühiskonnas oluliseks siis, kui keel peab hakkama täitma valitsemise, juhtimise, töö- ja hariduselu jms ülesandeid. Kui keelel neid funktsioone ei ole, st kui neid funktsioone täidab riigis mingi teine keel, siis ei ole vaja ka kirjakeelt – eraelus võib igaüks kasutada mis tahes oma suhtluskonnas sobivat murdevõi kõnekeele varianti. Eestis tekkis vajadus üldrahvaliku, ühtse kirjakeele järele 100 aastat tagasi. Iseseisva riigi tekkimisega muutus kogu avalik ja ametlik asjaajamine, haridus, valitsemine ja tööelu eestikeelseks ning kõigi ametite täitmiseks oli vaja eestikeelset haritlaskonda. Muidugi ei sündinud eesti kirjakeel üleöö koos Eesti riigiga. [...]

Üks lõpuni viidud etümoloogia: kasima ja kasin

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2019

Although Julius Mägiste in his ”Estnisches etymologisches Wörtebuch” has pointed out the Estonian word family of kasima as well as its Livonian and Votic counterparts as possible Baltic loans, he fails to mention the source word. This article accomplishes the etymology by suggesting *kās- as the possible Baltic etymon, some derived terms being, e.g. Lithuanian kóšti (kóšia, kóšė) ‘to strain a liquid (e.g. milk) for purification, to pass fermented ale through a strainer to prevent sediment from getting into the barrel etc.’ and Latvian kãst, kàst (kāš, kāsa) ‘to strain a liquid for purification, to filter; to drain off the boiled water (e.g. from potatoes) etc.’

Hea sõna võidab võõra väe

Author(s): Peeter Päll / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 04/2019

Review of: Reet Hendrikson. Kas sõjasõna sünnib sõtta? Erialakeele tõhusus sõjandusterminoloogia näitel. Dissertationes philologiae estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 42. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 2018. 251 lk.

Raamat, mis lähetab lugeja lumivalgukesena laia lugude laande

Author(s): Merili Metsvahi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2019

Review of: Maailma kõige ilusam naine. Lumivalgukeste lood. (Töid antropoloogilise ja etnolingvistika vallast 10.) Koostanud, toimetanud ja kommenteerinud Urmas Sutrop. Tõlkinud Urmas Sutrop, Eesti Piibliselts, Wilhelm Friedrich Eichhorn, Mairi Ernits, Anne Lill, Heete Sahkai, Anne Kalling, Mart Kuldkepp, Timotheos Kuusik, Georg Meri, Ernst Muhel, Sander Samuel, SvenErik Soosaar ja Merle Vare. Tallinn-Tartu: EKSA ja EKM Teaduskirjastus, 2018. 991 lk.

Lühidalt

Author(s): Janika Kronberg ,Brita Melts,Johanna Ross,Maria-Maren Linkgreim / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2019

Reviews of: Tõnu Õnnepalu. Aaker. (Muskoka, Ontario, CA). Mujal kodus II. EKSA, 2019. 389 lk. Cornelius Hasselblatt. Eesti kirjanduse 100 aastat. Siuru kevadest kirjanikupalgani. Tallinn: Post Factum, 2019. 237 lk. Aile Möldre. Eesti raamatu 100 aastat. Käsikirjalisest teosest digiraamatuni. Tallinn: Post Factum, 2019. 208 lk. Jüri Viikberg. Murdekiiker. Eesti murdenäiteid kõnes ja kirjas. Tehniline teostus Marko Petron, Indrek Hein, toimetajad Mari-Liis Kalvik, Tiina Laansalu. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, 2019. Veebiväljaanne. https://www.eki.ee/murded/kiiker

Tracce e influenze italiane nella terminologia economico- finanziaria e commerciale romena. Percorsi storico-linguistici tra memoria e oblio

Author(s): Dana Feurdean / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

On a historical-linguistic and cultural level, the economic-financial and commercial terminology in Romanian has been influenced by the Italian language, not only during the process known as "re-Latinization", "re-Romanization" or "Romance westernization" of the Romanian language, but even before this linguistic-cultural phenomenon. On the other hand, certain terms defining social and economic realities that are now outdated and often forgotten, but also more recent terms testify to the complexity of relations between non-Romance lexical items and the Romance neologisms. The latter, by replacing pre-existing terms, have contributed to the modernization of the Romanian vocabulary. The article focuses on some words that serve us in illustrating these phenomena, highlighting the importance of the Italian influence - manifested as a single, multiple or internal etymology - and referring to the first written attestations in the two neo-Latin languages (with brief references, in some cases, to those in French and German) of the examined terms. By investigating the influence of the Italian language on the economic, business and financial-banking terms, selected from six specialized (online) dictionaries, our paper concludes with a glossary (available in Quaestiones Romanicae X) that allows us to track which Romanian terms have a unique Italian etymology and which ones, instead, belong to the "multiple etymology" category in the lexicographical works consulted.

Tartu ja riia kirjanduses

Author(s): Reet Bender,Silke Pasewalck / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2013

Report on the conference “Tartu und Riga in der Literatur” held at Department of German Philology of the University of Tartu from 9th to 10th of May 2013.

Ranko Bugarski, Saga o ćirilici

Author(s): Jana Jurčević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Jana Jurčević - Ranko Bugarski, Saga o ćirilici, Biblioteka XX vek: Beograd, 2021.

Vernakulari država i diskursi nacija: rasprava povodom knjige Rajke Glušice Crnogorski jezik i nacionalizam

Author(s): Milorad Pupovac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

The key topic of this text is the re-vernacularisation of post-Croato-Serbian standard languages in the service of the state and the nation. The author’s starting point for the elaboration of this topic are four books criticising the subordination of language to nationalist ideas of the state and of the nation: Škiljan’s Speech of the Nation: Language, Nation, Croats (2002); Kordić’s Language and Nationalism (2010); Bugarski’s Do You Speak Polycentric (2018); and Glušica’s The Montenegrin Language and Nationalism (2020). Well-sourced and analytical, Glušica’s book provided the most material for a critique of the practice of re-vernacularisation. The author believes that the practice alienates metalinguisticity from its linguistic community, turning language into state vernacular and discourse of nation, engendering a schism, a diglossia within the Montenegrin linguistic community. The author also believes that such practice is anachronistic and un-emancipatory. What is more, it is entirely contrary to the contemporary processes of vernacularisation that have developed under the influence of communication technologies and computer-mediated communication. The latter represent a challenge to the current practices of standardisation, as, in place of the monologuist, monoglottal and mono-semiotic institution of standard language, they are establishing the foundations for a dialogic, polyglottic and poly-semiotic institution of public language.

Percepcija Srpske pravoslavne opšte gimnazije “Kantakuzina Katarina Branković” u medijima

Author(s): Mirko Savković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2022

Kantakuzina Katarina Branković Serbian Orthodox Secondary School is a coeducational gymnasium established in Zagreb, Croatia in 2005. The school was established in the post-Croatian War of Independence context, yet the project nevertheless received unexpected levels of support both at the level of state institutions and media. In this article, we analyse positive media coverage and the local context leading us to the conclusion that the experience of this showcase school represents an exception to the rule of challenging community cultural and educational institutions building. By application of media analysis and minority auto-ethnography we concluded that the school benefited both from the honest support by the liberal citizenry and conservative efforts to use minority religion institution building to open the public space for the dominant Roman Catholic Church. By applying the concept of ontological insecurity, minority stress and deliberate institutional apolitical neutrality we conclude that the level of institutional support and overwhelmingly positive media attitude may be much more imperil than one may conclude based exclusively on the media evidence.

Interpretation of Machine Learning in Arabic Language Processing

Author(s): Abdus Salam / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Lately, research on destructive language and cyber bullying area has procured a ton of interest since it impacts both individual setbacks and social orders. Scornful trades, irritating, sexism, bias, intense substance, incitement, noxious comments, and various kinds of abuse have all extended unequivocally due to the basic passage to virtual diversion stages like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and others. Thusly, there is a basic need to recognize, make due, and limit the spread of threatening substance on one individual to the next correspondence objections, inciting us to play out this survey to motorize the distinguishing proof of unfriendly language or cyberbullying. Having a fair enlightening file for a model would deliver higher precision models, in this way we manufacture one more Arabic changed educational assortment to be used during the time spent unfriendly acknowledgment. As of late, Ensemble Machine Learning has been used to redesign the display of single classifiers. The place of this study is to ponder the introduction of different single and assembling AI computations in recognizing Arabic message containing cyberbullying and antagonistic language. Hence, we have picked three AI classifiers and three outfit models and apply them to three Arabic datasets two of them are unfriendly datasets that are uninhibitedly available, and the third one which we assembled. The results showed that the social affair AI reasoning outmaneuvers the single understudy AI approach. Finally we use hyper parameters tunning on the Arabic cyber bylluing enlightening list to optize the presentation of the popularity based procedure. "Arabic is falling behind" says the facilitator of the AI and Arabic language taking care of examination bundle at the University of Sharjah, to "The National". Since AI is used by associations to cut down cost and accelerate any communication, understanding was no unique case. Thusly, AI is advancing relating to machine understanding of lingos like English, Spanish and Chinese. Arabic language remains a test for certain reasons, for instance, Language unpredictability, Language sumptuousness, Questionable plan, Kinds of Arabic (tongues). That is the explanation, the Google grant and assessment at the University of Sharjah ensures more investigation and improvement in this field. Meet the famous Machine Learners-Translators! Using Machine learning and electronic thinking, PCs can translate, and the cycle is called Machine understanding. Nowadays, AI (ML) is a hot area of investigation and its applications are wide. Arabic Language Processing (ALP) is a subfield that joins research from the fields of computational derivation and modernized thinking. It targets working with the correspondence among PCs and individuals using Arabic language or its conversational groupings. Arabic for machines English-or French-talking voice bots are not precisely perfect. Be that as it may, assisting machines with grasping Arabic is particularly intriguing a result of various variables. These are three regularly seen challenges: Absence of diacritics. Arabic tongues are vernacular, as in essentially spoken. Most of the available text is non-diacritized, meaning it needs complements like the like the extreme (') or grave (') that show the sound potential gains of letters. In this manner, sorting out where the vowels go is hard. With everything taken into account, they need standardized orthographic principles that immediate how to create a language, including guidelines or spelling, hyphenation, word breaks, and complement. These resources are basic to get ready PC models, and how there are exorbitantly relatively few of them has limped the progression of Arabic talk affirmation. Morphological multifaceted nature Arabic speakers partake in a lot of code trading. For example, in locales colonized by the French North Africa, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia the tongues consolidate many gained French words. Subsequently, there innumerable are called out-of-language words, which talk affirmation propels can't grasp because these words are not Arabic.

Intercultural Competence Awareness Development-Acquisition through a Spanish Language and Culture Course at an Institution of Higher Education with the Aid of Technology

Author(s): Claudia Sanford / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Learning a foreign language involves not only linguistic competence but also intercultural awareness. Intercultural awareness involves a deeper understanding of different cultures through connection, tolerance, and global interaction. For this case study, the qualitative research elaborated on textual descriptions of how students constructed meaning and experienced language learning and cultural awareness development due to participating in an introductory university-level Spanish course. In addition, qualitative data provided information about the students’ perceptions and points of view related to culture and language. The intellectual framework to conduct the investigation revealed differences connected to view of the students' construction of meaning across course sections. Results across the four-course sections showed a higher level of language learning and cultural awareness development depending on the interactive dynamic within the course.

Jokes in Italian as a foreign language:

Author(s): Alejandra Platas-García,Verónica Reyes-Meza,Jose Martín Castro-Manzano / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This paper analyses whether the comprehension of a joke in Italian as a foreign language is influenced by personal or task elements, whether comprehension influences the perception of funniness, and whether perceived funniness affects intention to share the jokes. A quantitative cross-sectional study was performed. Participants were all native Spanish speakers from Mexico who also read Italian as a foreign language. There were 61 participants, aged 19-64 years (Mage = 26.3; SD = 9.4), comprising 42 females and 19 males. Comprehension was measured using a multiple-choice test. Funniness was measured by a perception scale and sharing was measured by determining intention to share. The objectives were fourfold: to identify whether factors related to the test-taker (gender, occupation, and age) influenced comprehension; to investigate whether factors related to the test task (level of language, reading support, and prior knowledge) influenced comprehension; to explore if comprehension influenced the perception of funniness; and to determine whether funniness influenced the intention to share. To statistically evaluate these question, four generalized linear models were constructed (one corresponding to each objective). The results indicated that: (i) the test-taker’s occupation affects comprehension (p = 0.0499); (ii) the interaction of all of the test-task factors influences comprehension (p = 0.03087); (iii) comprehension affects funniness (p <0.001); and (iv) perceived funniness influences sharing (p <0.001). Finally, a discussion of these results is presented.

Caricaturing the enemy:

Author(s): Konstantinos Travlos,Doruk Akyüz,Ceren Mert-Travlos / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

A century ago, the Greek-Turkish War of 1919-1922 (Turkish War of Liberation/Asia Minor Campaign) was reaching its culmination point. The war was also fought in the pages of the Press. In this study, we look at the characteristics of the caricatures marshalled in the war effort by three publications. The Greek newspaper Skrip, and the Turkish satirical magazines Karagöz and Güleryüz. We find that most expectations based on semiotics and the concept of interstate rivalry are borne out. Depictions of the ‘Other’ are generally negative. That said we also find that Skrip dedicated the majority of its caricatures to targeting the internal ‘Other’, the Venizelist faction during the National Schism, in contrast to the more focused targeting of the Greek ‘Other’ by the Turkish publications. This finding indicates the dominance of domestic conflicts over the external conflict even during the inflation point of the Greek-Turkish Interstate Rivalry of 1866-1925.

Book review

Author(s): Marianna Keisalo / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Book review

Author(s): Stanca Măda / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Scottish Resistance through Language in Outlander by Diana Gabaldon

Author(s): Noemi Neconesnic,Nadia-Nicoleta Morăraşu / Language(s): English,Scots Issue: 27/2022

The use of non-standard language varieties in fiction is an effective writing technique, and at present, such varieties appear both in popular fiction and films or television series, incorporating specific linguistic, stylistic and cultural elements. The use of Scots in fiction and other cultural products is relevant to the study of the English language and culture, as there is an overlap between these varieties, due to their shared history and prolonged contact. There is much discussion on various websites on the use of Scots (and Scottish Gaelic) in the highly popular novel Outlander, by Diana Gabaldon, and its television adaptation. However, academic research conducted on the use of such language varieties in popular historical romance fiction is rather scarce.This study was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach, performing a literature review on the topic of Scottish languages and their use in literature, and a comparative analysis of the selected first three chapters of the novel Outlander, the script for the first episode of the eponymous television series, and the episode itself. The use of Scots grammatical features and lexical items has been presented, and the use of Scottish symbols and other cultural elements in the selected texts and episode have been discussed. While the novel cannot be considered an authentic representation of Scottish identity and culture, the featuring of Scots in such a popular work of fiction and the internationally acclaimed television adaptation has generated interest in and discussion around the topics of Scottish languages, culture and history. Our intention throughout this article is to underline the role of Scots being used not only as an identity marker of its speakers but also as a form of resistance to the oppressive presence of the English on the Scottish territories.