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Semantinė pragmatinė tikrinių žodžių teorija

Author(s): Willy Van Langendonck / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2013

This article aims at an extended semantic-pragmatic analysis of proper names in reaction to the reductionist approach of Richard Coates’ Pragmatic Theory of Properhood (ALL 2012). It is argued that names have at least two kinds of presupposition: grammatical features (especially definiteness) and a categorical (basic level) presupposition, which makes subcategorization of names possible. All this is connected to the claim that names do not only refer uniquely in language use (a frequent function, though not the only one) but also denote uniquely at the level of established linguistic convention. To render this acceptable, it is essential to distinguish between name and name lemma. This distinction is also relevant to the realm of possible connotations and the issue of name translation. Grammatical, philosophical, psycho- and neurolinguistic evidence is adduced.

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НЕЧЛЕНОВАНІ ОКЛИЧНІ РЕЧЕННЯ В СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

Author(s): Halyna Navchuk,Larysa Shutak / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2018

The aim of the study. Uncategorized occult sentences are considered in the article from the point of view of the theory of speech acts and the theory of emotions; These linguistic units are formally-syntactic and functional-semantic levels are comprehensively substantiated. In addition, the means of expressing emotions in unclassified occasional sentences are determined; found that the lexical-grammatical markers of these syntactic structures are particles, exclamations, pro- noun-adverbial words, appeals that are most actively involved in their design. Methods of research: descriptive – for the description of formal-syntactic and functional-semantic features of unclassified occult sentences; comparison – for the analysis, synthesis and synthesis of the basic linguistic theories of emotions and theories of speech acts, as well as the processes that occur during communication; methods of linguistic observation, classification and systematization – to determine and distinguish functional and semantic peculiarities of uncountable occlusive sentences. Scientific novelty. For the first time exhaustively analyzed formal-syntactic and functional-semantic peculiarities of uncharted occult sentences, on the basis of which they are defined as a separate syntactic category, since the very scheme of their construction, regardless of lexical filling, serves as an expression of emotions. Conclusions. It is proved that non-part-time occlusive sentences are a special structural type, which serves in the live spoken language and speech of characters of artistic works in a way of expressing emotivity whose meaning is determined in the context and with the help of intonational means.

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Савјетовање о језику уџбеника

Author(s): Blažo Miličević / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/1977

Завод за уџбенике и наставна средства из Београда (Сектор за научноистраживачке и стручноаналитичке послове) организовао je 21. и 22. децембра 1976. године Савјетовање о језику уџбеника. Савјетовање je одржано y Београду, y Дому инжињера и техничара.

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The Implicit Causality in Verbs

Author(s): Sofiana Iulia Lindemann,Sabina Homana / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2019

Natural languages display a great variety of devices that are used to speak of causal relations, ranging from prepositions, subordinating conjunctions and verbs. The present contribution provides a review of both theoretical and psycholinguistic approaches to causality in language. The focus will be causal relations expressed by verbs. Implicit causality refers to the observation that certain verbs tend to prefer statistically reliable causal antecedents (Garvey and Caramazza, 1974). These causal biases can affect the likelihood of remention in the subsequent discourse.

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Zaburzenia sprawności językowych i komunikacyjnych u chorych po udarze prawej półkuli mózgu. Opisy przypadków

Author(s): Aneta Syta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2020

Right hemisphere brain damage manifests itself in the language at the level of not only expression but also reception. Utterances of people with right hemisphere dysfunctions are often disorderly and illogical. As recipients, patients with right hemisphere brain damage, for instance, interrupt their interlocutor’s utterance, cannot understand jokes, mockeries, or ambiguous messages. The paper describes language and communication deficits arising from right hemisphere brain damage and cases of patients suffering from right hemisphere disorder. The data obtained in the course of examining people with right hemisphere damage show that the most disturbed aspects of language include: lexical and semantic processing, processing complex language information, discourse, and prosody.

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Priesaginių Marijampolės apskrities helonimų motyvacija

Author(s): Dalia Sviderskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 81/2019

The article addresses suffixal helonyms, which constitute a peculiar and interesting layer of the so called non-equivalent lexis. In order to reveal the motivated connection between their formal structure and meaning, these representatives of the hydronym class are analysed using the linguistic methods of structural, semantic, motivological analysis. As comprehensive information about the denotatum as possible is in use; the article also makes use of the data about the linguistic consciousness of the informants from the area under analysis, which were recorded in the “Land Names” questionnaires (1935–1937), as well as the surviving additional information enabling us to grasp their knowledge and experience and helping to understand the onomastic situation. The article is valuable for the science of lexicology and its other branches: ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, the practice of local toponymy, and the conception of the phenomenon of the proper word. The interpretation of the fragment of nature (marshy places) in the language system of a certain area emerging from the study is important in the context of cultural globalization. The findings of the study could contribute to the solution of the issues of regional self-consciousness and identity.

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ЛИНГВОЭКОЛОГИЯ КАК ФАКТОР ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-КОММУНИКАТИВНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В СЕТИ ИНТЕРНЕТ

Author(s): Ekaterina Sergeevna Palekha / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5-6/2019

The problem of speech deviation and language abuse prevention in the mass-media communication was discussed. The purpose of the research was to identify the potential of linguoecology in struggling with linguistic violence and extremism on the Internet. A discourse description of the text content on the Internet was carried out. Typical language behavior patterns with signs of verbal aggression and deviation on the Internet were analyzed. Examples from the linguistic and criminological practice were provided. The problems faced during the analysis of texts on the Internet were described. A program has been proposed to reduce speech aggression by collaboration of researchers and experts. To solve the problems under study, the methods of complex linguistic and communicative analysis, content and intent analysis, conceptual analysis, discourse analysis, etc. were used. As a result of the study, it was concluded that texts modeling the concepts of anti-values (aggression, violence, death, hopelessness, permissiveness) and used as a means of explicit and hidden speech influence on the addressee should be attributed to dangerous network texts. There is the need to introduce the concept of “linguistic security” of a personality on the Internet. A number of unsolved problems in the field of scientific expertology, as well as socio- and psycholinguistics, were raised. Measures to prevent the practice of linguistic violence were proposed. An important result of the study is the suggestion to expand the practice of applying the concept of “linguoecology” and to use the data of this area of linguistics for developing the concept of “linguistic security”. The results of the study are important for strengthening the linguistic security of a person on the Internet, increasing the comfort and environmental friendliness of the web content, and preventing linguistic toxicity of the Internet environment.

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Dijital Öykü Yazarlığının Çeşitli Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi

Author(s): Nazan Dola,İbrahim Seçkin Aydın / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of digital story writing on writing anxiety, writing self-efficacy and writing sensitivity of 6th grade students in secondary school. The model of the study is a pre-test and post-test matched control group design, one of the quasiexperimental designs. The study was applied on the 6th grade students in a school affiliated with the Uludere District National Education Directorate of Şırnak in the first semester of the 2018-2019 academic year. The study lasted eight weeks. Writing self-efficacy, writing anxiety and writing sensitivity scales were used to collect the data. These scales were applied as pretest and posttest design and the data were analyzed by using a computer program and the difference between pretest and posttest design.At the end of the study, a significant difference was observed between the pretest and posttest scores of all tests applied to the experimental group. In the control group, while there was a difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the writing anxiety and writing sensitivity tests, it was concluded that there was no difference between the pretest and posttest scores of the four sub-dimensions of writing self-efficacy and writing self-efficacy.

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Development of a Self-Regulation Foreign Language Learning Scale Within the Framework of Social Emotional Learning

Author(s): Senem Zaimoğlu,Şehnaz Şahinkarakaş / Language(s): English Issue: 97-1/2019

A growing body of research underlines the significance of self-regulation in foreign language learning (Dörnyei, 2005; Oxford, 2011; Chamot, 2014). In line with this, researchers have developed numerous instruments to help learners deal with the challenge of language learning. However, these instruments have been generally designed within the framework of language learning strategies not within the framework of social and emotional learning (SEL). From this point of view, the current study tries to fill this gap by developing an appropriate instrument to assess university students’ self-regulatory competences in foreign language learning within the framework of SEL. Moreover, the effects of gender on language learners’ self-regulatory competences were also examined by using structural equation model. Data was gathered using three different samples of 1439 preparatory school students from a university in total. Principal component analysis of the Self-Regulation Foreign Language Learning Scale (SRFLLS) yielded an eight-factor structure: Recognition of Strengths and Emotions, Self-Efficacy, Emotional Costs, Self-Motivation, Self-Discipline, Goal-Setting, Help-Seeking and Curiosity. In accordance with confirmatory factor analyses, it was observed that the model fit indices were acceptable and there was a significant difference based on gender in language learners’ self-regulatory competences of Self-Discipline, Help-Seeking and Curiosity. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

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Turkish Students’ Willingness to Communicate in English as a Second Language in a Third Language Environment

Author(s): Reyhan Yildiz,Katalin Piniel / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Over the past decades, the intriguing concept of willingness to communicate (WTC) has attracted the second/foreign language (L2) researchers’ attention. In line with this tendency, the purpose of the present study was to report the findings of an investigation into Turkish students’ WTC in L2 in a third language environment. A qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews was conducted with four Turkish students, whose language of education was English at various Hungarian universities. The findings revealed seven overlapping components, which were interlocutor, topic, learning strategy, interlocutor’s attitude, number of people, participant’s personality, and perceived proficiency in English. Moreover, two particular determinants that were using ELF (English as a lingua franca) in WTC and anxiety in unwillingness to communicate (UWTC) were found. These determinants seem to influence Turkish university students’ WTC and UWTC in English in a third language environment. The findings of this study will be beneficial for Turkish foreign language curriculum developers to gain an insight about the effecting components of Turkish learners’ readiness to communicate and for English teachers to unfold the determinants affecting their students’ WTC and UWTC in EFL context.

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Cognitive mechanisms and emergent grammatical features in Internet memes

Author(s): Elke Diedrichsen / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

Internet memes of the type composed of an image macro and text, have a strong form-meaning correlation that is shared among users of social media. Their frequency of usage and the immediacy of their broad reach around the world make them an interesting field of investigation for linguistic studies. I will argue in this article that Internet memes resemble linguistic signs. Users develop a literacy, i.e. a command of their usage through convention and shared usage history. Popular Internet memes can be found in a multiplicity of variations, where details of the shown picture are changed, while the general mood or topic of the meme, mostly expressed in the caption, remains broadly the same. This article will discuss cases where the development of meme variations works along the lines of known cognitive mechanisms like metaphor and metonymy, and their prerequisites, like abstraction. Some meme variations can be represented as grammaticalisation paths that lead to the emergence of grammatical features like morphemes.

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How does foreign accent affect template matching mechanisms? ERP evidence from Polish

Author(s): Hanna Kędzierska / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2019

Sentential context is believed to have particularly robust effects on the processing of foreign-accented speech (Lev-Ari 2015). However, recent neurolinguistic studies investigating the relation between non-native speech and semantic predictability suggest that anticipation mechanisms are, in fact, hampered during the processing of foreign accents (Romero-Rivas et al. 2016). The current study is an attempt to shed more light on this issue and establish whether the mechanisms responsible for categorical template matching remain active during the processing of non-native speech. The study investigated neural reactions towards high cloze probability template endings (i.e., the endings of fixed phrases selected in a pre-test) and their unexpected counterparts. 120 Polish sentences were recorded by a native Polish speaker and a non-native (L1 Ukrainian) speaker of Polish in order to investigate the reactions towards an easily recognizable foreign accent. The brain activity of 28 monolinguals (L1 Polish) was recorded during the EEG sessions. In native-accented speech, violations of high cloze probability items resulted in a broadly distributed negativity followed by a P600 effect. No comparable effects were observed in the case of foreign-accented speech. These results are compatible with previous findings (Hanulíková et al. 2012; Romero-Rivas et al. 2016) as they confirm that linguistic anticipatory and reanalysis processes are hampered in the case of non-native speech.

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Rola logopedy, środowiska rodzinnego i przedszkolnego w stymulowaniu rozwoju mowy dziecka

Author(s): Joanna Sądel,Kinga Turek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2018

The paper is meant as a brief introduction to the subject matter concerning speech development of a child. It refers to many aspects affecting the process. A holistic approach related to a speech therapist’s point of view, particularly a speech therapist’s role in assisting a child’s acquisition of this significant skill should be adopted. Clearly, child’s family is another factor of great significance for his/her speech development, but the social domain, such as the kindergarten is equally crucial. The following article is of theoretical content. It draws attention to the importance of parents’ cooperation with the kindergarten teachers, speech therapists as well as doctors of many medical specializations. Undoubtedly, an integrated approach should be pursued in order to enhance child’s linguistic development.

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Acquiring Epistemic Modal Auxiliaries: The Role of Theory of Mind

Author(s): Hannah N. M. De Mulder,Annette Gautero-Watzema / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This study considers the acquisition of epistemic modal auxiliaries (EMA) in typically developing (TD) and autistic children and the role that Theory of Mind (ToM) plays in this development. Nineteen Dutch-speaking TD children and ten autistic children received tasks assessing ToM, general linguistic ability and EMA comprehension. Results suggest that both groups have some understanding of the Dutch EMA system, but no significant differences were found between groups. However, once participants were divided into ToM passers and ToM failers irrespective of clinical diagnosis, results showed that passers performed significantly better than failers on EMA understanding. Having a good understanding of others’ mental states, as evidenced by full marks on ToM tasks, thus seems important in the acquisition of EMA.

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Językowe sposoby wyrażania ekspresji. Tomasz raczek o dziennikarzach

Author(s): Magdalena Majewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2020

In the first part of the text entitled Linguistic methods of expressing emotions. Tomasz Raczek about journalist, the author presents Tomasz Raczek’s writing, in particular his feature articles, where the columnist refers to the contemporary social life from the perspective of film and television criticism. In the subsequent parts of the text, the author describes selected components of the history of feature articles and presents some definitions of a feature article, and then focuses on the linguistic aspects of a subjective way of expressing the emotions and feelings accompanying the description of mass media personalities. The author pays a special attention to the techniques used by Raczek, for example putting things very close together in order to show a contrast, using metaphors and anglicisms to describe media personalities. In the last part of the text, the author juxtaposes the previously described techniques of the columnist, sums up the discussions on the linguistic methods of expressing emotions and feelings in Tomasz Raczek’s feature articles.

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Емотивна картина світу в українській фраземіці: аксіологічний вимір фундаментальних емоцій людини

Author(s): Zhanna Krasnobaieva-Chorna / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

This paper is devoted to revealing the axiological specificity of the emotional image of the world, represented by ten fundamental emotions (interest, joy, surprise, embarrassment, disgust, anger, contempt, shame, suffering, and fear) in Ukrainian phraseology. The main methods of research are the method of parametric analysis of the semantic structure of phraseme with the accentuation of the evaluative component and the method of thematic fields. Phrasemes has been classified according to their evaluation load, developed in the framework of axiophraseme pragmatics based on the three-value positive–negative–situational evaluation system and the sequential allocation in the emotional image of the world of positively evaluative, negatively evaluative phrasemes, and phrasemes with diffuse evaluation. Our attention is focused on cinematic phrasemes based on the description of the external expression of emotions in Ukrainian phraseology. Manifestation and intensification are positioned as defining signs of the level of the emotional image of the world.

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Фразеологічні інновації української мови в медіалінгвістичному висвітленні

Author(s): Dmytro Syzonov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

This paper focuses on interpretations of the term phraseological innovations or new phraseology. According to international stylistics, the latter are considered fixed linguistic units of idiomatic nature. The author presents the main conceptions of research targeting new phraseological units, and reviews the main sources of origin of new phraseological constructs, particularly those which are related to mass media. Conditions of functioning of new media phraseological units as sociopolitical, ethnographic, cultural, and educational markers are also considered. New phraseological constructs are analyzed in the scope of functional, stylistic, cognitive, and psycholinguistic aspects, which proves the topicality of this field of linguistic research. Particular focus is made on extralingual and intralingual factors causing creation of new phraseological units. Conditions stimulating wider use of phraseology in the mass media and its influence on Ukrainian language evolution are investigated in the paper.

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Anđel Starčević, Mate Kapović, Daliborka Sarić, Jeziku je svejedno (Language could care less)

Author(s): Dunja Jutronić / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2020

Review of: DUNJA JUTRONIĆ - Anđel Starčević, Mate Kapović, Daliborka Sarić, Jeziku je svejedno (Language could care less), Zagreb: Sandorf, 2019, 376 pp.

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Speech errors and articulatory gestures: an electropalatographic investigation

Author(s): Ana Vidović Zorić,Marko Liker / Language(s): English Issue: 90/2020

One of the major findings of traditional investigations of speech errors is that a single segment is the smallest unit affected by speech errors, although the possibility that units smaller than the segment could play a role in explaining speech errors was not entirely rejected. A number of relatively recent studies using instrumental kinematic techniques for speech analysis bring evidence that errors often occur at subsegmental units of speech production, i.e. at the level of articulatory gestures. Such errors occur due to the coproduction of articulatory gestures, whereby the gestures from both the target consonant and the competing speech sound overlap. As they represent the gradient shift from one segment to another, they are often called gradient errors. Such processes are almost impossible to capture without the use of instrumental kinematic techniques, such as electropalatography (EPG). There are no instrumental kinematic studies of speech errors in Croatian speech. Thus, the aim of this paper is to use EPG to investigate speech errors produced in one Croatian tongue twister. The analysis was focused on /r/ and /l/ targets produced by 10 native female speakers of Croatian, while producing the tongue twister which facilitated speech errors in these two sounds. Each token of the target consonant was classified in one of the four categories: (1) perceptually and articulatorily correct production (P1A1); (2) articulatorily correct but perceptually incorrect production (P0A1); (3) perceptually correct but articulatorily incorrect production (P1A0) and (4) perceptually and articulatorily incorrect production (P0A0). The classification was made by the authors via auditory analysis and visual inspection of spectrograms and electropalatograms prior to the quantitative kinematic analysis. Subsequent analyses showed evidence of gradient errors, which would not be detected without the use of instrumental kinematic techniques. This investigation supports the claim that traditional method of collecting speech errors by perceptual analysis only is not sensitive enough to detect the subtleties of erroneous productions and speech motor control.

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Epistemic Modality in the Speech of Russian Young Children and Adolescents

Author(s): Victoria V. Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper considers the early and later stages of the acquisition of epistemic modality, focusing on certainty and uncertainty, and such basic forms of their expression as parenthetical modal words (e.g. navernoe ‘probably’, možet byt’ ‘maybe’, konečno ‘of course’, dejstvitel’no ‘really’), along with sentential complement constructions (e.g. I dumaju/sčitaju, (čto) p ‘I think/believe (that) p’), which are closely connected in semantics and functions. Epistemic and – more broadly – subjective (modus) markers are interpreted as linguistic tools, conveying the propositional attitudes and feelings of the speaker/writer to a given state of affairs. Sequences in the development of epistemic repertoire, the epistemic density of spoken speech and the written texts of Russian children and adolescents, as well as the functions performed by epistemic markers, both at utterance level and text level, are discussed.

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