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ПРИРОДА НЕВЫРАЗИМОГО И ФЕНОМЕН МОЛЧАНИЯ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ И РУССКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ

Author(s): Marina Michajlova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 11/2015

The interfaced existence of inexpressible semantics and silence phenomenon in different research paradigms is investigated in the article: philosophical, theological, literary, culturological, apophatic rhetoric, cognitive linguistics and euphemisms theory. The main units’ formation method of inexpressible category and apophatic rhetoric – denying (word-formation, inside the lexical item, syntactic, rhetorical, that is with the shift of the contents plan and expression plan) is shown in the article. Everything told in the article is illustrated by examples from M. Fasmer’s dictionary and modern Internet communications.

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Eesti isade-emade hoidjakeel: kes küsib, kes käsutab, kes räägib rohkem?

Author(s): Helen Kõrgesaar / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 16/2014

The article tries to determine whether and in what sense Estonian fatherese and motherese differ from each other. The amount and mean length of utterances (MLU) were observed, as well as their function in conversation.Seven and a half hours of audio recordings of children aged 5 to 11 talking with their parents were analysed, and the results were compared to language data from dialogues between two pairs of adults (two hours). The research data confirmed previous results (Matychuk 2005) and showed that in terms of the total number of utterances in an hour-long conversation,the Estonian fathers and mothers used roughly equal amounts of language while speaking with children, i.e. the average number of utterances in child-directed speech (CDS) did not differ significantly between fathers and mothers. However, it appeared that the mothers’ utterances were on average two words longer than those of the fathers.No significant variation was found in the frequency of speech acts with different functions. Fathers’ and mothers’ CDS formed a joint register that differed greatly from the use of language in adult-directed speech (ADS)but did not depend on the gender of the parent. Differences were noticed between CDS and ADS. Both fathers and mothers used an average of 30–50 utterances more when speaking with children than in speaking with another adult. The difference was clearer in MLU; when speaking with an adult partner, mothers’ mean MLU was two words longer and fathers’ MLU even four words longer than when speaking with a child.The comparison between utterances with different communication purposes produced the expected results: more declaratives and fewer directives and questions were used in ADS compared to CDS. The number of declaratives in ADS was on average 20% higher than in CDS, which resulted in the lesser use of other types of utterances.

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Myślenie szybkie a stereotypy – jak rozwijać kompetencję kulturową

Author(s): Anna Kucharska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2016

Living in a multicultural world demands intercultural abilities. The present article aims to analyse how students of Neophilological Faculties should be taught to be able to act as cultural mediators in the future. We also present the results of an inquiry which aimed to show if the knowledge influences the first impression opinions.

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ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗОК ПОНЯТЬ ЕМОЦІЙНІСТЬ, ОЦІНКА, ЕКСПРЕСИВНІСТЬ — АКТУАЛЬНА ПРОБЛЕМА ЛІНГВІСТИЧНОЇ ТЕОРІЇ ЕМОЦІЙ

Author(s): Vira Slipetska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2016

The article focuses on the reflections concerning the most topical issues of linguistics of emotions: the correlation among the most important notions that form the metalanguage of a linguistic theory of emotions, is implied, — emotionality, evaluation, and exspressiveness. The analysis is done through the prism of semantics and pragmatics. The author’s attitude to certain methodological issues of the theory and practice of linguistics of emotions has been represented.

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British diplomatic language

Author(s): Violeta Negrea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The article aims to throw light on specific effectiveness capabilities of the British diplomatic language in international relationships. The linguistic approach will focus on the particular techniques by which British diplomats have successfully developed responsibility, persuasiveness and power frommedieval times till modern day, when training reveals its highly evaluated potential.

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The transcendence of language: encyclopedic practice and the emergence of a new nation as reflected in Nishi Amane’s Hyakugaku renkan

Author(s): Maria Grajdian / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Nowadays, it is an open secret that Japan is redefining superpower as a cultural issue. An important interpreter of its ambitions are modern Japanese encyclopedias which on one hand deal with knowledge conceptualization and organization as means to enforce a specific worldview as human experience and progress, and on the other hand underline hidden interactions between knowledge and information in a transcultural context. While focusing on Nishi Amane’s seminal lecture series from 1870-1871 bearing as title the English word Encyclopedia and as under-title the Japanese construction Hyakugaku renkan (literally The Linked Circle of Many Sciences), it is this paper’s goal to underline some of the strategies employed by this leading intellectual and political figure of the Meiji period to implement a knowledge system according to Western standards, but patterned upon Japanese cultural and spiritual heritage. Beyond translation and sedimentation through appropriation there is the performative power of language – and its identificatory mechanisms.

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La correspondance Flaubertienne: l’expression d’une maladie ?

Author(s): Elena Mihaela Andrei / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2015

In this paper, our intention is not to admit or to deny the epilepsy of Flaubert or to make an inventory of all the debates led outside numerous names of the disease of this author. It matters less for us, as we know well the testimonies of the writer with regard to his nerve disease; it is himself who teaches it to us through his letters. Repeatedly, he complains there about his fits of hysterics, engendered by a series of irritations and sorrows. In the lines which follow, our intention is rather to try to see how the symptoms described by Flaubert influenced the process of his writing and which is the functioning mechanism of the author’s disease.

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Interpersonal Relations in Source Text and Target Text in the Light of the Translation of Appelatives

Author(s): Júlia Somodi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

In this paper the Japanese translation of Hungarian appellatives will be analyzed from a pragmatic point of view. Using a parallel corpus of film dialogue texts and their Hungarian translations I have examined the translation of appellatives in dubbed and fan translations of seven Japanese films of different genre with a total duration of 883 minutes which contained 402 appellative forms of address. In my paper I answer the question whether certain translation strategies, such as domestication and foregnization lead to deviation in interpersonal relations (Spencer-Oatey 2004, 2008) between the source and target language texts. Differences regarding interpersonal relations between the two target texts (the official dubbed versions, respectively the fan translations) are also considered. The presentation will also focus on pragmatic shifts, pragmatic gains and pragmatic losses.

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Jazykové stvárnenie ukrajinskej mentality z ukrajinskej a slovenskej perspektívy

Author(s): Jarmila Kredátusová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 03+04/2018

In the paper the author attempts to answer these research questions: 1. Which components create mentality of a Ukrainian man / a Ukrainian woman and what their form is? 2. What image about the Ukrainian men and women is constructed by Slovak and Ukrainian texts? 3. Do fixed models (stereotypes) in the image of the Ukrainian men and women exist in both Ukrainian and Slovak language? 4. Which are the dominant features (constants) of the Ukrainian men a women´s language image in Slovak and Ukrainian language? These questions are viewed and answered from two perspectives or approaches: from the Ukrainian perspective – the point of view of the Ukrainians themselves and from the Slovak – the point of view of Slovak language users – the Slovaks.

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SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLINGUISTIC TRENDS IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS

Author(s): Miroslava Metleaeva / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Translation-research is a specific, experimental way to understand the formation of the structure of the translated text and the creation of a translation that is faithful to the original. In order to understand what is going on in translator’s mind, the translation-research relies on the psychological aspects of the translation process based on an introspective observation. In the translation activity, which is a creative process between the author and the translator, arise "conflict" situations. The temporal medium, the dual nature of translation, the fundamental differences between the process of an artistic text creation and its translation must be considered in the process of transforming the original into the second material reality.

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О разочаровании в русском языковом сознании

Author(s): Andrey Evgenyevich Bochkarev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02/2018

This paper explores the ways of displaying disappointment in the Russian language in order to show how the analyzed emotional concept varies in relation to the main values in some typical disappointment-situations.

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LANGUAGE PORTRAIT OF MOTIVATIONAL SPEAKER

Author(s): Iryna Kryknitska / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The article deals with language portrait of motivational speaker. The purpose of the study is to try to give description of such language personality, create his language portrait based on analysis of language means abundant in motivational speeches. The methodology of our study comprises scientific methods and tools applicable to investigating language portrait of the studied type of speaker, particularly semantic and structural analysis. We use the term language personality in the sense of referring to one individual of a certain language community who has a particular set of language skills and qualities. Language personality is thought by us in two aspects: 1) as a characteristic of a certain individuality; 2) as description of typical personality. The article supports the idea of language personality of motivational speaker as such manifesting himself in speech, having knowledge, charisma, ability to persuade. Whereas language portrait of motivational speaker is an organized structure comprising linguistic, personal and psychological factors. While building language portrait we have analyzed communicative type of motivational speaker, defined reinforcing vocabulary, grammar and syntax, described aspects of motivational speeches, investigated the elements and techniques of speech.

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Z výskumu detského porozumenia textu

Author(s): Ľudmila Liptáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2023

The paper presents theoretical background and empirical research on text comprehension processes of a junior school-age child. The first part of the paper discusses the most influential models of text comprehension and inference making as centrally important component of comprehension. The research findings concerning children´s text comprehension are discussed as well. Further, we present our ongoing empirical research, which focuses on children´s inference making when listening to and reading an informational, narrative, and multimodal text. We focus both on the online and offline inferences, i.e., on the inferences during and after listening to and reading the text. The aim of the research is to find out how children make different types of inferences and to compare their individual skills in inference making. The last part of the paper outlines preliminary data collected via retelling technique after reading the informational text. The data indicate individual differences between children in processing and verbalising information from the text and beyond the text. However, to draw complex conclusions about individual inference making profiles of children, further research is needed.

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Sentimental reflection of global crises: Czech and Ukrainian views on popular events through the prism of internet commentary

Author(s): Kateryna Hordiienko,Zdeněk Joukl / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Social media have become a part of our lives, and their use helps us learn about events and comment on them with certain emotions. The purpose of our study was to determine the most frequent tone (positive, negative, neutral) of comments on impactful emergency and crisis news in the Czech Republic and Ukraine on a specific topic (pandemics, war, natural disaster etc.) using the sentiment analysis method. The methods of the study included a theoretical analysis of literature, social media (Twitter, Telegram), a Python program using: large language models GPT-3.5-Turbo and Twitter-XLM-RoBERTa, processing and interpretation of results (psycholinguistic).

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АССОЦИАТИВНЫЙ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЛЕКСЕМЫ “ТЕРРОРИЗМ”

Author(s): Lilit Akopyan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2023

The fact that nowadays the political situation in the world is unstable and the world community is increasingly facing the problem of extremism and its extreme form - terrorism - is beyond doubt. The tragic events taking place are regularly covered in the mass media. Such publications actively influence the formation of concepts in the minds of readers. The relevance of this study is due to the high social significance of the terrorist discourse, and the lack of special studies of this phenomenon based on the data of psycholinguistic experiments of Russian-speaking residents in Armenia and Russia. The main advantage of the associative experiment is its simplicity, ease of use, since it can be carried out with a large group of respondents at the same time. Respondents work with the meaning of the word in “real” life, which allows us to highlight some unconscious, unforeseen components of the meaning. At the first stage of the obtained results’ analysis, all the received reactions were counted and the most frequent of them were established. Then we conducted a semantic-cognitive (semantic) analysis and grouped all reactions-associations according to a common semantic criterion. Thus, we have determined the semantic components of the associative field of the concept-stimulus “terrorism”. At the third stage, we carried out a quantitative analysis of the identified semantic-cognitive components in the structure of the analyzed concept field. The analysis of these data allowed us to establish the most frequent semantic components from which the core of the associative field was formed, less frequent reactions (semantic components) made up its periphery. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the presence of the most frequent reactions in the associative field of the word-stimulus terrorism, such as death - 30 reactions (9.3%), violence - 22 reactions (6.9%), explosion (+ explosions) - 17 reactions (5.3%), bomb (+ бомбы, bombs) - 15 reactions (4.7%), evil - 12 reactions (3.7%), fear - 12 reactions (3.7%), in our opinion, is due to the impact of the media on the formation of the concept of terrorism in the presentation of the participants of the experiment.

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Word Order in Determinative Constructions in Chinese: Cognitive Aspect

Author(s): Haiyong YU / Language(s): English Issue: 120/2024

The purpose of this study is to analyse the cognitive aspect of word order in multiple Chinese attributive constructions and the correlation between cognitive processes of Chinese language speakers and the word order in attributive constructions. The key research methods in this study are structural, syntactic, and cognitive analysis, with the complementary use of the analytic-synthetic method. For example, the principles “from the reference object to the target object”, “from the whole to the parts”, “from the larger to the smaller” revealed the cognitive nature of the Chinese language, which aims at gradually narrowing down broad contexts. Models of the principle “from events to results” were created, highlighting the importance of maintaining spatial-temporal sequences in the Chinese language. The principle “from restrictive modifiers” (location, time, quantity of items) to “descriptive modifiers” (attributes) is based on the cognitive necessity of first narrowing down the range of objects and then providing characteristics. From the perspective of cognitive processes, the principle of semantic similarity in attributive constructions can be easily explained through the concept that the smaller the distance between concepts (semantics) and syntactic structures, the better their understanding by Chinese language speakers. The study also found that the speed of cognitive information processing depends on the observance and effective application of the above principles.

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An Empirical Comparison of Semantics for Quantified Vague Sentences

Author(s): Alexandre Cremers,Julija Kalvelyte / Language(s): English Issue: Suppl./2024

We investigate the compositional semantics of vague quantified sentences, focusing on sentences such as “All of the students are tall,” where a non-vague quantifier quantifies into a vague predicate. While much work has been done on vagueness in natural language, including the semantics of vague adjectives, little attention has been paid so far to how vagueness interacts with complex sentences. We present an experiment that gathers data on naïve speakers’ interpretation of such sentences after collecting their judgment on the applicability of the vague predicate for each individual in the restrictor. We then compare how three prominent fuzzy logics – Gödel, product, and Łukasiewicz – predict the acceptability of the quantified sentences. Our results indicate that Gödel logic best matches human behavior. We then prove an equivalence between Gödel logic and a probabilistic form of Williamson’s epistemicism for the sentences we have tested, and discuss how our findings inform the broader debate on the semantics of vagueness, particularly between epistemicism and graded-truth approaches.

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Assessing the Effectiveness of the Lithuanian Non-Word Repetition Test as a Screening Tool for Dyslexia

Author(s): Eglė Krivickaitė-Leišienė,Viktorija Kavaliauskaitė-Vilkinienė / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This paper focuses on the ability of children with dyslexia (~8;9) and TD children (~8;2) to repeat Lithuanian non-words. Research shows that dyslexic children have difficulties with phonological processing tasks, such as encoding phonological information, retaining it in VPSTM for a certain period, and retrieving it. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the phonological difficulties of dyslexic children and may contribute to the development of more effective support.

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Kongruentnost samoprocjene i semantičke procjene stilova humora: preliminarna analiza

Author(s): Jadranka Kolenović-Đapo,Nina Hadžiahmetović,Nermin Đapo,Aida Muheljić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 4/2017

The study aimed at congruency assessment between humor styles self-assessment and other-assessment in the semantic space of humor descriptors. According to a 2 x 2 humor styles model, everyday use of humor can be explained by adaptive maladaptive (aggressive and self-defeating humor) and intrapsychic-interpersonal (affiliative and self-enhancing humor) dimensions. Participants were 200 psychology students from the Faculty of Philosophy Sarajevo. The Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) was administered, as well as the Humor Styles Descriptors Assessment Scale (HSDAS), specifically developed for the study purposes. The scale is used for descriptor assessment of the imaginary other, whose features correspond to humor styles. Internal consistency of the Humor Styles Questionnaire ranges from .75 to .79. A latent space of the humor styles descriptors was assessed by means of exploratory factor analysis, explaining 45 % of variance. After removing a few items from the analysis, exploratory factor analysis shows a fair four factor descriptor structure corresponding to four humor styles. The internal consistency range of the descriptor factors was from .85 to .90. In the latent space of all factors, identical fundamental descriptors were extracted, with content diff erences in affiliative humor. In second order exploratory factor analysis two factors were singled out, explaining 72 % of variance. The first factor corresponds to affiliative and self-enhancing humor descriptors, and the second factor to aggressive and self-defeating humor descriptors, indicating factorial organization on the adaptiveness continuum. Multidimensional scaling of the factor descriptors indicates the feasibility of humor description in two-dimensional space, with quadrant position of factors corresponding to opposite intersection of adaptive and interpersonal (affiliative humor), adaptive and intrapsychic (self-enhancing humor), maladaptive and interpersonal (aggressive humor), and maladaptive and intrapsychic (self-defeating humor). Intercorrelations between descriptor and questionnaire humor styles measures show a convergence between the same styles operationalized through self- and other-assessment.

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Универсалии и специфика выражения эмоций в балкарском языке (исследование на основе алгоритмов машинного обучения)

Author(s): Oxana V. Goncharova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (55)/2024

The paper aims to examine of the universal and specific features of emotion expression in the Balkar language and to provide an efficient and accurate technique for Balkar speech emotion recognition. Specifically, we present PySound as a tool to transcribe and analyze phonetic data which derives prosody attributes from emotional speech as extra features to improve emotion recognition as conventional automatic emotion recognition systems mostly rely on spectral features which are greatly affected by outer factors. Regarding the methodology, we gathered statements from representatives of Russian and Balkarian ethnic groups, marked with emotional states of “joy” and neutral versions of the same dialogues. The informants were females aged 25—45 years, who do not live in rural areas, speak the Balkar language and use it in everyday communication. The acoustic analysis was conducted based on the intensity of phonetic syllables and the fundamental frequency (F0), both normalized using Lobanov’s z-score. The study found that the ‘emotion-specific’ speech features in the Balkar language is associated with a more active role of the fundamental frequency in the syllable prominence and a phrase’s different dynamic organization compared to the Russian language. The experiment results show that combining prosody and MFCC features yields an overall accuracy of 74 % for emotion recognition, which makes improvement compared with using the single prosody or MFCC features. The prosodic features’ contribution analysis to the model’s performance showed that tonal characteristics play a relevant role, accounting for around 30 % of the total feature contribution

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