We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Translation of terminology is an essential factor and often a challenging task in the translation of legal acts. Various databases are available to facilitate the translation process and ensure its quality. The main inter-institutional terminology database of the European Union is IATE (“Inter Active Terminology for Europe”). The aim of the paper is to conduct a contrastive analysis of a group of English, French and Lithuanian economic terms based on the information provided in IATE. The object chosen for the research is the English, Lithuanian and French multi-word terms including the word market. In total, 266 terms were collected from IATE: 90 English terms and their equivalents in French and Lithuanian. The paper presents a classification of the terms into semantic categories according to various aspects of markets (object of the market, place of the market, duration of the market availability, degree and nature of competition among the market participants, production stage of the items offered in the market, etc.), compares the formal structure of the English terms and their French and Lithuanian equivalents and reveals the tendencies of term formation in the investigated languages. Finally, the paper discusses the problem of synonymy of the terms and the data provided in the term entries of IATE.
More...
This paper is the first in what aims to be a series of papers toward a new decipherment and linguistic reconstruction of the Kitan Assembled Script Eulogy for Empress Xuanyi of 1101 A.D. In my treatment of this inscription, I have attempted to juxtapose the Kitan text and its very roughly corresponding Chinese text as much as possible, to allow for greater accuracy in decipherment and reconstruction. This methodology has allowed me to identify several words with previously unnoticed Mongolic cognates.
More...
In this paper, the authors present the linguistic image of the devil in Polish and Hungarian phraseological units. The analysis of the material shows that the cognitive basis of this concept is made up of several domains and conceptualizations. In both languages, the image of the devil is in most cases similar to and corresponds with human behavior but in some cases evidently differs, too.
More...
The paper presents linguo-cultural analysis of the concept “mother” in Russian and Polish languages. The concept refers to the category of the basic concepts in both linguo-cultures. The observation of conceptualization of the picture of “mother” made it possible to establish the semantic field of the concept in question and the ways of its linguistic nomination. In the paper, there are also discussed similarities and differences between Polish and Russian perception of the picture of “mother”.
More...
Based on contemporary – late 20th century–early 21st century – dialectological material from the Lithuanian islands in Belarus attributed to the Southern Aukštaitian subdialect (Voranava district, Grodno region), the article analyses the current situation of the Lithuanian language and its change. The research centres on lexical loanwords from Belarusian, Polish and Russian languages. It attempts to determine whether the abundance of Slavic loanwords is the outcome of natural language change or its loss (death). Apparent-time language processes are analysed in the study: the present-day language of informants of several generations is studied and compared. The study also describes the factors changing the nation’s language and culture. It points out the major aspects which determined and accelerated the decay of the Lithuanian language. The study shows the asymmetry of borrowing: words easily transition from one language to another; language elements are increasingly less adapted; an entire passage of another language is used in the same discourse alternately. The article presents an in-depth study of the problem of adequacy of semantic expression of loan translations and loanwords used in the subdialects of Lithuanians residing in the active contact zone; it is aimed to grasp the directions of semantic changes.
More...
Glagol ili verbum je riječ koja nam kazuje šta se zbiva, šta postaje. Od svih vrsta riječi glagol ima najveći značaj jer u svakoj rečenici sačinjava gramatičko jezgro iskazivanja. Oblik kojim se kazuje ime same glagolske radnje ili glagolskog zbivanja zove se infinitiv. To je, u stvari, najneodređeniji verbalni oblik koji ujedno predstavlja čisti izraz glagolskog pojma. On obilježava samo vrstu radnje ili vrstu stanja. Evo nekoliko primjera za infinitiv na goptskom dijalektu romskog jezika, u kojem se on još jedino javlja: mini (misliti), pučari (udariti) , perudi (pasti), terđovi (stajati), itd. Infinitiv daje, tako reći, samo apstraktni pojam značenja jednog glagola. To saznanje doprinijelo je činjenici da se u nekim jezicima, kao na primjer u turskom, infinitiv može da smatra imenicom, pa da se kao takav povinjava pravilima odgovarajuće promjene. Međutim, i u nekim drugim jezicima, modus infinitiva sadrži izvjesne elemente karaktera i upotrebe imenice. [...]
More...
Cette contribution contient une note étymologique, dans laquelle on amire l’attention sur un fait assez intéressant que le terme vieux-balkanique pour un petit animal semblable au serpent, en serbo-croate blavor, possède une concordance phonétique avec les mots de même significition dans certaines langes caucasiennes. On peut constater les concordances semblables pour les termes serbo-croates se rapportant aux quelques sortes de chiens tels que ogar et zagar, ainsi que pour le terme du bovin sauvage zubar. Ces termes, pourtant, ne sont pas balkaniques, mais slaves, quoique les deux premiers ont la distribution plus large et on pense qu’ils appartiennent à un certain substrat préindoeuropéen.
More...
В работе исследуются Следующиие вопросы, связанные с экспрессивным употреблением личных местоимений в литературно-художественном стиле русского и сербе хорватского языков: 1. Отсутствие (пропуск) личного местоимения в русском языке всегда стилистически окрашено, в то время как в сербохорватском языке, оно нейтрально. 2. Частотное употребление личных местоимений в литературно-худо- жественнам стиле обоих языков может иметь различные семантические и стилистические коннотации. 3. В поэзии, личные местоимения нередко приобретают функцию композиционного стержня всего стихотворения, причем возможны разнообразные варианты этой модели.
More...
De cette etude que nous avons consacree ä l’analyse de la phrase complexe ä subordonnee temporelle en francais et en serbo-croate contemporains, se degage la conclusion que quand — kad est un subordonnant non-marque et depourvu d’une base temporelle autonome. Les rapports qui s’etablient entre les deux proces lies par le subordonnant quand — kad sont ceux de simultaneite et de non-simultaneite. Les nombreux examples par lesquels nous avons illustre nos demonstrations nous indiquent qu’il s’instaure une organisation du temps et de l’aspect dans la phrase complexe ä subordonnee temporelle. Les rapports temporels et aspectuels dans ce type de phrases ne se determinent pas de la meme facon en francais et en serbo-croate. L’aspect verbal en francais est de nature syntaxique: il est determine par des facteurs adjacents (oontexte de la narration), en serbo-croate ill est de nature morphologique, c’est-a-dire que le verbe lui-meme porte la valeur aspectuelle dans sa racine. Notre analyse a montre que le present en francais peut avoir l’aspect accompli dans ce type de phrases, grace ä d’autres elements du contexte.
More...
This paper presents the results of a contrastive analysis of high (closed) vowels of English /iː, ɪ, uː, ʊ/ and Serbian /i, u/ produced by 20 native speakers, adolescents (14 – 15 years old) from South East England (Ramsgate) and North Serbia (Ruma). Both groups of participants read the lists of words containing both long and short vowels of the two languages. The acoustic analysis (Praat, Boersma & Weeninik) involved measuring the values of the first three formants (F1, F2, F3), as well as the duration of the stressed vowels, which were then statistically analysed and the mean values were calculated for both groups of participants (SPSS 20.00). The results indicate that Serbian vowels tend to be more open than English vowels (the values of F1 are higher). However, English vowels are more centralised than Serbian vowels and the difference between the Serbian vowels /i/ and /u/ is reflected in their F2 values - /i/ is considerably more centralised than /u/, while in English both vowels are realised with similar F2 values – both tend to be centralised. With regard to the duration, the results reveal that Serbian vowels are longer than English vowels both in short and in long stressed syllables – primarily in short ones, where the difference is up to 52,19 ms.
More...
Proverb is a genre of folklore and it is thought reflection of the whole nation. The proverbs contain rich material about the perception of the world and reflect the specific conditions of development of material and spiritual culture. The examined proverbs illustrate the stereotypes of the Poles and Czechs about themselves, their neighbours and other nations.
More...
The main objective of this paper is to show the main differences and similarities between the Polish and Spanish subsystem of the forms of greetings.
More...
Humboldt’s challenge to Cognitive Linguistics: A few brief reflections on the linguistic patterning of truth in Czech, French, English and GermanThe article is mainly concerned with methodological issues; the author concentrates on problems relating to the notion of worldview, especially when applied to linguistic research, pointing to the term’s vagueness, as it denotes both an individual conceptualization of the world and judgments entrenched in culture. He claims that in Great Britain and in America the familiarity with Wilhelm von Humboldt’s conception is insufficient. What frequently escapes the attention of researchers referring to Humboldt is the opposition Ergon – Energeia. Despite the fact that the terms are used in various publications, British and American linguistics does not capitalize on them and as a result studies language as an “object” rather than an exchange between communicating subjects. For Humboldt, language is not so much a “thing” as a faculty used by humans to understand the world. It is “objective” only in the sense of being super-individual: speakers share and negotiate meanings.The article also relates to the discussion on the so called Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which has recently seen the emergence of two opposing camps: “the defenders of diversity” and “the defenders of the psychic unity of humankind”. A representative of the latter is Steven Pinker, whose ideas are criticized here as based on wrong assumptions of universal concepts (which in fact are typical of English) and omitting comparative research. The origin of this approach is sought in Noam Chomsky’s “transcendental scientific idealism”. On the other hand, empirical comparative research on universals conducted by Anna Wierzbicka is appreciated.The article also deals with the conception of linguistic determinism and its place in linguistics. The conception plays a limited role in Humboldt’s theory, who stresses the creativity of speakers and for whom language, thanks to the workings of the mind (Geist), can blaze new conceptual trails. The article also points to the insufficient reception of the thought of Edward Sapir: in today’s renaissance of linguistic anthropology, especially in the USA, Sapir’s views on creativity, subjectivity and individuality in shaping the language system by its users have largely been overlooked. If American and many other English-speaking linguists rarely relate to Sapir’s work in any detailed manner, it is very much alive in Polish ethnolinguistics (Bartmiński, Wierzbicka).The article also deals with contemporary cognitive linguistics, pointing out that the second generation of cognitive linguists often falls into the trap of “linguistics without language”, for the now predominant paradigm incites one to practice the bad method of studying relations between words and concepts in the English-based linguistic worldview and to accept a priori the universal nature of the conceptualizations within it. However, cognitive-inspired comparative research is noted as valuable, especially in the domain of metaphorization (in Prague or Lublin) – but such research is surprisingly infrequent in English-speaking countries.In the analytical part, the author comments on the concept of TRUTH in Czech, French, English and German, with special attention to the differences between them. He notes the distinction between the English truth and the Czech pravda, identifiable in semantic, morphological and phonetic links between this Czech word and other words, such as opravdový, spravedlivý, právo, i.e. lexemes relating to justice, the legal system and integrity. He also points to the differences between the English truth and the German Wahr, as well as different etymological relations of truth in comparison with the French vrai (from which vraisemblable is derived), translated into English as likely. Another problem is that of the semantics of grammatical gender: the author asks why French vérité, German Wahrheit and Czech pravda are feminine. In his divagations on the influence of gender on our intellectual life he refers to Voltaire and Simone de Beauvoir, as well as the literary output of Fénélon, with the light it casts on the femininity of vérité. He also invokes the poetry of František Halas, who uses the Latin word luna because its Czech counterpart, mesíc, is masculine – a manifestation of the Romantic feminization of nature. The creative dimension of communication, visible in literature, is not restricted, in the author’s opinion, to one style; on the contrary, communicating in language involves negotiations between tradition and innovation, between culture and individuality, and finally between the minds of interlocutors. How to account for these mechanisms is a challenge for linguists.
More...
New perspectives in comparative studies, especially in semantics, have arisen as a result of overcoming traditional structuralism, of viewing language in relation to culture and of the emergence of cognitive linguistics, which emphasizes the role of language in different conceptualizations of the world. Discussed are the following aspects of the cognitivist paradigm, especially valuable in comparative studies: the problem of the reconstruction of meaning (i.e. the formulation of the open cognitive definition) and the concepts used in descriptions of meaning (i.e. interpretive frame, linguistic worldview, connotation, profiling, stereotype and prototype). Two examples are analyzed: 'feminizm' (feminism) illustrates the problems of the cognitive definition, while 'tesknota' (longing) is a manifestation of different conceptualizations of comparable fragments of reality.
More...
The comparative studies of pronominal forms of address in German and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (up to the 1990s Serbo-Croatian) have so far shown the complexity of this linguistic and social phenomenon (Rathmayr 1992; Betsch/Berger 2009; Schlund 2009). The focus of research in this comparative study lies on pronominal forms used to address patients in authentic medical encounters. In this study I consider and compare the forms of address in medical consultations as well as identify their pragmatic use by contrasting the Bosnian and German data. My research draws on interactional data consisting of 44 audiotaped and transcribed conversations between the Bosnian and German doctors and patients. The data was examined and compared by using a qualitative CA data analysis method. The Bosnian data showed that physicians use different forms to address their patients such as: T-pronoun, V-pronoun, and an alternating use of both pronouns to address the same patient within one single conversation (so-called switching). In the German doctor-patient encounters, the use of the T-pronoun or the alternating use of both forms of address was only observed in case of one physician. Unlike the German patients, the Bosnian patients are being addressed in a more informal way, and depending on the context, certain forms of address go beyond expressing politeness and distance. The comparison of data, based on natural institutional interaction, aims to highlight contemporary tendencies and interactive differences in the system of address of these two European languages.
More...
The ambiguity of modal expressions between root and epistemic senses is characteristic of many languages. This paper analyses the meanings, which the modal verbs must and may in the English language have when they express root and epistemic meanings. Then, the meanings of their corresponding modal verbs in the Serbian language, morati and moći, are analysed. The aim of this paper is to examine to which extent the meanings of these modal verbs correspond in the two languages. The model used in the analysis of modality is the theory of metaphorical extension where modal verbs are viewed as metaphors of (absent) forces and barriers. The conclusion is that English and Serbian, as far as these modal verbs are concerned, completely correspond on the semantic level.
More...
The paper serves as an introduction to the topic of onomasiological comparison in a cross-linguistic perspective based on the analysis of occupational names in Slovak and English. The paper presents two main sources the research is based on – theory of lexical motivation and onomasiological approach with regards to formal and onomasiological analysis of semantic equivalents. Along with the sources, various other aspect crucial for the analysis are also presented, as well as an example of how the analysis is conducted.
More...