(Ne)episteminis modalumas: anglų kalbos must, have to ir have got to bei jų vertimo atitikmenys lietuvių kalboje

Author(s): Audrone Šoliene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 69/2016

This paper deals with the three types of modality – epistemic, deontic and dynamic. It examines the relation between the synchronic uses of the modal auxiliary must and the semi-modals have to and have got to as well as their Lithuanian translation correspondences (TCs) found in a bidirectional translation corpus. The study exploits quantitative and qualitative methods of research. The purpose is to find out which type of modality is most common in the use of must, have to and have got to; to establish their equivalents in Lithuanian in terms of congruent or non-congruent correspondence (Johansson 2007); and to determine how Lithuanian TCs (verbs or adverbials) correlate with different types of modality expressed. The analysis has shown that must is mostly used to convey epistemic nuances, while have to and have got to feature in non-epistemic environments. The findings show that must can boast of a great diversity of TCs. Some of them may serve as epistemic markers; others appear in deontic domains only. Have (got) to, on the other hand, is usually rendered by the modal verbs reikėti ‘need’ and turėti ‘must/have to’, which usually encode deontic modality.

100th Anniversary of the Republic: Strategies and Language Tools for Constructing Austrian National Identity in Socio- Political and Mass-Media Discourse

Author(s): Elena SHIRLINA / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

This paper is devoted to the comparison of two medially different “texts“– panel discussion and the premium newspaper “Der Standard” – united by a common topic: the 100th anniversary of the Austrian Republic, in terms of strategies and specific language tools used to construct a national identity. The author assumes that the set of strategies, in general, will coincide, since both texts are inscribed in the context of a broad public discussion about the fate of the country in the conditions of a postnational society. However, there may be differences in their implementation with the help of specific linguistic means, due to the medial and conceptual differences, different contexts in which communication takes place, etc.

200 години от зараждането на сравнително-историческото езикознание и от формирането на лингвистиката като съвременна наука

Author(s): Borislav Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2016

A Cognitive And Cross-Cultural Study On Body Part Terms In English And Turkish Colour Idioms

Author(s): Gökçen Hastürkoglu / Language(s): Turkish,English / Issue: 2/2018

This study aims to reveal and compare the embodied cognition of English and Turkish speakers through their use of body part terms in basic colour term idioms. More specifically, it addresses the distribution of the body part terms in Turkish and English basic colour term idioms and conceptual metonymies underlying these idioms, and it interprets the findings in terms of socio-cultural and socio-cognitive structures in the minds and linguistic practices of people of Turkish and English cultures. In order to achieve this aim, the idioms with Berlin and Kay’s basic colour terms and body part terms are selected from the specialized dictionaries on idioms. After the collection of data, the cognitive analysis is conducted within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The result demonstrates that although there are some conceptual metaphors and metonymies which tend to be universal as they are grounded in bodily experience, English and Turkish speakers’ conceptualizations through the basic colour terms and body parts vary tremendously because of different socio-cultural and socio-cognitive backgrounds of these speech communities.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BEGINNING OF THE 11TH ACT OF THE TOCHARIAN A MAITREYASAMITINĀṬAKA AND THE OLD UYGHUR MAITRISIMIT

Author(s): Michaël Peyrot,Ablet Semet / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2016

The Tocharian A Maitreyasamitināṭaka, a long dramatic text about the future Buddha Maitreya that is translated into Old Uyghur prose as the Maitrisimit, is one of the most important texts of Tocharian and Old Uyghur Buddhism. It is of crucial importance for Tocharian studies because even smaller fragments can often be interpreted successfully with the help of the better preserved Old Uyghur parallels. In this paper, the beginning of the 11th act about the birth of Maitreya is studied, comparing the Tocharian A and Old Uyghur fragments which are in part parallel and in part complementary.

A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH ANGER-FURY AND TURKISH KIZGINLIK-ÖFKE

Author(s): Hatice Karaaslan / Language(s): English / Issue: 36/2017

Emotion concepts across different cultures and languages have been studied extensively. New research on emotion concepts can efficiently capture the “experience-near” and “universal” aspects of cultures and languages for the construction of a language-independent semantic metalanguage, namely the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) (Goddard, 1998). Wierzbicka (1999) claims that lexical discriminations in the area of emotions (as well as in other semantic fields) provide important clues to the speakers’ conceptualizations, and thus, a considerable amount of lexical data collection and of serious semantic analysis is needed before any universals in the area of emotion concepts can be proposed. Based on the classification of the cognitive scenarios for emotion terms in Wierzbicka (1999), the current study investigated one area of the emotion lexicon in English and Turkish, that is, a set of terms within the domain of “I don’t want things like this to happen”. It explored how these concepts relate to each other in terms of their cognitive scenarios intra-linguistically and whether their cognitive scenarios match within the domain of “I don’t want things like this to happen”. The study revealed the core meanings of target concepts show a high amount of correspondence, excluding cases of immediacy and intensity.

A CONTRASTIVE APPROACH TO ENGLISH AND ITALIAN PROVERBS ON BODY PARTS

(TEACHING ACTIVITIES)

Author(s): Silvia Madincea Pascu / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2018

The richness and frequency of Italian and English proverbs containing terms as head - testa, capo, eye - occhio, forehead - fronte, nose – naso, mouth - bocca, hand - mano, arm - braccio leg/foot - piede, etc. all referring to different parts of the body, are well-known. The aim of the present paper is to make a detailed contrastive analysis of the proverbs containing these terms as a dominant term in the two languages, based on their semantic classification. Moreover, the second part of the paper makes some useful suggestions for teaching and learning such proverbs.

A critical assessment of exhaustivity for Negative Polarity Items

The view from Greek, Korean, Mandarin, and English

Author(s): Anastasia Giannakidou / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

In some recent works on negative polarity, exhaustivity is posited as the single defining property of all negative polarity item (NPI) and free choice item (FCI) paradigms. Chierchia (2006; 2013), and Chierchia & Liao (2015) are the best-known implementations of this theory. They stipulate that all NPIs and FCIs must be exhaustified, and posit a covert O(nly) and a syntactic feature [+Σ] to derive exhaustification and licensing respectively. In this paper, I challenge the exhaustivity hypothesis and find it, after careful empirical investigation, to be inadequate to explain the distribution and interpretation of NPIs in Greek, Korean, and Mandarin, which have been described in the literature as non-exhaustive. We also find the theory to be unable to derive the actual distribution of any in nonveridical contexts. Analytically, the problems with exhaustification are twofold. First, the use of covert O(nly) fails to account for why NPIs are licensed. Licensing is a grammaticality condition, and in order to capture it the syntactic feature [+Σ] is stipulated, NPI-licensing thus amounting to checking the [+Σ] feature. The stipulation of [+Σ], without a coherent characterization of its semantics, is a regression to a Klima-esque (1964) syntactic account, and faces precisely the challenges that that account faced. Second, for any variant of the Chierchia system to work for the data discussed here, the system built around it must posit additional ad hoc rules on a case-by-case basis. This produces a system with very little predictive power beyond each specific case because of the ad hoc nature of the rules posited. Our overall conclusion will be that the exhaustivity hypothesis, as formulated in the works discussed here, is a falsified, therefore unnecessary, hypothesis for NPIs.

A dravida nyelvek genetikai rokonsága más nyelvcsaládokkal

Author(s): István Major / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A EURASIAN ETYMOLOGY: SARMYSAK < *K’IRMUS(V)/KERMUS(V)/KARMUS(V) ‘GARLIC'

Author(s): Mária Magdolna Tatár / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-3/2002

In this article a new etymology is presented for an important cultural “Wanderwort”, “garlic”. The author uses the earlier elaborated etymologies of Turkic, Mongolie and Indo-European languages by explaining the well-known Turkic sarmysak ‘garlic’ as an Indo-European loan word. This explanation is based on Iranian data which were not used by the linguists before.

A LOGICAL APPROACH TO ENGLISH CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Author(s): Attila Imre / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2017

The present article describes theoretical issues of the English conditional sentences, including definitions and types, leading to concerns regarding teaching them. We argue that the concept of remoteness developed by Michael Lewis (1986) is much more suitable to describe conditionals, as well as it offers a more logical approach to tackle various less standard types, such as 'mixed', 'zero' or less frequent verb forms (e.g. continuous). A possible way to understand conditionals may start from a non-native speaker perspective, in our case Romanian or Hungarian, making students aware of the challenges represented by the English conditionals. We also offer a popular option to make students discover 'real-life' conditionals with the help of the entertainment industry, while the references contain major English, Romanian and Hungarian sources in the field.

A MYSTERIOUS ANIMAL CALLED AL-WARK

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

The paper examines the mysterious term al-wark, which – according to Maḥmūd of Kāşğarī (11th century AD) – denotes a small animal similar to a badger (Turk. borsmuk) in the Xakani language. This animal was treated as a symbol of fatness. It is suggested that the term in question was borrowed from a Tocharian source. The Indo-European term *wṛḱos (m.) ‘badger’ (originally ‘fat animal’, cf. Hittite warkant- adj. ‘fat’) is reconstructed on the basis of Indic, Greek and Anatolian lexical data.

A new decipherment and linguistic reconstruction of the Kitan—Chinese bilingual inscription of 1134 A.D.

Author(s): Andrew Shimunek / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

This paper presents a new decipherment of the Langjun Inscription of 1134 A.D., including a significantly revised phonological reconstruction of the text, new readings of several graphemes, paleographical notes on certain Kitan and Chinese graphemes encountered in the text, and a glossary of words contained in the text including identifiable etyma. In terms of methodology, the Kitan and corresponding Chinese texts of this bilingual inscription are juxtaposed to facilitate decipherment and reconstruction. Although several important philological studies of this text exist, this article presents the first linguistic reconstruction of the inscription.

A Short Note on the Glagolitic Ornament in Pamvo Berynda’s Triod Cvetnaya (Kiev 1631)

Author(s): Sebastian Kempgen / Language(s): English / Issue: 14-15/2015

The article draws attention to two lesser known lines written in Glagolitic which are part of the Epilogue to Pamvo Berynda’s Triod Cvetnaja, printed in Kiev in 1631. Thanks to their typographic realisation, these two lines seem to have been mainly considered „an ornament“ or a „cryptographic“ element of the text in older literature. The article presents the Glagolitic text in standard Unicode encoding, so it becomes electronically searchable as such, along with a transliteration and a translation. It turns out that the Glagolitic text is nearly identical to the self-descriptions famout printer Pamvo Berynda had used before (although in Cyrillic). Another question put forth in the paper is the provenience of the actual printing types used in Kiev in 1631. A comparision shows that the letters look similar – but not identical – to printing type used around the same time Italy (Rome, Venice) or by Primož Trubar in the century before. The typographic quality of the Kievan types is, however, inferior.

A Slavonic etymology of Hung. ocsúdik ‘to come to, to awake’ and the question of the morphological adaptation of Slavonic loan verbs in Hungarian

Author(s): Michal Németh / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

The two Turkic etymologies of Hung. ocsúdik (1508) ‘to awake, to come to, to regain consciousness’ proposed, on the one hand, in the late 19th century by Vámbéry (1870) and, on the other, by K. Palló in 1976 and 1982, have been rightly rejected by the authors of TLH. At the same time, the explanation for the origin of this word found in the etymological dictionaries of Hungarian (TESz, EWUng, Zaicz 2006), namely, that it is a derivative of an unknown unproductive stem, is not entirely convincing for morphological reasons. The present paper offers a new etymology for this word, explaining it as a loanword from East Slavonic очюдитися ‘to regain consciousness, to awake’ attested in 16th- and 17th-century Russian. The starting point for the discussion is M. Stachowski’s (2014) article, in which he compared Hung. ocsúdik with Polish dialectal ocudzić ‘to revive’.

A. Gołębiowska-Suchorska: „Dziewczę przędzie, Pan Bóg nitki daje”. O spójności ludowej wizji świata.

Author(s): Eliza Malek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2011

The review of: "Girl spins, Lord of the thread gives." About the coherence of the folk vision of the world by A. Gołębiowska-Suchorska; Bydgoszcz 2011, 256 pp.

Absolutely Modifying Adjectives In British And Bulgarian Newspapers In Comparison With The British National Corpus

Author(s): Irina Stoyanova-Georgieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

The paper studies the collocations formed by ‘absolutely’ used as an adverbial intensifier for modifying adjectives in a corpus of Letters to the Editor, published in British and Bulgarian newspapers, and the BNC. The results of the study show the similarities between the collocations of ‘absolutely’ in English and Bulgarian as well as the resemblances in the choice of a syntactic position of the modified adjectives in both languages.

ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VOWELS PRODUCED BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS AND HIGHLY COMPETENT SERBIAN L2 SPEAKERS

Author(s): Dušan Nikolic / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The paper submits the findings of the research which explored the acoustic properties of highly competent Serbian L2 speakers’ vowels and the vowels produced by American native speakers in two reading tasks. The study involved four participants: two female native speakers of English and two highly proficient female Serbian speakers of English. The participants were instructed to read a dialogue and a story, after which the duration and the quality of the vowels produced were measured. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the results showed that there were differences in the production of vowels between the two groups of speakers, but it was concluded that, despite these differences, the Serbian participants did not have any major issues with the production of vowels that would significantly, or at all, afflict their intelligibility. Neither the vowel quality nor the vowel duration was critical for the Serbian participants compared to that of the American speakers. What the research instead inferred was that the American participants displayed a strong tendency to reduce their vowels, while the Serbian participants did not reveal such a marked tendency to do the same.

Acquisition of noun derivation in Estonian and Russian L1

Author(s): Reili Argus,Victoria Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2018

Acquisition of derivation is not a well-studied area in first language research and a comparative approach to the acquisition of derivation in different languages doesn’t exist. There is no information on how a child acquires derivation in a language with a rich and regular system of derivational patterns, or in a language where derivation is productive, but the system of derivational patterns is opaque. According to general ideas of complexity in a language, the child should start to use simplex stems first and, only after that, complex ones, that is, complexity should increase in the course of acquisition. Our paper is intended to address these issues, based on longitudinal child data from typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The results revealed significant differences in the acquisition of noun derivation in the two languages under observation. The system of noun derivation is acquired at a faster pace in Russian, while Estonian children have far fewer noun derivatives in their speech and they use different derivation suffixes with less regularity. Even so, the so-called building block model may be applied for both languages only partially.

Adaptation des Elements Romans Dans les Anthroponymes Herzegoviniens au Milieu Actuel

Author(s): Edina Alirejsovic / Language(s): French / Issue: 24/1986

Ako pregledamo popisne liste stanovnika iz nekih hercegovačkih opština (Mostar, Čapljina), odmah ćemo uočiti veliki broj prezimena koja odskaču od uobičajenih prezimena iz tog kraja. Među tim prezimenima ima i njemačkih, čeških, ali najveći broj je romanskog porijekla. Jedan broj porodica nosi čista italijanska prezimena i vjerovatno vode porijeklo iz Italije. Spomenimo samo neka: Balđinelli, Batisti, Batistutti, Becafigo, Belli, Beloti, Beltrani, Biasi, Bijagi, Broj doti Chiandatti, De Bari, Federizzi, Filipetti, Gilardi, Gitelli, Gonzani, Grossi, Kruzzola, Kurinaldi, Maldini, Markati, Markulini, Medini, Montebeli, Moretti, Nardelli, Oggioni, Orlandini, Rossi, Salvesani, Stefanini, Sultioni, Venutti. U popisnim listinama iz opštine Mostar od 1850. godine možemo naći veliki broj ovakvih prezimena, koja se malo po malo gube do današnjih dana, kada se zadržao samo jedan manji broj koji i danas postoji u tom kraju. U ovom prilogu su obrađena prvo ona prezimena koja su nastala po nekom zanimanju kojim se, vjerovatno, ta porodica bavila, bilo da su bili trgovci, drvodjelje, zapovjednici kaštela, providuri i si. Takva prezimena su se sačuvala do našeg vremena i svjedoče o jednom razdoblju u kojem je došlo do miješanja i različitih jezičkih uticaja. Razmatrajući takvo stanje, možemo se približiti novim stadijima u kojima lakše možemo razabrati mehanizam i puteve tog lingvističkog procesa, da bismo na kraju došli do namjerno stvaranih dvojezičnih ili višejezičnih tvorevina što ih iziskuju terminološke i praktične potrebe savremene nauke. Jedno od veoma čestih prezimena je Butigan. Biitiga f. je trgovački termin i znači „prodavnica, dućan” , a dolazi od it. bottega f. Drugo, veoma često, prezime je Kaštelan, ali i Kaštelani, od it. cas telio m. „dvorac, kula” i castellano „gospodar dvorca, zapovjednik kaštela” . Novija posuđenica od lat. deminutiva na -elhts castellum > it. castello, od lat. castrum, potisnula je stariju sa a > o kostel, od koje se sačuvalo prezime Kostelnik. Od castellum je izvedenica na -anus it. castellano : kaštelan i kaštelan. Među prezimenima koja se odnose na neko zanimanje možemo spomenuti i Marangun što je siguran venecijanizam marangon, u značenju „stolar, drvodjelja” . Providur je takođe prezime koje možemo naći u Hercegovini, a dolazi od it. proweditore, mlet. provveđedor, u značenju „mletački visoki upravni činovnik, pokrajinski poglavar” . Još podosta hercegovačkih prezimena nastalo je na sličan način, a znače neko zanimanje, tako da proučavanje čitavog tog materijala zahtijeva izradu jedne poveće studije u kojoj bi mogla biti prezentiram sva navedena problematika. U ovom prilogu je obrađeno i nekoliko antroponima koji se odnose na neke osobine, odnosno mane čovjekove. Dosta često prezime je Manigoda i Manigodić, it. manigoldo „lupež, hulja” . Interesantno je i prezime Pinjuh, a pojavljuje se i Pinjuv i Pinjuf, a možemo ga dovesti u vezu sa pinjav „škrt”, it. pigna f. Ne tako često, ali ipak na ovom terenu zabilježeno je i prezime Spion, ven. spi im, m., it. spione m. „uhoda, špijun” . Od ostalih prezimena spomenuta su sljedeća: Fontana, it. fontana f. „česma, vodoskok” . Kapular, možemo dovesti u vezu sa kapula, što je dalmato-romanski relikt od lat. cepulla. Izgovor k za lat. c ispred e jasno pokazuje da je naziv preuzet od dalmatinskih Romana. Gustin, gäst m, od it. gusto < lat. gustus „ukus, apetit” . Marin, it. marina „mornarica , od lat. > it. ličnog imena Marinus. Musulin, it. mussola, mussolina f „vrsta tkanine” . Priganica, ven. fritola „uštipak”. Daleko bi nas odvelo proučavanje mnogobrojnih prezimena koja u sebi sadrže romanske elemente, a koja su utkana u hercegovačko tlo koje u sebi nosi i brojne leksičke, kao i fonetske elemente preuzete iz romanskih jezika. Spomenimo samo to da među romanskim posuđenicama u Hercegovini najbrojniju kategoriju čine imenice, što je sasvim razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da se one najlakše pozajmljuju, a njihov broj je u jeziku najveći. Navešćemo samo neke od najčešće upotrebljavanih imenica: Arija, bala, balàture, banak, bàül, borša, bronzin, gête, himbulja, Mice, kasëta, kàmostre, kàret, kStula, mrgïnj, mïda, pala, pašta, piSülj, pjàt, raša, sàket itd, Sve te posudenice iz susjednih apeninskih i balkanskih romanskih govora uklopile su se u srpskohrvatske dijalekte i obogatile naš jezik, koji time nije ništa izgubio od svoje izražajnosti. Sada vidimo da i hercegovački antroponimi nose pečat tog vremena, Što je sasvim razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da je istočnohercegovački dijalekt izbijao na morsku obalu i na jednom širokom području dolazio u dodir sa italijanskim jezikom i mletačkim dijalektom.