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Предварительные наблюдения над структурой и источниками луцкого варианта Измарагда

Author(s): Marina Vladimirovna Chistiakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2015

The Lutsk version of the Emerald was identified by Boris Pudalov [Пудалов 1996, 17]. This version of the main Emerald edition includes two copies dating back to the 16th–17 th centuries. One of them (item No. 33.12.11) is stored in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg, and the other one (item No. 1409) belongs to the Barsov’s collection stored in the State Russian Museum in Moscow. The assumption that Emerald No. Q.I.213 stored in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg belongs to the same group of texts was disproved by the structural analysis of the text. Emerald Bars. No. 1409 consists of 110 numbered and three non-numbered chapters; 70 of them come from the main Emerald edition. The structure of the version No. 33.12.11 is similar but not identical to Emerald Bars. No. 1409 on account of six chapters that are lacking and three new chapters that are added to the text. Bars. No. 1409 contains four texts of the oldest Emerald edition that are missing in the core sermons of the main edition. This means that the protograph of the Lutsk version contained more texts of the oldest Emerald edition than is commonly the case. The additional items (39 texts) were borrowed from the Menaeon and the Triodion reading collections. The novelty of the Lutsk version lies not only in its structure, but also in the text itself: most of the sermons have been newly edited.

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Древнейшая восточнославянская служба Перенесению мощей святителя Николая Мирликийского (9 мая) как переработка переводной службы Перенесению мощей апостола Варфоломея (24 августа)

Author(s): Sergey Yurievich Temchin / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2014

The author argues that the East Slavic liturgical service for the translation of the relics of St. Nicholas of Myra (9 May), which contains a Slavonic acrostic, is merely an adaptation of the Slavonic version of the Byzantine liturgical service for the translation of the relics of St. Bartholomew the Apostle (24 August), presumably composed by Joseph the Hymnographer. In the canon, no more than 6 troparia out of the total number of 28 are quite original compositions and do not depend on the above Byzantine model. Since the East Slavic service, like its Byzantine model, contains the minimum of stichera, it can be dated to the initial stage in the development of the Old East Slavic hymnography.

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Новые данные о родстве московской и кирилло-белозерской редакций Стишного пролога (сентябрь–ноябрь)

Author(s): Marina Vladimirovna Chistiakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2014

This study of the newly discovered manuscript from the Kirillo-Belozersky redaction of the Verse Prologue (Russian National Library, Kirillo-Belozersky collection 12.1251, XVI–XVII cc.) shows that the composition of the lives of the saints and sermons in the Moscow and Kirillo-Belozersky redactions for September are virtually identical. In comparison with the Moscow redaction, the Kirillo-Belozersky redaction contains several new homilies for October and several new homiletic texts for November, while systematically omitting many of the November sermons of the Moscow redaction. This leads to the conclusion that the idea of producing the Kirillo-Belozersky redaction gradually came into being in the course of copying the manuscript from the Moscow redaction.

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Ворожю кусты одного древнерусского поучения, или Семантический вес запятой

Author(s): Nikolaj P. Antropov / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2014

This paper analyses a fragment of an Old Russian homily from a Corpus of Homilies dating back to 1491. It comprises a word combination “ворожю кусты”, which Alexei Sobolevsky, the first researcher of the text, had separated by a comma, causing a misin terpretation of the fragment. It has been determined that the lexeme кусты found in the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle is unrelated to the one found in the homily. Therefore, this lexeme could be replacing what originally was куксы, appearing as a result of creative copying.

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Mежславянские семантические заимствования в русском приказном языке ХVII века

Author(s): Liudmila Pavlovna Garbul / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2014

The article examines the history of the following words found in the MXVIIth-cen. Muscovite diplomatic correspondence: verne ‘devoted (to), faithfully’, vol(’)no ‘one may, one is allowed’, gruda ‘frozen clod on the road’, dokonati ‘realize, carry out; fulfill, put into practice’, zaživati ‘use, employ’, zamykati ‘complete, conclude (about speech, text)’, zaperetisja ‘deny, refuse to admit; keep one’s mouth shut’. The author shows that these words, in the meanings provided here, are cross-Slavic calques in the Russian written language of the XVIIth. The author argues that these specific meanings of verne, gruda, dokonati, zamykati, and zaperetisja are most likely calques from Polish, and vol(’)no, zaživati in the examined sense are probably semantic calques from the written language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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Словенский язык и словенская национальная, региональная и локальная идентичность

Author(s): Danila Zuljan Kumar / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2014

Language constitutes an important part of identity; therefore, a definite relationship can be established between the stages of development of the national language and forms of identity. The formation and development of the Slovenian national language, starting in the late seventeenth century, during the period of National Awakening, and of Slovenian national identity can be divided into six stages or periods, all of which saw the social functions of the Slovenian language change. In the 1990’s, emphasis on Slovenian national identity reached its peak, at the same time that the effects of globalization became noticeable in Slovenia, increasing the attention of the Slovenians to their regional and local particularities and the diversity of their local dialects. The article focuses on the different forms of national, local and regional identities that have emerged during this period in Slovenia.

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O текстологии рукописных китабов литовских татар: легенда Мирадж

Author(s): Galina Miškinienė / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2013

In the initial period of the Lithuanian Tatar Kitab study, there prevailed the opinion that these Slavic manuscripts of the Muslim content, written in Arabic script, contain texts which are being repeated from one manuscript to another. When the number of Kitabs was transliterated, scientists became convinced in the opposite: the significant part of texts was unique and was not found in other catalogues. Only several manuscript collections could be named as being identical in their composition (however, this topic demands an individual study). The textual study of Tatar manuscripts became attainable after the publication of the “A Catalogue of Lithuanian Tatar Manuscripts Written in Arabic Script,” where attention was focused on the description of the content of these written monuments (rather than graphic-orthographic features). It had rarely been done before in specific works on kitabistics. The classical method of textual criticism, which assumes to identify various lists of the same piece and then to compare their content and linguistic expression, to the texts of the Tatar Kitab for the first time was used in this topic. The Miraj legend was chosen as the matter. This legend used to be very popular among Lithuanian Tatars. The legend was attainable for us in eight catalogs. The report consistently presents the origin of manuscripts, the textual environment of the legend in different manuscripts, the structure of the legend, and analysis of the text. In this phase of the study, we are going to focus only on the Slavic part of the legend (i.e. the interlinear translation). In the future, we plan to analyze the old Ottoman part.

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Из истории становления словацкого литературного языка: кодификация А. Бернолака и формирование нормы в текстах бернолаковцев А. Руднаи и Ф. К. Габела

Author(s): Konstantin V. Lifanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2011

This paper deals with Bernolák’s codification in comparison with the real form of Bernolák’s literary language presented in sermons of the Hungarian Cardinal A. Rudnay and translation of the religious treatise from German by Fr. X. Habel. This comparison shows that in real practice Bernolák’s language changed its character, coming nearer to norm of traditional Slovak writing. As a result typical elements, the most widespread in a West Slovak dialect or characterizing peripheral the Záhorie dialect of West Slovakia and the Czech language, forced out the elements concentrated in the Central Slovak dialect. The found out phenomena testifies that the norm essentially different from codification was formed in Bernolák‘s language.

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К вопросу о формировании польскиx говоров в Литве: полемика вокруг Г. Турской

Author(s): Viktorija Ušinskienė / Language(s): Russian Issue: -/2016

One of the most controversial problems in Polish historical dialectology is the ques¬tion of the genesis of the Polish language in the North-East Borderland of Poland, i.e., the variety of the Polish language which has developed in the former territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). Some important aspects of the evolution of this language – first of all – its dialectical substrate and the chronology of the development of its different variants, have still not received an unambiguous interpretation, and this has inspired fur¬ther scientific research. The article deals with the systematization of the main approaches to the chronology of the formation of Polish dialects in Lithuania. It includes a system¬ic survey of the concepts made by important researchers of the Polish language of the borderland, such as K. Nitsch, H. Turska, J. Rieger, I. Grek-Pabisowa, I. Maryniakowa, V. Chekmonas and others. Historical circumstances in the GDL created a special relationship between the local Polish subdialects and the standard (cultural) dialect. Within the conditions of the autoch¬thonic development of the language, its official sub-system is formed on the basis of the dialects, while we can observe the reverse process in Lithuania, as the Polish standard dialect was formed there much earlier than the rural dialects. The areas of the Polish rural subdialects had been formed in the GDL around the second half of the 19th century as a result of the gradual polonization of the Lithuanian and Belarusian countryside. The at¬tempts of several scholars to shift the time of their formation to an earlier period of time, namely to the 16th-18th centuries, seem to be insufficiently convincing.

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ILGŲJŲ IR TRUMPŲJŲ NAUDININKO FORMŲ VARTOJIMO XVI A. LDK REFORMATŲ LIETUVIŠKUOSE RAŠTUOSE SANTYKIS

Author(s): Kęstutis Dambrauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 11/2017

The morphological features of Old Lithuanian texts have been explored by numerous linguists, however, the archaic dative forms have received much less attention. The aim of this article is to discuss the ratio of the use of short and long forms of dative in the Catechism by Merkelis Petkevičiaus (PC) and the Jokūbas Morkūnas Postilla (MP). The data comes from the PC as well as from the first 100 pages of the MP's Part I and Part III. The paper uses descriptive and comparative methods. The results show that short dative singular and plural forms dominate in the PC. Most of the long (archaic) dative forms were found in the MP's Part III. The ratio of the use of the short and long forms of dative is similar in the MP's Part I. The plural form of long dative is mostly used in the PC and the MP's Part I. The ratio of the use of singular and plural dative forms is similar in the MP's Part III. Dative singular short forms were more frequent than the long ones in the PC and the MP's Part I. The latter long dative forms were similarly used in the MP's Part III. Dative singular short forms with the ending -u are much more frequently used in the MP's Part III than in the MP's Part I and the PC. The results of the study confirm that the PC, the MP's Part I and Part III were translated by different translators.

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M. PETKEVIČIAUS KATEKIZMO (1598) SKOLINIAI: NEAIŠKIOS KILMĖS SLAVIZMAI

Author(s): Anželika Smetonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 11/2017

There are only few studies on lexis of catechism of M. Petkevičius (PK) (1598), even if this is the second book in Lithuanian language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the first hymnal in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. J. Kruopas concluded vocabulary of this catechism and noted it's loanwords, however, an origin of these words has not been explained. Also, there is no list of equivalents of these borrowed words in Slavic languages, because aim of J. Kruopa's work wasn't to determinate origin of loanwords. The object of this article is Slavic loanwords in the PK, the aim – to specify and to list Slavisms of unknown origin and their equivalents in the Slavic languages. To achieve the aim the following objectives were set: to collect all borrowed words and Slavic stem words from the selected text; to determinate criteria, that can indicate origin of Slavisms, and to classify Slavisms depending on their origin. In total separate 410 Slavic stem lexemes were found in the catechism of M. Petkevičius. After all these lexemes were generalized (e. g. only forms without prefixes are presented), 344 words left: 30 revealed itself to be hybrids, 149 – Slavisms of unknown origin. It only confirms once again that sometimes it is not possible to determine the path of Slavisms into Lithuanian language due to the similarity of the Slavic languages, and therefore it is possible only to give chronologically accurate equivalents of the loanwords of the PK in the Old Russian, Ruthenian and Polish languages.

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LIETUVIŲ RAŠTIJOS VEIKSMAŽODŽIŲ DARYBA: INTARPINIAI IR STA KAMIENO ANTIKAUZATYVAI

Author(s): Dalia Pakalniškienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

The article presents the analysis of infixed and sta-stem verbs opposed to ia-stem verbs attested in the old Lithuanian scripts, investigating the opposition causative/anticausative. The research has shown that this morphosemantic opposition was amply testified in the earliest Lithuanian written sources – 59 correlations of this type were recorded in total. More than 50 percent of the equivalents of the oppositions attested exist in the Latvian language as well. This suggests that the causative/anticausative formation belongs to the Eastern Baltic period, and has been crucial to the productivity of the class of infixed and sta-stem verbs. Although not so abundant, the correspondences of the oppositions found in the Slavic and Germanic languages presuppose an even earlier chronology of decausation. The regularity of the semantics and formal structure of the oppositions allow the relations of the opposites to be treated as derivative. This is particularly true in the case of the abundant reflexes of “complex-root” oppositions such as CeRC/CiRC. The abundance of non-present and prefixed forms of the analysed verbs testifies to the specificity of this flexional class in terms of actionality: inchoative, completive, limitative or punctual meaning realised by corresponding prefixes was important for the development of the morphosemantic uniformity of decausatives and has inspired new patterns of word formation, the durative/terminative opposition and the derivation of the denominatives in particular. The study of the causative/anticausative verbal opposition in the old Lithuanian scripts is significant for the history of Lithuanian infixed and sta-stem verbs and for a typological linguistic research.

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VEIKSMAŽODŽIO EITI KONSTRUKCIJOS XVI A. LIETUVIŲ KALBOS RAŠTUOSE

Author(s): Agnė Lisauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

This research investigates the semantics and the structure of the constructions with the verb eiti ‘to go’ extracted from the old Lithuanian written texts, dating back to the 16th century. It aims to examine the meanings and the structure of the constructions that contain the motion verb eiti ‘to go’ within their structure. There is a considerable body of research investigating various aspects of motion verbs in different languages of the world, including Lithuanian. However, no studies have so far targeted constructions with the verb eiti ‘to go’, found in the 16th century Lithuanian writings. The present study is based on the qualitative content analysis, quantitative analysis, and frame semantics methodology. The concordances of the Lithuanian texts have been filtered out from the Database of Old Writings digitalised by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. The examples were taken from Martynas Mažvydas’ Katekizmas (MžK) and Forma krikštymo (MžF), Jonas Bretkūnas’ Biblija (BB), Giesmės Duchaunos (BG), Kancionalas (BKa) and Kolektos (BKo), Mikalojus Daukša’s Katekizmas (DK) and Postilė (DP). The frames of Motion, State, Law, Eternity, Service, Opposition, Law, etc., evoked by the selected constructions, were examined using the frame semantics (FrameNet Project). The research has shown that the current constructions with the motion verb eiti ‘to go’ can form the core of the mentioned frames. The observation that has emerged from this analysis is that some meanings of the analysed constructions are conserved in the current Lithuanian language while others have already disappeared. This work could be useful for historical linguists.

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BUNJEVAČKI DIJALEKAT ZALEĐA SENJSKOG S OSOBITIM OBZIROM NA NAGLAS

Author(s): Grga Tomljenović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1984

Diese Arbeit stellt eine interessante dialektologische Studie dar, welche zum erstenmal im »Nastavni vjesnik« XIX/1911 herausgegeben wurde. Darin hat der Autor die wesentlichen Merkmale einer neustokavischen Mundart verzeichnet und ihre Akzentuation ausftihrlich beschrieben. Seine Auffassungen sind nicht gänzlich in Übereinstimmung mit denen von Vuk und Daničić. Er betont dass die Frage der neustokavischen dialektalen Akzentologie zu seiner Zeit vernachlässigt wurde, in erster Linie wegen der Reputation von Vuk und Daničić, die so gross war, dass niemand ihre Ansichten widerlegen wollte. Grga Tomljenović hat mit dieser Arbeit einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Problematik der mundart]ichen Akzentuation gegeben.

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Грамматическая информация в русско-немецких и немецко-русских словарях, созданных в Германии в XIX веке

Author(s): Laysan Islamovna Akhmetsagirova,Luiza Ilgizovna Gimatova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4-5/2021

The paper presents the results of a study of the grammatical information provided in the Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries compiled in Germany during the 19th century. In the course of the comparative research, we studied the bilingual Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries for the extent of elaboration and presentation of symbolic and factual paradigmatic characteristics, as well as syntagmatic information. A relationship between the dictionary type and the quality/quantity of grammatical information was found. Numerous examples proving that grammatical information in the pocket dictionaries is least elaborated were provided. For the complete and manual dictionaries, a tendency to an increase in the quality/quantity of their characteristics was noted. It was also demonstrated that the grammatical information for the Russian items of the Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries is slightly more elaborated than for the German ones, thereby indicating that the main target audience of these dictionaries was still German-speaking users. Based on the results of our research, it was concluded that all the studied dictionaries show certain features in their structures. Therefore, special works devoted to the study of each dictionary separately are of scientific interest. Such works may be helpful in identifying the lexicographic value of the dictionaries, as well as the contribution made by their authors to the development of the Russian-German and German-Russian lexicography.

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African elements (Africanisms) in modern American English

Author(s): Elnara Putayeva / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2021

The article deals with the influence of words of African origin on the formation of American English [AE] word stock. It provides new interpretation of Africanisms and shows the significance of this part of vocabulary in determining the characteristics of the American culture. The investigation is based on the existing sources (mainly lexicographic works) and is aimed at their new structural and functional analysis. As a result of the research, it became clear that most of the words of African origin were introduced to English spoken in America in the 17th century and some in the 18th and 19th centuries. The number of words and expressions from African languages that were introduced was closely related to African Americans’ way of living, their spiritual believes, rituals and attitudes and various objects used by them such as weapons. The word stock of the English language was enriched due to the assimilation of loanwords from languages of Africans living in America. A significant contribution to AE is the great amount of words naming animals, fruit, foodstuff, names of states, rivers and lakes, cities and towns.

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YUSUF HAKÎKÎ BABA’NIN MAHABBETNÂMESİ VE DİL ÖZELLİKLERİ

Author(s): Murat ALTUĞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 22/2021

Language researchers generally name the literary language used primarily on Anatolian geography between the 13th and 15th centuries as Old Anatolian Turkish. Many works were written during this period when the Turkish spoken in Turkey emerged. One of them is the Mahabbetnâme, the religious-mystical work of Yusuf Hakîkî Baba. Yusuf Hakiki is a Sufi poet and writer who lived in Aksaray in the 15th century. Mahabbetnâme is a work that appears with its unique aspects besides the skillful handling of religious-mystical subjects and the features appropriate for the general grammatical structure of the period. In this study, the work was examined in terms of grammar features with a descriptive method and the grammatical rules of the work were tried to be revealed with examples and paid attention to its similarities and differences with the Turkish spoken in Turkey at present. Many works naturally have the characteristics of the period in which they were written. For this reason, although having similarities with other works of the period, each work has its specific characteristics. Mahabbetnâme is a work that has the features of its period and itself as well. This study examined Yusuf Hakîkî Baba's Mahabbetnâme in terms of sound and morphology, and the aspects of the work fit the characteristics of the period, and the different aspects of the work were tried to be revealed.

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GRAMATYKA JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JANA OTRĘBSKIEGO

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GRAMATYKA JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JANA OTRĘBSKIEGO

Author(s): Katarzyna Jasińska,Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

This paper describes a forgotten historical grammar book of Polish, which was published in the form of a multiplied typescript as a compilation of notes from the lectures delivered by Jan Otrębski at the Stefan Batory University of Vilnius in the 1930s. The notes were compiled by Otrębski’s student, Józef Trypućko. The study was published in 1933 and 1934 in two parts: one and three. Part two probably remained in the form of a manuscript. In the opinion of the authors, the study, although incomplete, provides an insight in the content of Otrębski’s lectures and the teaching of the historical grammar of Polish in Vilnius in the 1930s. It presents also the scholar’s innovative hypotheses, which cannot be found in the historical grammar books of that time.

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ETNOGRAFIA E TË FOLMES SË REKËS SË EPËRME

Author(s): Mustafa Bukurije / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 1/2020

The semantic meaning of the lexemes of ethnoculture in linguistics, takes the values of the indicator, which appears not only as a denominator, but also in a wider function, in the sphere of the so-called ethnosemantic or in the “cultural meaning”, which is also treated in the anthropology of language or the ethnography of speech. Based on this premise, the lexemes of ethnoculture within themselves point to the many aspects not only of language and of dialect, but also that of culture, and from this point of view becomes an issue of interest within the popular taxonomy. This taxonomy of the peoples language is broad in terms of the use of lexemes through which are revealed worldviews, religious and cultural concepts of a people. In this context, the topic focuses on the area of ethnology and its relationship with language. The aim is to analyze the religious and cultural aspects, how they affect the semantic plane of certain lexemes focusing directly on the dialect of Reka e Epërme (Upper Reka) and other areas where they have moved. The different religions, Orthodox and Muslim, should be taken into account. They affect language and lexicon and also testify to the common roots and the transmitted heritage material as well as spiritual. Having no intention to turn to the interpretations from the majority of Slavic scientific opinion, it is important to keep in mind that this region and its dialect has been the subject of various speculations. The idea is however to record these ethnolexemes, especially those used by the Orthodox in Northern Macedonia because otherwise, they will pass into the lost lexicon.

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Језичко-стилске особине Слова о птицама из Фисиолога у три српска преписа (на примеру Слова о орлу и о ждралу)

Author(s): Milan Subotić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 52/2021

The main subject of this paper is the medieval piece of work Physiologus, a kind of didactic writing, written in the manner of narrative prose. It consists of the stories about animals with a moral at the end. Although it belongs to the profane literature, it has religious connotations as well. This work is translated from Greek. It was very popular among Serbs in the Middle Ages, which can be assumed on the basis of great number of preserved transcripts of this work. This paper examines the language (at all levels) of two stories, the one about an eagle and other about a crane, in three different transcripts: the Nikoljac manuscript no. 52 (N 52), the National Library of Serbia manuscript no. 53 (NBS 38) and the Museum of Serbian Orthodox Church manuscript no 100 (MSPC 100). The manuscripts differ in time (from the 15th to the 17th century) and place of the origin (east, south and west part of Stokavian). The main goal of this paper is to find out, on the basis of the philological analysis; in what style these texts were written and whether there are variations in the transcripts in this respect.

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