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The article shows examples of prepositional uses of negative pronouns and adverbs from the Bulgarian dialects in the East Rhodopes. In these examples, the archaic Old Bulgarian word order is preserved, and the negative particle не is placed before the preposition in the oblique cases. This shows that the phenomenon has not disappeared from the above-mentioned dialectal region.
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The object in this study is the Dictionarium Latino-Epiroticum by Franciscus Blanchus (Romas 1635; ed. Demiraj 2008), with focus on its reception in the early Italian-Arbëresh literacy of the XVIIIth century. After we first managed to isolate a source text with Albanian proverbs (Blanchus 1635 207-217) in the critical edition of the inherited manuscript by Nicolo Chetta (ed. Mandala 2004 217-220), we went deeper into issues of reception, copying and adaptation of the source text, both in the original manuscript and in its critical edition. The results of this investigation arouse our interest in studying the lexicographic material of Chetta that has meanwhile seen the light of publication. (Lexico liti kthjellë arbrisht, ms. 1767; ed. Cerniglia 2008). Through this material we learned about the in-depth utilization of the lexical material of Blanchus dictionary by Chetta, who in the first phase of his intellectual activity was preparing to move to Albania by the Catholic-Eastern mission of Himara. We hope that these results, based on the empirical study of the linguistic material at our disposal, will convey a good experience for similar studies of philological-textual nature in the heritage of the early Albanian Literacy.
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This paper focuses on the description of the text connectives in the work of Pjetër Bogdani “Cuneus Prophetarum” in a comparative approach with Pjetër Budi’s work “Doctrina Christiana”. The aim of this study is to analyze some diachronic changes of the additive text connectives from the 17th century, as documented in the work of Bogdani “Cuneus Prophetarum” (1685) and Budi “Doctrina Christiana” (1618), in comparison with the additive connectives used in the modern Standard Albanian. This analysis reveals that in the work of Bogdani “Cuneus Prophetarum” there is a wide use of additive connectives, some of which are used in the same way to the present days. The conjunctions used as additive text connectives used in both works of Bogdani and Budi are: e (and), ende (and). The additive connective with the highest density in the old texts of Albanian is the conjunction e (and). Other additive connectives documented in these works of the 17th century are: ashtu ende (as well), ma para... e dyjta (first... second) etc. Some of these connectives are documented only in “Cuneus prophetarum”: kështu ende (as well), aqa ma tepërë (furthermore), po ashtu (as well) etc. Some additive connectives that are frequently used in the Standard Albanian in present days: bile (even), madje (even), gjithashtu (also), krahas kësaj (beside this), veç kësaj (beside this) are not documented in the old Albanian texts.
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Në 17 shkurt 2019 ndërroi jetë gjuhëtari i shquar dhe albanologu më i madh amerikan Eric Hamp. Ai ishte një studiues i njohur ndërkombëtarisht në fushën e gjuhësisë krahasuese-historike, me interes të veçantë në gjuhët më pak të studiuara ku gjuha shqipe me degët e saj të diasporës arbëreshe dhe arvanitase zinte një vend të nderuar. Interesat e tij studimore shtriheshin nga indoeuropianistika, te ballkanologjia, albanologjia, keltologjia, romanistika, sllavistika, armenishtja e deri te gjuhët vendase të Amerikës. Në studimin e gjuhëve atë e shquante kërkimi në terren për të mbledhur lëndën e tyre.
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A method of discursive analysis of ar-chival official texts offers a comprehensive view ofhistorical material, much more in-depth than sty-listic analyses. The subject of this description arePolish-language official records created in Upper Sile-sia between the 16th and 18th centuries, illustratinga certain stage of the formation of institutional legaldiscourse, present in the Polish communicative spacesince the Middle Ages. The surviving collections rep-resent various types of discourse, determined by theintentions of the people approaching the office andby the role assumed by the institutional entity bothin a specific event and in the formulation of a legalwritten document. The article outlines the two mostcommon discourses in the collections studied: 1. thechancery discourse, that was aimed to produce docu-mentation that would ensure the approaching partiesthe right to dispose of property in accordance withthe established agreements and financial transaction;2. the judicial discourse, that involved resolving dis-putes between community members and ensuringpublic order. The written forms documenting theactions of the court served a mainly informative andreporting function, and their role was extremely im-portant in the current legal system, as they formedthe basis for possible appeal proceedings.
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This paper provides the first-of-its-kind overview of manuscripts and Cyrillic editions collected by a literary critic Andrei Donatovich Sinyavsky (1925–1997) in the Russian North in the 1950s and 1960s and deposited in2023 at the National Museum of the Republic of Karelia. The collection includes 42 items of storage: manuscripts of the XVIII–XX centuries and printed books of the XVII–XX centuries. Of particular value is the compilation that includes manuscripts of the Vyg literary school written by Vyg scribes. The collections of texts by wandering Old Believers of the turn of the XX century containing polemical works by Andrei Alexandrovich Nadezhdin, Vasily Gavrilov, RomanLoginov, Ivan Vasiliev (monk Benedikt) and other works are analyzed. The printed editions of Sinyavsky’s collection are represented by the editions of the Moscow Printing Yard, the Moscow Synodal Printing House, and the printing houses of Western Russia (Kiev, Chernihiv, Lviv) and the Old Believers (Grodno, Suprasl, Klintsy, Pochaev, Moscow),with emphasis placed on particularly rare editions. Information about the history of the books is extracted from the owner’s and reader’s records, with some of facts presented in the article. The relevance of the research is due to the need to introduce information about unknown handwritten sources into scientific circulation and the close interest of modern archaeographers in Northern Russian literature.
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In this essay we took in consideration issues of the Albanian language book history and of a knowing prospective of it in the context of the concrete Europian developments of XVI and XVII century. Samples of ecclesiastic books, that were written and spread widely, before and after Council of Trent (1545-1563, found afterlight in the thematic aspect in concrete texts and in certain works of ancient Albanian literature, part of them shows contiguity with thematic publications of the second half of XVI century and the first decades of XVII century. Through the recognition of the ecclestiastic books editions that were predestined for a daily praxis of lithurgy, we can distinguish coincidences and differences, especially in the texts contained in the acts of ancient Albanian literature, including those of Gjon Buzuku’s book, known for the content’s complexity and for the lack of concrete data that could lead closer to the compiler and to his editors. The history of Albanian scripture could be enriched substantially through tracking in a panoramic framework, including not a few tipographs and editors that have had an apogee (heyday) and a more specialized orientation of their editorial activity in the XVI-XVII centuries. Actors of a cultural environment, enriched significantly owing to typography technology, typographs, publishers and editors remain important factors of the developments that took place in this period of time.
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Në këtë punim do të prezantojmë disa rezultate të një pune ende në vijim mbi disa tekste të traditës islame, të shkruara me alfabet grek nga autorë bektashianë. Dukuria meriton një vëmendje specifike për shkak se përbën një shembull të pa marrë parasysh sa duhet (përveç përpjekjeve tona) në studimet mbi traditën letrare dhe shkrimore të lëvruar nga autorët myslimanë shqiptarë, përkatësisht shkrimin e teksteve shqipe me përmbajtje fetare islame të prodhuara në gjysmën e dytë të shek. XIX, duke përdorur një alfabet tjetër nga ai arab. Këtë dukuri në kontekstin e letrave shqipe kemi pasur rastin ta shqyrtojmë edhe më parë, por duke u mbështetur kryesisht në një burim të vetëm, i cili është në fakt edhe një prej shembujve më interesantë, për shkak se tekstet që përmban janë shkruar duke përdorur si alfabetin arab, ashtu edhe atë grek. Në këtë artikull do të paraqesim përfundimet që janë arritur duke shfrytëzuar kryesisht gjashtë dorëshkrime me alfabet grek (ku përfshihet edhe dorëshkrimi i sipërpërmendur i shkruar me alfabet arab dhe grek) të autorëve/shkruesve bektashinj të Jugut të Shqipërisë, tekste të cilat përbëjnë edhe korpusin kryesor të materialeve të këtij lloji që njihen nga ana jonë. Në fillim do të bëhet një prezantim i materialit duke paraqitur të dhënat që kemi arritur të nxjerrim rreth autorëve/shkruesve, kohës dhe vendit të shkrimit. Në vijim do të bëhet një pasqyrë e përmbajtjes së dorëshkrimeve dhe e marrëdhënieve të mundshme të teksteve, duke u munduar të nxjerrim në pah edhe disa ngjashmëri dhe ndryshime mes materialeve në fjalë. Në pjesën e fundit do të bëhet një vlerësim rreth kushteve sociale dhe kulturore që kanë mundësuar lindjen e një praktike të tillë shkrimore/letrare dhe rreth vendit që duhet të ketë zënë kjo dukuri në hapësirën e letërsisë dhe të letrave shqipe të shek. XIX, sidomos në kontekstin e traditës letrare islame.
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Siç pohon vetë në parashtresën e raportit të tij paraprak, i ngarkuar nga Komisioni Ballkanik i Akademisë Perandorake të Shkencave të perandorisë Austro-Hungareze, më 1901 Pekmezi ndërmerr udhëtimin e tij për të qëndruar për një periudhë tremujore në Elbasan, me qëllim studimin e së folmes së këtij qyteti. Ndonëse ai vetë nuk parashtron se në çfarë rrafshi do të kryhej ky studim, se çfarë rrugësh e mjetesh parashikonte të ndiqte për realizimin e tij, n i s u r nga vetë raporti arrihet të përcaktohet dhe të hidhet dritë si për sa i takon gjerësisë së objektit të punës së tij, apo për aspekte të ndryshme të metodës së ndjekur, ashtu dhe për nivelin e analizës gjuhësore dhe të argumentimit të hipotezave të caktuara prej tij. Ndryshe nga sa mund të orientojë e sugjerojë vetë titullimi i raportit, si studim i së folmes së Elbasanit, materiali nuk është një studim i thjeshtë përshkrues gjuhësor nën lupën e dialektologut, siç do të ishte e pritshme, por një gërshetim i punës së gjuhëtarit me atë të filologut, e deri diku edhe të sociolinguistit. Ndonëse këto tri aspekte të punës së tij nuk zënë të njëjtën peshë në studim, përsëri, duke marrë parasysh objektin e punës, kohën e shkurtër, burimet dhe materialet në dispozicion, mund të pohohet se Pekmezi, një student i diplomuar jo më larg se para dy vitesh për filozofi e filologji në Universitetin e Vjenës, arrin të shpalosë me kompetencë të plotë si zotërimin e dijeve përkatëse, po ashtu edhe aftësinë për analiza tepër të sakta në të tria drejtimet: gjuhësor, filologjik e sociolinguistik. Gjithsesi, duhet theksuar se vërejtjet e tij të natyrës sociolinguistike janë në plotësim dhe mbështetje të vrojtimeve dhe analizave të tij gjuhësore.
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In the present article the author puts forward some results of an ongoing work on some manuscripts in Albanian, Greek, Turkish and Arabic religious texts written in Greek script by Albanian Bektashi authors. The focus of the study are the Albanian texts of the manuscripts, as part of the Albanian literature of the Islamic tradition. This scribal practice of using the Greek script for Islamic texts at the first wight represents an “aberration” as it “violates” the accepted formula of ‘religion-script relation’ in the Ottoman literary context, according to which a Muslim writer/author, used only the Arabic script, and this was the case particularly for the Islamic religious texts. The phenomenon deserves a specific attention because it constitutes examples of the scribal practices not considered sufficiently (except in the work of the present author) in studies on the literary and writing tradition of Albanian Muslim authors, namely the writing of Albanian texts with Islamic religious content produced in the second half of the 19th century, using a script other than Arabic. The phenomenon has been studied previously relying mainly on a single source, which constitutes also the most interesting example known to date, as its texts are written using both Greek and Arabic script. This article presents some of the conclusions reached mainly from the study on six Albanian Bektashi manuscripts in Greek script (as well as the mentioned manuscript in Greek and Arabic script) of some Bektashi authors/scribes from South of Albania. For a better understanding of the place and the importance of our manuscripts, and more particularly of the Albanian texts they contain, for the history of the Albanian literature, the following matters are considered: 1. In the first part the article gives an overview of the problems related to the study of the Albanian texts of the Islamic tradition of the Ottoman period, such as: a. the terminology used for Albanian literature of the Islamic tradition and its place within the history of the Albanian literature; b. the question of the Albanian Bektashi literature as part of Albanian literature of the Islamic tradition; c. the issue of periodization and classification of the literature of the Bektashi tradition; d. the writing practices of Muslim Albanians. 2. In the second part, there is a presentation of Bektashi manuscripts with Greek writing written by Albanian Bektashi and the more specific problems related to them. At the beginning, an assessment is made about the social and cultural conditions that have enabled the birth of such a writing/literary practice and about the place that this phenomenon should have occupied in the space of literature and Albanian letters of the century. XIX, especially in the context of the Islamic literary tradition. Then some data on the time, place, authors, and content of the manuscripts are presented. Attention is also paid to the possible relation between the texts, trying to highlight some similarities and differences between the literary material in question. The study reached so far, the following conclusions: The use of Greek script for the writing Islamic religious texts by the Albanian Bektashis is far from being a sporadic case. As a matter of fact, it constitutes a phenomenon. This phenomenon was related to the cultural, religious, and educational processes that took place during the Ottoman period, in a much wider context than the Albanian one. At the current stage, we do not have enough data to definitively determine the time and area, as well as the volume of Albanian texts and literary works of the Islamic tradition that were written according to this scheme. The phenomenon in question, in its complexity, needs further investigations. On the other hand, it makes necessary a new approach to the history of Albanian literature in general, and to the Albanian literature of the Islamic tradition in particular.
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Review of: Jozef TANCER, Im Schatten Wiens. Zur deutschsprachigen Presse und Literatur im Pressburg des 18. Jahrhunderts, Bremen: Ed. Lumière, 2008.
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Analytical subordinate complex sentence structures in the language of Azerbaijani folklore materials were discussed in the article. It was noted that the essence and content of our folklore is expressed through sentence structures. One of these sentence structures is complex sentences. Complex sentences are sentence structures formed by the combination of two or more sentences through semantic and grammatical subordination. Analytical complex sentences are one of the types of complex sentences according to the connecting means of the components. In analytical complex sentences, the clause is connected to the main sentences with subordinating conjunctions, connecting words and particles. In the article, the components found in the language of folklore materials are analyzed in the analytic complex sentences., which are connected with subordinating conjunctions, connecting words and particles. As a result of the research, it was noted that as in our written literary language, in the language of folklore materials, analytical complex sentence structures were used. The study of these sentence structures will provide rich material for the historical syntax, and will play the role of a source in uncovering the ancient traces of our oral literary language.
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Many terms denoting women in German have undergone a diachronic process of pejoration. While Keller (1995) argues that this is due to polite speech regarding women, leading to an excessive use of higher ‚woman‘-terms and a subsequent devaluation, Nübling (2011) sees the cause in a societal depreciation of women which is mirrored in language. This paper investigates this semantic change by analyzing historical dictionaries with regard to two aspects: Firstly, whether men and women are evaluated more positively or more negatively in example sentences, and secondly, how the meaning components of social standing and evaluation of the lexemes have changed. The topic of politeness is addressed by dictionary authors, especially in the 18th century, with regard to which terms are appropriate to use for which group(s) of men and women. While women tend to be evaluated more negatively in language examples, for certain lexemes politeness does seem to play a role in the fading of their ‘high social status’ meaning.
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Galat refers to the words or groups of words that arise as a result of the incorporation of words borrowed from foreign languages into the language by undergoing changes in sound, form and meaning. With this feature, galat are related to all sub-branches of grammar, especially vocabulary. In Turkish vocabulary, in addition to the words of Arabic and Persian origin that entered Turkish with the adoption of Islam, many words from Western languages penetrated into the language; as a result of the changes these words underwent, it is seen that many galat words emerged. Galat, which is expressed as “wrong”, “erroneous”, “defective” utterances, were initially the subject of various works written by scholars; later on, independent works such as galat dictionaries etc. were written on this subject. In these works, many animate and inanimate names, person names, tribe names, place names, various verbs, etc. were discussed. One of the categories mentioned in galat dictionaries is plant names. In this study, the plant names evaluated in the galat dictionaries written in the Ottoman period were identified, and they were discussed with their forms in different dictionaries as well as galat dictionaries. During the analysis, the usage of the words in the historical periods of Turkish written language was also utilized.
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Based on archival material and the processing of the indicated literature on language and education, this paper historiographically, analytically, and critically deals with the sociolinguistic aspects, and key issues regarding the status of the mother tongue and domestic schooling in the social order built during the Bosnian Vilayet. Education in the period of the Bosnian Vilayet is particularly important to study in the domain of the entire history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in the context of the opening of the Vilayet Printing House and the intensification of the Bosnian writing in general, and especially considering that at that time the Systemic Education Reform was carried out within Ottoman administration. Also, in the middle of the 19th century, during the Bosnian Vilayet, live processes of Serbian and Croatian nationalization appeared on Bosnian soil, which gave additional importance to the study of language and education from a sociolinguistic point of view.
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Church Slavonic manuscripts of Macedonian origin created in medieval Macedonian churches and monasteries are of particular importance for the history of Macedonian literacy and for Slavic science in general. Slavic parchment manuscripts with their archaic nature, language peculiarities and diverse content represent a rich Macedonian manuscript heritage. The Zograph Gospel is an ancient Macedonian manuscript with an extremely significant cultural movable and immovable Macedonian heritage, as it is one of the oldest preserved monuments of culture that originates from the Xth or the beginning of the XIth century and is written in the verb script, the original script in which they created the holy brothers St. Cyril and St. Methodius. In our essay, we paid attention to some of the orthographic-phonological peculiarities in original excerpted examples with a contextual display of the verb/Cyrillic script, which represents the beginning of this type of study in Macedonian Slavic studies.
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After the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, which stood as the defender of Orthodoxy, the tsarist administration saw the Orthodox Church as a useful tool to speed up the Russification process. At the beginning of the 19th century, under Gavriil Bănulescu-Bodoni and Dimitrie Sulima, it was the Romanian language that was mainly used in officiating the divine service, the publication of religious books and in the education of the clergy. In the second half of the 19th century, a process of rapid Russification was registered, eventually leading to the emergence of neo-Protestant communities. The main purpose of the study, carried out on the basis of factual material from the Chisinau Diocesan Gazette (“Kishinevskie Eparhial’nye Vedomosti”), is to highlight the language politics pursued by the tsarist administration through the Orthodox Church on the territory of Bessarabia.
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The Serbo-Croatian ethnic group located in the mountainous region of Banat represents a model for preserving the ethnic being in a new and, somewhat, hostile environment. Historically, this enclave is the consequence of three colonizations in three different historical stages, settling in seven villages, with the administrative and cultural center of the town of Carașova. From a linguistic perspective, the language of the inhabitants is not unitary, since there is a different dialect for each village. In terms of the number of inhabitants, there is a decrease in the population, a problem that has been identified since the period between the two world wars.
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“Praise of the Desert” (“De laude eremi”) is one of the works of Eucherius of Lugdun (present-day Lyon, France) († ca. 450), in which there are many motifs, intriguing for researchers of early Latin Christian literature on the one hand, and for scholars of theology from this period on the other hand. The work of Eucherius is at once a letter, a eulogy, and a Christian sermon. The subject of this study are the literary means of praise, as well as the ascetic ideas in it and the way of their expression, with an answer being sought to the question of its genre. The formulated thesis is that Eucherius wrote in a specific literary genre – a laudatory epistolary sermon, in which, along with the importance of the desert as a place for a solitary prayer to and communication with God, the biblical and patristic teachings on the interaction between grace and free human will is expressed.
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The vocabulary of the writings of late Antiquity is a significant indicator of the semantic and symbolic adaptations and changes absorbed by certain lexemes in harmony with the changes that occurred in the sphere of the historical reality of reference. At the same time, it allows us to evaluate the way in which the authors perceived them and adapted them to their own political visions and moral conceptions or religious options. There are important contributions in this sense. Following this direction of philological and historical analysis, we propose an original approach below, that is, to examine a series of terms taken from the work Historiae abbreuiatae, or Caesares, by Aurelius Victor which, on the one hand, reveals both the persistence of some elements of classical political thought, and the emergence of a specific political culture of late Antiquity, expressed through a renewed semantics of traditional words, while, on the other hand, it reveals some elements of the historical conception and ideological orientation of the author; here we will analyze the vocabulary of supreme power and its holders.
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