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The paper presents the use of the preposition za (‘for’) in the vernacular of Eras from Eastern Bosnia, the region delimited by the rivers Drinjača, Bioštica and Krivaja, and the slopes of Konjuh and Romanija. The preposition za enters the constructions with accusative, instrumental and genitive. The content of the ample corpus of data obtained by listening to over 500 hours of recorded speech from the indicated area points to its closeness and equivalence with the state of the idioms of Herzegovina Krajina dialect area in closer and broader perimeter. Among the specifi c features of the vernacular of Eras from Eastern Bosnia, mention is made of the cases such as: Ти, сине, мешчини, нимало не-мислиш за-кућом, in the sense of ‘Не бринеш о кући/ Не водиш рачуна о кући’ (‘You don’t take care of the house’), and somewhat more frequent use of the genitive construction of purpose of the type: Морам купит нешта и за жене; Он је и за путова помого; Све за-куће прибавиш и мајсторе наручиш.
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The article explores some reflexive factitive constructions of the se faire + inf. type with causative-passive and passive values, which are one of the ways to express the passive voice in the French language. The analysis attempts to present the examined factitive constructions focusing on their formal grammatical organization and functional-semantic relations established between the subject and object actants participating in their structures. The article also discusses the reasons that determine the productivity of the reflexive factitive constructions with causative-passive and passive value.
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The aim of this paper is to present the most frequent models of prefixation of the verbs of motion in Macedonian and their semantics. More precisely, it shows which prefixes carry their primary spatial meaning in the derived verb and which have lost their spatial meaning and are grammaticalized (convey only specific aspectual meaning, i.e., inchoativity, delimitation, etc.) Such prefixes in Macedonian are за- expressing inchoativity (заоди ‘start going’, затрча ‘start running’, etc.) and по- expressing delimitation (пошета ‘walk for a while/limited period?’, поплива ‘swim for a while/ limited period?’, etc.). The analysis shows that the choice of the prefix depends on the semantics of the base verbs, especially on the type of situation which a specific subclass of verbs of motion denotes (activities vs. actions or processes).
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The article is devoted to the investigation of such special designation type of words and idioms: the mythological ones. This type is characterized by the choice of formative stems from such fragment of ethnic consciousness, which is unfoundedly taken on trust, that is a myth in the narrow meaning of this term; myth units not removing superstitions, popular belief, signs, etc. A myth is irrational, axiomatic, unfounded cognitive structure, which has powerful ability of transfer by next people generations, informative stability, absence of depth of sense, tendency of disappearance and production of new myths and others like that. Mythological motivation is appropriated to the signs of cultural codes of animals and plants; also, idioms and proverbs can have propositional, associative-metaphorical and value statuses. Mythological motivation nominative units can be of propositional, metaphorical, or evaluative character. Thus, proposition that lies in the basis of mythological motivated words and expressions, is non-controversial. It establishes an unverified idea. Sometimes mythological nominative units can be of metaphorical nature. It is explained by the fact that a myth accumulates figurative layers and hides behind the metaphorical designations of its eventual canvas. The essence of such mythological motivation words and phraseological units in using signs of one cultural code or concept for designating others. Mythologemes can reflect the evaluation of certain nominative units by ethnic consciousness their subdivision on useful and harmful, good-looking and ugly. Evaluation derives mostly from folk beliefs and Christian mythology. Mythological motivation nominative units make it possible to penetrate into the remote layers of folk consciousness and ascertain its reflections in the ethnic culture.
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The article is devoted to the study of French lexical units of semantics that denote color and may have opposite connotations or obtain it in the context of the work. According to the analysis, the core of color is its physical characteristics, layered with others (psychological, emotionally expressive, evaluative, symbolic), which can be variable up to the opposite. French coloronyms are mostly polysemantic, but the meaning often depends on the distribution, on the noun that determines the semantics of the color adjective, and these meanings are often multipolar. The peculiarity of French coloronyms is that they include a large number of derivatives of complex lexemes – names of shades, formed contrary to the rules of French word formation. Opposition relations can include: the semantics of the main color – its shade, direct – figurative meaning, phraseological meanings, connotations, symbols, associations, and so on. French color vocabulary clearly reflects the peculiarities of specific national-cultural world view and is quite active in terms of semantic transformation: some meanings are lost, obsolete, become historicisms or archaisms with a positive or negative color, the symbolism of which is no longer understood. In addition to the linguistic and cultural connotations, there is an individualsubjective, associative one, but the main types of reinterpretation of French coloronyms are metaphor and metonymy. In most cases, French coloronyms represent incomplete enantiosemia, when coloronyms have a positive / neutral / negative meaning depending on the semantics of the noun
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This paper aims to examine verbal collocation in the spoken corpus of Albanian in Kosovo. Lexical and semantic components that are repeated in a linguistic context are known as collocations. The verbal collocations occurring inside the parameters of the sentence will be examined in this study. The most common verbs found in the corpus, those used more than 70 times, are used as the basis for this study. Examples include: vij, bëj, dal, hyj, marr and rri. Except for the verbs rri and hyj which came out with 16 meanings, the same verbs were presented with more than 30 meanings in the Dictionary of the Albanian Language. Due to their wide range of meanings and ditransitive nature, the verbs marr and bëj are used in the most consistent collocations. So, they are more likely to be followed by a complement unlike the verbs rri, hyj, dal and vij. The work makes a connection between corpus linguistics and semantics. The methods of Baker (2010) and Sinclair (1991) are applied in this investigation. They base their strategy on how frequently the words x and y are displayed next to one another, setting a spacing of five words to the left and five words to the right of the word x. 76 recordings of speakers from various cities in Kosovo make up the corpus of this study. The Partitur Editor application is used to transcribe recordings. The KWIC program is then used to automatically extract collocations as well as vocabulary from the transcriptions.
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This paper deals with the noun в(иј)енац in phrases with Christian (biblical) component of meaning in contemporary Serbian language from the lexicographic aspect. The research is founded on the assumption that in the Serbian language there is not only a greater number of phrases containing the noun в(иј)енац with Christian (biblical) component of meaning than those registered in the existing descriptive dictionaries, but also on the fact that the noun в(иј)енац in these realizations represents universal Christian concepts that are, to a greater or lesser extent, described in dictionaries of Slavic languages. Semantic components ‘immortality’, ‘feat’ and ‘glory’, which are inherent in the lexical content of expressions motivated by the noun в(иј)е - нац, belong to primarily Christian concepts of martyrdom, being tortured, feats and victory, which at the same time represent their primary meanings. This concretely means that, for example, the expression трнов венац is firstly labelled as a biblical expression, and then the derived, i.e. phraseological meaning was formed and separately defined. In the former case it is a biblical expression, while in the latter it is a biblicism as a special type of phraseologism. Moreover, by examining equivalent expressions in dictionaries of Slavic languages, where special attention is paid to dictionaries from the Slavic area of Slavia Orthodoxa, it was noticed that the noun в(иј)енац as part of expressions in concrete semantic realizations represents universal Christian concepts which are, to a lesser or greater extent, described in dictionaries of Slavic languages.
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This paper investigates the new lexicon of the COVID pandemic period which has semantic components of spatiality and temporality, which is to say, it belongs to the semantic fields of space and time. The aim of this investigation is to connect the categories of space and time that are lexically manifested in the pandemic period, and demonstrate the lexical development of the categories of space and time, as well as the semantic relations between them. Analytical, descriptive, and synthetic methods were used for this purpose, while the theories of semantic localization and conceptual metaphors were applied when necessary. The thematic dictionaries – the Dictionary of Terms from the COVID Epidemic Period and the Dictionary of COVID: Thematic and Associative acted as sources of the corpus, while the electronic corpora formed for the purpose of creating the aforementioned dictionaries served as a control corpus. This paper contributes to the study of the so-called corona lexicon, which the author has been investigating from the onset of the pandemic, as well as of the impact of the pandemic on the Serbian language
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The research was conducted in order to show the dominant models of thinking related to the word for ‘cat’ in the Serbian language community. The conceptualization of the cat was examined based on the meaning of lexical units: the lexeme cat and its semantic structure; the derivational network of this lexeme; the terminological expressions with the lexeme cat and the phraseologisms with this component. It can be stated that the analysis of linguistic data successfully reveals models of conceptualization of the ‘cat’ in the Serbian language community. The results show that both types of cognition of reality participate in the understanding of this animal – experience that is realized by the senses, and understanding, which engages the intellectual capacities
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In addition to being animated entities, human individuals are defined by the fact that they are endowed with consciousness and speech. As integral parts of the environment, they give names to the objects in their surrounding world and the fellow individuals who inhabit this universe. The linguistic signs employed in this respect may behave not only as opaque lexemes from the viewpoint of the signified, but also as emblems descriptive of various animated entities. Nevertheless, words are not lexically motivated units, and their arbitrariness is unanimously acknowledged. This paper analyses an alleged internal form of terms which designate personal names in opposition to the semantic void of lexemes designating classes of objects. The methodology consists of theoretical information pertaining to philosophy of language, pragmatics, and onomastics.
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At the modern stage, ekphrasis was recognized as one of the most fruitful and effective phenomena for comparativistics – the manifestation of specific expressive mediation of one medium in the figurative field of another. Bright, contrasting manifestations of ekphrasis are observed in the content of the novel “Wonder” by the classic of Ukrainian literature P. Zahrebelny. They focus on painting and the work of artists, contain prognostic features of the current semantic potential, and thereby determine the relevance of their coverage. The purpose of the study, therefore, is to distinguish the features of ekphrasis of works of painting, as well as to highlight the formal and semantic dominants and the overall semantic configuration of the expressed poetics of the phenomenon of painting in prose. The novelty consists in the identification, poetic classification, semantic analysis and final systematization of figurative instances of literary prose, which descriptively reveal the expressive means of painting with the generalization of their semantic panorama within the boundaries of a localized description and on the scale of the novel in general, in particular, in relation to landmarks from the field of axiology, as well as with functional weighting in accordance with the definitive signs of literary imagology, which enriches the experience of the ethno-image-creating fruitfulness of the ekphrasis of painting. The study is based on the methods of cultural semiotic and structural-semantic analysis in combination with a descriptive and comparative-typological approach. Conclusions. As a result, it was found that the features of the ekphrasis of painting in “Wonder” testify to a separate experience of a multifaceted ekphrastic model. According to its formal dominants, in compliance with the criteria of the medium and the structure of the image, a condensed discrete ekphrasis is distinguished. In its plot-fabula track, the figurative material that turns out to be the carrier of ekphrastic poetics, the focus on the figure of the common heroine stands out. Its semantic accents emphasize the stages of its spiritual impoverishment and decline and, at the same time, the tragedy of the lack of spirituality, in particular, for creativity. Meanwhile in the heroine, the creation of a semantically multi-dimensional image is observed through the richness of ekphrases: in the combined form-meaning transitions of ekphrasis, the meaning-making line builds up and reaches the sphere of ethnoimagology, for which the basis of identity should be recognized as a full-scale verification of purely artistic meanings and senses. It is about the ability to clarify the idea of striving to avoid negative human qualities, to overcome or compensate for them, in particular, through the power of art, through the prism of the revealed precedent of Russian mental apathy.
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The national spiritual treasures of the people include the language, which reflects its outlook, psychics, lifestyle, traditions, culture, rituals and beliefs - all that reproduces the soul of the people and determines the national mentality. The language finds verbal means of characterizing the most diverse phenomena of life, bright in content and form in paremias. Proverbs and sayings are the generalized memory of the people and the result of their observations of life and natural phenomena, which enables the younger generation to formulate views on ethics, morality, history and politics. The topicality of scientific research is determined by the need to study the linguistic specificity of paremiological units in the aspect of the textual organization of this genre as part of the spiritual culture of the Ukrainian nation, which preserves the memory of the people and observations of life and natural phenomena. The purpose of our article is to analyze the linguistic features of paremias with the reference word for nature, in particular, their semantic organization and thematic groups. The following methods and techniques of linguistic analysis are used in the article: system-functional analysis, component method, contextual-interpretive method, method of stylistic analysis. The scientific novelty of the research consists in deepening the knowledge about paremias, in the analysis of the semantic nature of proverbs and sayings, taking into account the means of artistic expression. Conclusions. The analyzed material proves that in the minds of our ancestors, each primary element corresponded to a certain element: water was associated with space, fire with soul, earth with time, air with wisdom. According to the semantics, we distinguished three groups of paremias with a reference word for the designation of nature: observation of nature; paremias with generalizing meaning; didactic paremias. However, paremias with a reference word for nature have different degrees of generalization. It has been studied that proverbs about the seasons are often used in their literal meaning, without subtext or excessive artistic imagery, but there are some that have several meanings. We see the perspective of further research in the analysis of communicative and pragmatic features of Ukrainian paremias.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the maxims regulating family and domestic relations in the artistic discourse of the prominent Bukovinian writer in terms of syntactic organization, verbal content and semantic diversity. The relevance of the scientific article is determined by the need to study individual verbal manifestations in the artistic discourse of the Bukovіnian writer for the formation of a coherent cognitive-pragmatic concept of her artistic discourse. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive, structural methods and method of component analysis. The novelty of scientific research lies in deepening the study of the artistic discourse of O. Kobylyanska. In addition, the analysis of the maxims in O. Kobylyanska's texts has not yet been the subject of linguistic analysis. Conclusions. Maxims are autosemantic, relatively independent statements based on popular common sense, the writer's intellectual level and precedent phenomena. The class of maxims consists of paremias, which include author's modifications of paremias, sayings based on folk mythologems and author's maxims. Maxims function in the text as a separate statement or as part of the context. Folk paremias function as precedent phenomena in the form of a simple sentence. Author's maxims can take the form of identification sentences. Often, maxims are included in the constructions of vocations, taking the form of direct speech. We fix the author's maxims in the form of a rhetorical question and an exclamatory sentence. In the artistic discourse of O. Kobylyanska, a considerable group of maxims regulates family and household relations. Among them, certain thematic groupings can be distinguished: maxims of an instructive nature, maxims about love, gender characteristics, about women, about married life etc.
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The subject of this research are verbs with destructive semantics in the Russian language, which are characterized by a paradigmatic defect. Verbs with a destructive meaning form one of the most numerous subgroups within the group of verbs with a paradigmatic defect. The semantic category of destructiveness, which denotes it in the broadest sense, has not yet received a comprehensive description in linguistics. A paradigmatic (systemic) defect is caused by a semantic mismatch between a certain grammeme and the lexical meaning of the lexeme. The given verbs have a two-part paradigm, and the impossibillity of using them in the other persons most often happens due to semantic barriers. They denote an action that is not related to a person as the doer of the action, but most often represents processes, states, and phenomena characteristic of the animal or plant world, etc. А verb of destructiveness denotes an action with the meaning of “decomposition”, “deterioration”. Within the group of verbs with such semantics, we distinguished several subgroups: (1) verbs with the meaning of “spoil”; (2) verbs with the meaning of “disappear”; (3) verbs with the meaning of destruction, disintegration and (4) verbs with the meaning “to cause damage”, “to damage”. As the semantics of destructiveness primarily refers to phenomena or objects, there is almost no need to use other persons within the paradigm of these verbs.
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Dialect and folklore function on the basis of oral tradition as an intergenerational transmission.While the “historical” continuity in dialects is limited to three generations (I – parents – grand-parents), elements that testify to their very long tradition can be found in the texts of folklore (folksong). This is especially visible when confronting the original works of different nations (a Slavicfolk song is included here). A characteristic feature of the language of folk song is also the limitation – in relation to dialects – of the lexical and semantic structure.An analysis of texts of folk songs of various Slavic nations shows the functioning in its structureof elements characteristic also of the works attributed to Homer – these are the so-called permanentepithets taking the form of specific poetic formulas in oral works.
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The article examines the semantic space of concepts in modern British political discourse. The basic concepts of government, political events, citizen and ecology in the British press are analysed, taking into account: 1) the main, dominant, feature; 2) additional “passive” features; 3) the actualization of the internal hidden form. It was determined that these characteristics allow the concepts to be updated on different levels, as well as to be perceived by carriers of different cultures in different ways. On the basis of the content-analysis of modern British media contexts and semantic network analysis, a field model of the political discourse of the modern British press was constructed. It is proved that all the presented sub-concepts are at the final stage of formation in British political language consciousness, which is indicated by the high density of political discourse lexemes that objectify these sub-concepts.
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Metaphors and metaphorical forms form an important part of the daily life of human beings and surround us in every area or situation. The object of research in this work is represented by metaphorical expressions with the word road in the Serbian and Spanish languages. The work is based on the postulates of cognitive linguistics that allow us to understand the complex connections that exist between language and the human mind. The objective of the work is to distinguish a certain number of metaphorical expressions with the word road, which would illustrate whether in both languages the same metaphorical expressions are used or not. For the purposes of this comparative research between Serbian and Spanish, the corpus used has been extracted from monolingual dictionaries of the Serbian and Spanish languages, as well as from dictionaries of Serbian and Spanish phraseology. The results of the research have shown that in both languages the majority of the metaphorical expressions found conceptualize the road in the same or similar way, referring mainly to life (or the parts of life). The results indicate not only the similarities between the two cultures and the two languages, but also the potentially universal metaphors associated with the word road.
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This study provides an analysis of unknown vocabulary from the textbook Serbian language as a non-native language for the first grade o f high school. This study concerns the lexical material from the first section of the textbook Serbian language as a non-native language for the first grade o f high school. The aim of this study is to provide an account of the lexicological and semantic analysis of the unknown words and expressions related to traditional culture.
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Der vorliegende Aufsatz ist einer kontrastiven Analyse der substantivischen Wortbildung im Deutschen und im Serbischen gewidmet. Das Ziel ist es, morphologische und semantische Eigenschaften der substantivischen Zusammensetzungen und Zusammenbildungen in den beiden untersuchten Sprachen darzulegen und miteinander zu vergleichen. Im Rahmen des Aufsatzes wird neben einer Klassifikation der zusammengesetzten Substantive angestrebt, Ahnlichkeiten sowie systemische Unterschiede zwischen den Wortbildimgsmustem- und mitteln zu beschreiben. Als methodologischer Rahmen fur diese Untersuchung wurde der semantischstrukturelle Vergleich, beziehungsweise die kontrastive Analyse herangezogen. Der Vergleichsansatz ist durch einen synchronen Charakter gekennzeichnet und beruht auf einer Korpusanalyse. Das Sprachmaterial wurde grostenteils monolingualen Worterbuchern der deutschen und serbischen Sprache entnommen. Daruber hinaus wurde ein betrachtlicher Teil aus dem Elektronischen Korpus Cosmas Ilwin exzerpiert.
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